60/403,198, filed on August 13,2002, entitled Ultra Wide- Band Radiating Element For Cellular Wireless Applications.

Provisional patent application Serial Nos. 60/318,008 and 60/403,198 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Field of the Invention [0002] The field of the invention relates to cellular base stations and more particularly to antennas and antenna arrays for cellular base stations and microcellular/wireless applications.

Background of the Invention [0003] Cellular systems are generally known.

Typically, a geographic area of a cellular system is divided into a number of overlapping areas (cells) that may be serviced from nearby base stations. The base stations may be provided with a number of directional antenna that preferentially transceive signals with mobile cellular devices within each assigned cell.

[0004] Cellular systems are typically provided with a limited radio spectrum for servicing mobile cellular devices. Often a frequency reuse plan is implemented to minimize interference and maximize the efficiency of channel reuse.

[0005] An important factor in channel reuse is the presence of a base station antenna that radiate and receive in predictable patterns. Often base station antenna divide the area around the base station into 60 degree sectors extending outwards from the base station.

[0006] While existing systems function adequately, the increasing use of cellular devices has exacerbated the need for channel reuse in even smaller geographic areas. <BR> <BR> <P>Further, the release of additional spectrum (e. g. , for PCS) has resulted in the need for cellular antenna with a greater range of use. Because of the importance of cellular devices, a need exists for an antenna with a greater spectral range of use and smaller size.

Brief Description of the Drawings [0007] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an antenna shown in accordance with an illustrated embodiment of the invention; [0008] FIGS. 2-4 are detailed front, side and rear views, respectively, of the antenna of FIG. 1; [0009] FIGS. 5-5a show details of the antenna of FIGS. 2-4; [0010] FIG. 6 depicts co-and cross-polar patterns in the frequency band of from 860-960 MHz for the antenna of FIG. 1; [0011] FIG. 7 depicts co-and cross-polar patterns in the frequency band of from 1710-2170 MHz for the antenna of FIG. 1 ; and [0012] FIGS. 8-14 illustrate the antenna of FIGS.

2-5 under alternative embodiments of the invention in the context of a base station antenna array.

Detailed Description [0013] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a broadband antenna 10, shown generally, in a context of use. As shown, the antenna 10 may be used to transceive a signal with a cellular device 12. The transceived signal, in turn, may be processed by a base station 14 and exchanged with another party (not shown) through the public switched telephone network 16.

[0014] The cellular device 12 may be any of a number <BR> <BR> of available cellular products (e. g. , cellular telephone,<BR> PCS telephone, pager, palm pilot, etc. ). The cellular system of FIG. 1 may be constructed to operate within any appropriate frequency range (e. g. , 860-2170 MHz.).

[0015] FIGS. 2-4 are front, side and rear views, respectively, of the antenna 10 of FIG. 1. Under the illustrated embodiment, the antenna 10 may be provided as a flat assembly disposed over a metallic reflector or ground plane 34. The reflector 34 may have a corner or sidewalls.

[0016] The antenna 10 may be designed as a two arm radiating structure above ground. The antenna 10 may be vertically polarized with wide azimuth beam width and an input VSWR of 2: 1.

[0017] The antenna 10 may include first and second arms (subassemblies) 18,22 disposed on opposing sides of a substrate 20. The antenna arms 18,22 may be substantially identical except that if a viewer were able to peer through the arm and substrate from a first side, the arm on the rear side would appear to be a left-to-right mirror image of the element on the first side.

[0018] The arms 18,22 may be formed of an appropriate conductive material (e. g. , copper) by a photolithographic process on an appropriate substrate (e. g., Taconic RF30-60). As such, each arm 18,22 has the appearance of a flat, fan-shaped body disposed on the substrate 20 and defined by a sinuous conductor following a continuous serpentine path between opposing rays of the fan- shape from an apex end to a distal end of the fan-shaped body. The substrate 20 may be rectangular (as shown in FIG.

2) or may have a, generally fan-shaped outline that follows the outside edges of the arms 18,22.

[0019] The antenna arms 18,22 may be connected to a radio frequency transceiver (not shown) in the base station 14 through a balun transformer 24 and microstrip lines 30, 32. The balun transformer 24 may consist of two elements 26,28. The first element 28 may consist of a triangular shaped conductor, as shown in FIG. 4 where an apex of the triangle connects to the antenna arm 22 and a base of the triangle connects to the microstrip 32. A second element 26 may be a constant width conductor strip that connects to the antenna arm 18 on a first end and to the microstrip 30 on an opposing end. The balun transformer functions to transform the balanced impedance (e. g. , 100-150 Q) of the antenna arms<BR> 18, 22 to the unbalanced impedance (e. g. , 50 Q) of the microstrip lines 30,32.

