CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Application No. 62/837,582, filed 23 April 2019, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth below.

BACKGROUND

Hydraulic shock (known as water hammer) is a common phenomenon in fluid plumbing systems wherever fast-acting valves are present, such as in dishwashers, washing machines, and other plumbing fixtures. Water hammer is caused by the kinetic energy of flow being converted to the potential energy of pressure and strain; the consequent reaction forces within the plumbing cause audible and vibrational responses known as “water hammer.” However, an acoustic response is but one of the consequences of water hammer; the peak pressures during a water hammer event may lead to failure of the piping, valves, or other components within a plumbing system. Engineered water hammer arrestors (WHAs) address this issue by interfacing with existing plumbing systems and limiting the peak pressure during a water hammer event. Typical WHA designs are free-piston designs which utilize a moving piston to compress a gas cushion to relieve system pressure during a water hammer event. These designs require moving parts that can easily wear or break requiring frequent replacement or repair.

Thus, it would be advantageous to have a WHA that does not have moving parts and reduce the number and cost of replacements or repairs of a WHA device.

SUMMARY

It is an object of the present invention to provide systems, devices, and methods to meet the above-stated needs.

An example fluid system can have a water hammer arrestor including a resilient insert having an outer surface. The resilient insert can be operable to dampen a pressure spike in the fluid that exceeds a static pressure range, providing effective water hammer arrestment that without the resilient insert, would have occurred in a flowing fluid with the pressure spike. The static pressure range is less than about 100 psig. In some examples, the resilient insert can include an inner surface, the inner surface defining therethrough a channel for a fluid flowing along a length of the resilient insert within a static pressure range.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor can further include an outer shell extending for a length of the outer surface of the resilient insert and defining a fluid channel between the outer surface of resilient insert and an inner surface of the outer shell.

In some examples, the fluid system can further include a restraining portion integral to the outer shell and operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell.

In some examples, the resilient insert and the outer shell can be concentrically aligned.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor can further include a permeable cage extending along the outer surface of the resilient insert and placed between the outer shell and the resilient insert.

In some examples, the fluid system can further include an existing length of a fluidic conduit; wherein the water hammer arrestor can be located between an upstream portion and downstream portion of the existing length of the fluidic conduit; and wherein the upstream portion of the existing length of the fluidic conduit, the water hammer arrestor, and the downstream portion of the existing length of the fluidic conduit, can be in fluidic communication along the existing length of the portions and water hammer arrestor.

In some examples, the fluid system can further include a fluid inlet connector disposed on an upstream end of the water hammer arrestor providing both connectivity of the upstream end of the water hammer arrestor to the upstream portion of the fluidic conduit and to inhibit travel of the resilient insert into the upstream portion of the fluidic conduit; and a fluid outlet connector disposed on a downstream end of the water hammer arrestor providing both connectivity of the downstream end of the water hammer arrestor to the downstream portion of the fluidic conduit and to inhibit travel of the resilient insert into the downstream portion of the fluidic conduit.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor can further include an outer shell extending along the outer surface of the resilient insert.

In some examples, the fluid system can further include an existing length of a fluidic conduit; wherein the water hammer arrestor can be positioned between an upstream portion and downstream portion of the existing length of the fluidic conduit; and wherein the upstream portion of the existing length of the fluidic conduit, the water hammer arrestor, and the downstream portion of the existing length of the fluidic conduit, can be in fluidic communication along the existing length of the portions and water hammer arrestor.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion that can be operable to physically abut one another, preventing radial compression of the resilient insert that would lead to ineffective water hammer arrestment.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include an annular cross-section; and wherein each of the discrete resilient insert portion includes a partially annular cross-section.

In some examples, the resilient insert can be segmented axially to form the first discrete resilient insert portion and the second discrete resilient insert portion.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include a polymeric matrix having a stiffness; and microspheres dispersed within the polymeric matrix.

In some examples, the microspheres can be pressurized to an internal pressure of 0.1 MPa or greater; and wherein the microspheres can be homogeneously dispersed within the polymeric matrix.