[0020] Each arm 18,22 (FIG. 5) of the antenna 10 may be constructed as an assembly of radiating elements 22.

The elements may be arranged as individual half-wavelength elements above ground. The largest, lowest frequency element may be arranged farthest away from the ground plane with the smaller higher frequency elements closer to the ground plane. The dimensions and aspect angles of the antenna 10 may be chosen in order to achieve constant and frequency-independent performance in the desired spectrum.

[0021] The arms 18,22 of the antenna 10 may include a substantially fan or pie-shaped outline defined by opposing edges (or rays) 36,38 extending upwards and outwards from the bottom. The rays of the fan-shaped substrate may merge at the bottom to form an apex 40.

[0022] Disposed on the substrate 20 may be a number of antenna elements 42 with a predetermined width and separation that may extend between the first and second edges 36, 38 of the substantially fan-shaped arms 18,22, which extend radially outward away from the apex 40. The antenna elements 42 form a progression of progressively longer elements from bottom to top.

[0023] The elements are preferably connected on <BR> <BR> opposing ends (e. g. , on the left side to the element below and on the right side to the element above as shown in FIGS. <BR> <BR> <P>2,4 and 5 by a rectangular end-connector (e. g. , 43) to form a continuous conductor following a serpentine path extending from the apex 40 of the fan-shaped arm 18,22 to a distal, top end of the arm 18,22. A feedpoint 44 may be provided to couple the arms 18,22 to the balun transformer 24.

[0024] The overall structure, including the feed mechanism and elements 42, may be realized by forming a fan- shaped sector of annular spaced elements 42 and connecting their ends with the end connectors 43, as shown in FIG. 5.

Stated in another way, to form each arm 18,22, the radial arcs 42 of each sector angle ß may be created and joined together at alternate ends to form a closed solid conductor shape. This gives rise to a radially expanding zig-zag shape with an inner intersection sector angle of a. The radii of adjacent arcs can be related to each other by a constant t=a/b or by a constant linear relationship a-b=c.

[0025] Alternatively, the rectangular end-connectors 43 may be eliminated by rotating alternating elements 42 in <BR> <BR> opposite directions to overlap on alternate ends (e. g. , on the left side to the element below and on the right side to the element above) as shown, for example, in FIG. 5a. In this case, the overall structure may be formed by inverting and over laying angular sections of an n-turn spiral structure. The spiral structure may be linear or log- periodic. The width of lines, scale factor of the spiral structure and angles of inverted sections may all be chosen to optimize the electrically required operating parameters including return loss and azimuth beamwidth and frequency independent operation.

[0026] The actual shape of the elements 42 may approximate a folded linear spiral or helix. The folded spiral may be assumed to be folded about the center axis of rotation of the spiral and have truncated ends that have been vertically moved together to form connections with the element above and below.

[0027] The individual elements 42 each form a one- half wavelength resonator within a particular operating range of the antenna 10. For a frequency range, for example, from 860 MHz to 2.2 GHz, the antenna 10 may be 10 cm wide, the balun transformer 24 may have a height h of 3.5 cm, a may be 33 degrees and ß may be 120 degrees. The radius of the outer most arc may be 6 cm.

[0028] The antenna 10 may be thought of as being formed of a number of series-connected one-half wavelength. resonators. For example, a first element 46 may resonate at a relatively high frequency (e. g. , 2.2 Hz. ) while a second longer element 48 may resonate at a relatively low frequency (e. g. , 860 MHz. ). The elements lying in between the first and second elements 46,48 may each resonate within some spectral range between 860 and 2.2 GHz.

[0029] In order to increase a bandwidth (reduce the Q) of each resonant element 42, an opposing end of each element 42 has been rotated up from the ground plane 34 (i. e. , the elements 42 have been shortened) by an<BR> appropriate angular distance (e. g. , 30 degrees) before being connected to the adjacent element. Further, by maintaining a constant height to length ratio among the antenna elements 42, a constant Q is provided across all the antenna elements 42. The length in this case being the arc length of one element 42 lying between the two opposing rays 36,38. The height h is the distance of the center of the element 42 above the ground plane 26.

[0030] While any number of antenna elements 42 may be used, it has been found that within the frequency range of interest (e. g. , 860-2.2 GHz), twenty elements 42 provide a relatively constant response over a frequency range of interest. FIG. 6 depicts co-and cross-polar patterns of the antenna 10 in the frequency band of from 860 to 960 MHz.

FIG. 7 depicts co-and cross-polar patterns of the antenna 10 in the frequency band of from 1710 to 2170 MHz.

[0031] The 3 dB beamwidths of the antenna 10 may be computed from the data of FIGS. 6 and 7. The computed 3 dB beamwidths are shown in Table I.

Table I FREQUENCY (MHz) AZIMUTH BEAM WIDTH (DEGREES) 860 135 960 145 1710 150 2040 230 2170 225 [0032] It should be noted that while a constant beam width is measured in the lower operating frequency range, dispersion in azimuth beam width is recorded towards the upper end of the frequency band. This may be corrected by varying the height, h, of the arms 18,22 above ground or by introducing side-walls in the reflector geometry in order to influence beam width in the higher frequency band of operation.

[0033] The geometry of FIGS. 2-4 was also modeled using electromagnetic modeling tools to determine the azimuth beam. The results are shown in Table II. The return loss was determined to be better than 10 dB.

Table II FREQUENCY (MHz) AZIMUTH BEAM WIDTH (DEGREES) 860 170 960 171 1710 205 2040 210 2170 210 [0034] The directive gain was computed for the antenna 10 based upon the computed patterns. The directive gain is shown in Table III.

Table III FREQUENCY (MHz) DIRECTIVITY 860 5.5 960 5. 4 1710 4. 67 2040 4. 43 2170 4. 46 [0035] Comparing directive gain from model results of Table III with measured gain of the actual antenna 10, it can be seen in general that measured gain is some 1.0 to 1.1 dB below directive gain. This is consistent with the overall loss budget of the antenna when an input reflection of-10 dB and loss in the microstrip feed line section 30, 32 is considered.

[0036] As may be noted from FIG. 6, the antenna 10 has a characteristic impedance of from 100-150 ohms. To match the antenna 10 to a 50 ohm cable, an impedance transformer may be used. The impedance transformer may be provided in the form of the balun transformer 24 discussed above.

[0037] From a performance point of view, it has been found that the antenna 10 has an azimuth beamwidth of 120 degrees. Where sidewalls are used in conjunction with the reflector 34, the angle of the corner and dimension of sidewalls may be optimized in order to achieve an azimuth beamwidth of 120 degrees.

[0038] In the FIG. 8 antenna array 50, a plurality of antennas 52 are arranged in a linear geometry with the plane of each of the antennas 52 coplanar and vertical to produce vertically polarization radiation (assuming a typical vertical orientation of the array 50). In an alternative base station antenna array 54 shown in FIG. 9, the antennas 56 are oriented horizontally to produce horizontally polarized radiation.

[0039] In yet another embodiment of the invention (FIG. 10), the antennas are arranged along the antenna array 58 in groups of four. In a preferred geometry the antennas are grouped in a box geometry as shown at 60. Box geometries in general are known in base station antennas. In the box geometry the individual antennas are oriented either parallel or orthogonal to a longtitudinal axis of the antenna array, as shown in FIG. 9, or alternatively may be oriented at 45 degrees to a longitudinal axis of the antenna array (not shown).

[0040] FIG. 11 is intended to show in highly schematic fashion that any of the antennas or antenna groups of the present invention may be arranged in a staggered, rather than in-line geometry.

[0041] As alluded to above, the present invention advantageously practices what is known as"self similarity", meaning that in preferred executions, the elements (42 in FIG. 5) which are farthest from the ground plane resonate at the lowest frequencies in the design frequency band.

Elements resonating at higher frequencies are progressively shorter and closer to the ground plane 34, and have progressively smaller average spacings and progressively narrower conductor widths. This makes possible a very wideband, yet extremely compact, antenna structure.

[0042] FIG. 12 depicts an antenna 66 in which the average spacing of the antenna elements 67 progressively decreases in a direction toward the ground plane. FIG. 13 depicts in highly schematic fashion an antenna 64 in which the conducting antenna elements are progressively narrower in width in a direction toward the ground plane 26.

[0043] FIG. 14 illustrates an antenna 68 whose elements 70 embody simultaneously progressively decreasing: 1) line width, 2) average line spacing, 3) element length, and 4) spacing above the ground plane, thus uniquely availing the known benefits of self similarity in antenna design.

[0044] The FIG. 14 embodiment depicts exploitation of yet another variable available to designers employing the principles of the present invention-namely, the function governing the change in length of the antenna elements 70.

In FIG. 5, the aspect angle of the antenna is fixed at a predetermined angle. That is, the variation in length of the antenna elements is linear. However, the variation in length may be exponential or may follow a variety of other non- linear functions, as shown in FIG. 14.

[0045] The various executions of the invention described may be employed in single and dual polarization geometries as is well within the skill of the art.

[0046] Various embodiments of the present invention have been described for the purpose of illustrating the manner in which the invention is made and used. It should be understood that the implementation of other variations and modifications of the invention and its various aspects will be apparent to one skilled in the art, and that the invention is not limited by the specific embodiments described. Therefore, it is contemplated to cover the present invention any and all modifications, variations, or equivalents that fall within the true spirit and scope of the basic underlying principles disclosed and claimed herein.