In some examples, wherein the microspheres can be pressurized to an internal pressure of 0.1 MPa or greater; and wherein the microspheres can be heterogeneously dispersed within the polymeric matrix.

In some examples, each resilient insert can includes a polymeric matrix having a stiffness; and microspheres dispersed within the polymeric matrix; and wherein the microspheres can be pressurized to an internal pressure of 0.1 MPa or greater; and wherein the stiffness of the polymeric matrix of at least one of the resilient insert portions can be different from another of the resilient insert portions.

An example water hammer arrestor system can include an upstream portion of a fluidic conduit; a water hammer arrestor positioned downstream of the upstream portion of the fluidic conduit; and a downstream portion of the fluidic conduit and positioned downstream the water hammer arrestor. The water hammer arrestor can include a resilient insert having an outer surface and an inner surface, the inner surface defining therethrough a channel, the channel having an inner diameter substantially similar to an inner diameter of the upstream and downstream portions of the fluidic conduit; and an outer shell extending a length along an outer surface of the resilient insert; wherein the resilient insert can include a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion that can be operable to physically abut one another, preventing radial compression of the resilient insert that would lead to ineffective water hammer arrestment; wherein the resilient insert can be operable to dampen a pressure spike in flowing fluid that exceeds a mean static pressure, providing effective water hammer arrestment that without the resilient insert, would have occurred in a flowing fluid with the pressure spike; and wherein the mean static pressure is less than about 100 psig.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include an annular cross-section; and wherein each of the discrete resilient insert portion includes a partially annular cross-section.

In some examples, the resilient insert can be segmented axially to form the first discrete resilient insert portion and the second discrete resilient insert portion.

In some examples, The water hammer arrestor system can further include a fluid inlet connector disposed on an upstream end of the water hammer arrestor such that the upstream end of the water hammer arrestor can be in communication with the upstream portion of the fluidic conduit and to inhibit travel of the resilient insert into the upstream portion of the fluidic conduit; and a fluid outlet connector disposed on a downstream end of the water hammer arrestor such that the downstream end of the water hammer arrestor can be in communication with the downstream portion of the fluidic conduit and to inhibit travel of the resilient insert into the downstream portion of the fluidic conduit.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor system can further include a permeable tube extending for the length of the inner surface of the resilient insert and operable to enable fluidic communication from the fluid inlet connector through the fluid outlet connector.

In some examples, the permeable tube can include a flange positioned on at least one end of the permeable tube, the flange operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell. In some examples, the water hammer arrestor can further include a restraining portion integral to the outer shell and operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor can further include a fluid inlet connector disposed on an upstream end of the water hammer arrestor; a fluid outlet connector disposed on a downstream end of the water hammer arrestor; and a restraining insert including a permeable tube can be operable to enable fluidic communication from the fluid inlet connector and through the fluid outlet connector.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor can further include a flange with an outer diameter disposed on an end of the permeable tube; wherein the outer diameter of the flange can abut an inner surface of the outer shell; and wherein the flange can be operable to restrain the resilient insert within the length of the outer shell.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor can further include a restraining portion integral to the outer shell and operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell.

An example fluid system can include a water hammer arrestor having a resilient insert having an outer surface; wherein the resilient insert can be operable to dampen a pressure spike in fluid that exceeds a static pressure range, providing effective water hammer arrestment that without the resilient insert, would have occurred in a flowing fluid with the pressure spike.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor can further include an outer shell having an opening that connects to an inner surface, the inner surface configured to receive at least a portion of the resilient insert.

In some examples, the fluid system can further include an existing length of a fluidic conduit; wherein the water hammer arrestor can be positioned between an upstream portion and downstream portion of the existing length of the fluidic conduit; and wherein the upstream portion of the existing length of the fluidic conduit, the water hammer arrestor, and the downstream portion of the existing length of the fluidic conduit, can be in fluidic communication with one another.

In some examples, the resilient insert further can include an opening connecting the outer surface to an inner surface, the inner surface defining a cavity within the resilient insert.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include an annular cross- section. In some examples, the resilient insert can include a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion that can be operable to physically abut one another.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include an annular cross- section; and wherein each of the discrete resilient insert portion includes a partially annular cross-section.

In some examples, the resilient insert can be segmented axially to form the first discrete resilient insert portion and the second discrete resilient insert portion.

In some examples, each resilient insert portion can include a polymeric matrix having a stiffness; and microspheres dispersed within the polymeric matrix.

In some examples, the microspheres can be pressurized to an internal pressure of 0.1 MPa or greater; and wherein the microspheres can be homogeneously dispersed within the polymeric matrix.

In some examples, the microspheres can be pressurized to an internal pressure of 0.1 MPa or greater; and wherein the microspheres can be heterogeneously dispersed within the polymeric matrix.

In some examples, each resilient insert portion can include a polymeric matrix having a stiffness; and microspheres dispersed within the polymeric matrix; wherein the microspheres can be pressurized to an internal pressure of 0.1 MPa or greater; and wherein the stiffness of the polymeric matrix of at least one resilient insert portion can be different from another resilient insert portion.

An example water hammer arrestor system can include an upstream portion of a fluidic conduit; a water hammer arrestor positioned downstream of the upstream portion of the fluidic conduit; and a downstream portion of the fluidic conduit being positioned downstream the water hammer arrestor. The water hammer arrestor can further include a resilient insert having an outer surface; and an outer shell having an opening that connects to an inner surface configured to receive at least a portion of the resilient insert; wherein the resilient insert can be operable to dampen a pressure spike in flowing fluid that exceeds a static pressure range, providing effective water hammer arrestment that without the resilient insert, would have occurred in a flowing fluid with the pressure spike. In some examples, the resilient insert can include a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion that can be each operable to physically abut one another.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include an annular cross-section; and wherein each of the discrete resilient insert portions include a partially annular cross-section.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include an annular cross- section.

In some examples, the resilient insert can be segmented axially to form a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor system can further include a fluid connector disposed at the opening of the outer shell and providing connectivity between the resilient insert and the fluidic conduit.

In some examples, the fluid connector can be configured to receive and discharge fluid associated with the pressure spike and fluid flowing through the fluid conduit.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor can include a restraining portion integral to the outer shell and operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell.

In some examples, the resilient insert further can include an opening connecting the outer surface to an inner surface, the inner surface defining a cavity.

In some examples, the water hammer arrestor system can further include a fluid connector disposed between the fluidic conduit and the water hammer arrestor; and a restraining insert having a restraining portion integral to the outer shell and operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell.

An example method for manufacturing an in-line water hammer arrestor can include providing a resilient insert having an outer surface and an inner surface, the inner surface defining therethrough a channel for a fluid flowing along a length of the resilient insert within a static pressure range, the resilient insert being operable to dampen a pressure spike in the fluid that exceeds the static pressure range and provide water hammer arrestment that, without the resilient insert, would have occurred in the flowing fluid with the pressure spike; providing an outer shell extending along the outer surface of the resilient insert, the outer shell having an integral fluid connector, and an inner wall, the integral fluid connector disposed proximate an upstream end of the outer shell; providing a restraining insert comprising a permeable tube operable to enable fluid communication between the resilient insert and the channel; providing a discrete fluid connector disposed on a downstream end of the outer shell; inserting the restraining insert within the outer shell; inserting the resilient insert into the channel; and attaching the discrete fluid connector to the downstream end of the outer shell.

In some examples, the method can further include the integral fluid connector disposed on an upstream end of the outer shell can be configured to provide fluid connectivity between an upstream portion of the channel and an upstream end of a fluidic conduit.

In some examples, the discrete fluid connector can be disposed on a downstream end of the outer shell provides fluid connectivity between a downstream portion of the channel and a downstream end of a fluidic conduit.

In some examples, the restraining insert of the in-line water hammer arrestor can further include at least one flange with an outer diameter and disposed on at least one end of the permeable tube, the outer diameter of the flange can abut an inner surface of the outer shell, and the flange can be operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell.

In some examples, the outer shell of the in-line water hammer arrestor can further include a restraining portion integral to the outer shell operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion that can be operable to physically abut one another, preventing radial compression of the resilient insert that would lead to ineffective water hammer arrestment.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include an annular cross-section; and wherein each of the discrete resilient insert portion includes a partially annular cross-section.

In some examples, the first discrete resilient insert portion and the second discrete resilient insert portion can be segmented axially.

An example method for manufacturing a side-branch water hammer arrestor can include providing a resilient insert having an outer surface; providing an outer shell having an opening that connects to an inner surface configured to receive at least a portion of the resilient insert; providing a fluid connector; inserting the resilient insert within the outer shell; and affixing the fluid connector to the opening of the outer shell providing fluid connectivity for fluid flow into and out of the resilient insert.

In some examples, method can further include inserting a resilient insert into an outer shell; affixing a fluid connector to an opening of the outer shell such that fluid flows into and out of the resilient insert.

In some examples, the resilient insert further can include an opening positioned on the outer surface and connecting to an inner surface, the inner surface defining a cavity.

In some examples, the outer shell further can include a restraining portion integral to the outer shell and operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion, each portion operable to physically abut one another.

In some examples, each of the discrete resilient insert portion include a partially annular cross-section.

In some examples, the resilient insert can be segmented axially to form a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion.

In some examples, the resilient insert can include an annular cross- section.

In an example water hammer arrestor, foam-based arresters permit flow-through designs, which may have benefit for integration into existing and new plumbing systems, as well as potentially reducing other fluid-borne noise beyond water hammer. Foam-based devices can also be implemented in both side -branch or flow-through configurations. In contrast, syntactic foams, comprising microspheres dispersed in a polymeric matrix, have been shown to be mechanically robust in hydraulic systems, and can be capable of being “pre-charged” to pressures above ambient.

Other implementations, features, and aspects of the disclosed technology are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed disclosed technology and can be understood with reference to the following detailed description, accompanying drawings, and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Reference will now be made to the accompanying figures and flow diagrams, which are not necessarily drawn to scale.

FIGs. 1 A D illustrate an exploded view of an example fluid system, as disclosed herein. FIGs. 2A B illustrates a cross-section view of an example water hammer arrestor, as disclosed herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of an example water hammer arrestor, as disclosed herein.

FIG. 4 illustrates a method for manufacturing an example in-line water hammer arrestor, as disclosed herein.

FIG. 5 illustrates a method for manufacturing an example side -branch water hammer arrestor, as disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Examples presented herein generally include fluid systems having a water hammer arrestor including a resilient insert that can be operable to dampen a pressure spike in fluid that exceeds a static pressure range, providing effective water hammer arrestment that without the resilient insert, would have occurred in a flowing fluid with the pressure spike. The static pressure range can be less than about 100 pounds per square inch in gauge (psig).

Some implementations of the disclosed technology will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosed technology may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the implementations set forth therein.

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth. But it is to be understood that implementations of the disclosed technology may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description. References to “one implementation,” “an implementation,” “example implementation,” “some implementations,”“certain implementations,”“various implementations,” etc., indicate that the implementation(s) of the disclosed technology so described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every implementation necessarily includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated use of the phrase“in one implementation” does not necessarily refer to the same implementation, although it may.

Throughout the specification and the claims, the following terms take at least the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive“or.” Further, the terms“a,”“an,” and“the” are intended to mean one or more unless specified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to a singular form.

Unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives“first,”“second,”“third,” etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described should be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

FIG. 1A illustrates a fluid system 100. The fluid system 100 can include a water hammer arrestor 100a, an upstream fluidic conduit 101a (i.e. an upstream portion of a fluidic conduit), and a downstream fluidic conduit 101b (i.e. a downstream portion of a fluidic conduit). The upstream and downstream fluidic conduits 101a, 101b can be plumbing fittings, fixtures, connectors, regulators, valves, and/or piping as known to one of in the art. In example, the fluidic conduits 101a, 101b can be configured to transport fluid at a static pressure range can be less than about 100 psig. In examples, the static pressure range can be an interval, such as, about 90 psig to about 100 psig. In another example, the static pressure range can be a single value, such as, 100 psig. In another example, the static pressure range can be a value within a tolerance of a threshold pressure, such as, 500 psig ± 10%, or 500 psig ± 50 psig. In examples, the fluidic conduits 101a, 101b can be configured to withstand a total pressure (i.e. a pressure spike in addition to the static pressure range) of approximately 160 psig. The fluidic conduits 101a, 101b can be dimensioned, configured, and/or operable to comply with applicable regulatory codes such as codes published by the American Society of Sanitary Engineers (ASSE), or similar regulatory entities. The water hammer arrestor 100a can include a resilient insert 102, an outer shell 104, a restraining insert 106, a fluid inlet connector 108, a fluid outlet connector 110, an upstream end 112, and a downstream end 114. The water hammer arrestor 100a can be dimensioned, configured, and/or operable to comply with applicable regulatory codes such as codes published by the American Society of Sanitary Engineers (ASSE), or similar the regulatory entities. In examples, the water hammer arrestor 100a can be configured to limit a total pressure (i.e. a pressure spike in addition to the static pressure range) to be less than approximately 160 psig. Each of the fluid conduits 101a, 101b can be operable to transport a fluid into and/or out of the water hammer arrestor 100a.

Turning to FIG. IB, the resilient insert 102 can be operable to dampen a pressure spike in the fluid that exceeds the static pressure range, providing effective water hammer arrestment that without the resilient insert 102, would have occurred in the fluid with the pressure spike. The static pressure range is less than about 100 psig. The resilient insert 102 can be made of a polymeric matrix having a stiffness. The stiffness of the polymeric matrix can be similar to that of syntactic foam, as would be understood by one of skill in the art. The polymeric matrix can be, for example, a urethane or a silicone rubber. The polymeric matrix can include microspheres dispersed within the polymeric matrix. The microspheres can have an internal pressure of 0.1 MPa or greater. Additionally or alternatively, the microspheres can be homogenously dispersed throughout the polymeric matrix. Additionally or alternatively, the microspheres can be heterogeneously dispersed throughout the polymeric matrix. The resilient insert 102 can have cylindrical, cuboid, spherical, patterned and/or asymmetric shape. The resilient insert 102 can have an annular, a solid, a honeycomb, and/or a cuboid cross-section. Additionally or alternatively, the cross-section of the resilient insert 102 can be asymmetric and/or patterned.

Additionally or alternatively, the resilient insert 102 can be segmented into two or more discrete resilient insert portions, for example, a first discrete resilient insert portion 102a and a second discrete resilient insert portion 102b. The first discrete resilient insert portion 102a can physically abut the second resilient insert portion 102b. The resilient insert 102 can be segmented in a cross-sectional direction, axial direction, and/or in a diagonal direction. The segments can have curvilinear and/or linear cuts. Additionally or alternatively, the cuts to segment the resilient insert 102 into a first discrete resilient insert portion 102a and the second discrete resilient insert portion 102b can be along the outer surface 102c of the resilient insert 102. It may be advantageous to segment the resilient insert 102 along the outer surface 102c because the lack of direct connectivity between the first discrete resilient insert portion 102a and the second resilient insert portion 102b may reduce compression in the radial direction of each resilient insert portion 102a, 102b. This is desirable because radial compression can lead to reduced performance of the arrestor. Additionally or alternatively, each discrete portion can different polymeric matrices, microsphere dispersion, microsphere internal pressures, and/or stiffnesses. It may be advantageous to have a polymeric matrix with dispersed pressurized microspheres because during a water hammer event, the polymeric matrix can absorb a portion of the pressure spike and convert it into a mechanical displacement of the polymeric matrix. Additionally, the pressurized microspheres further absorb a portion of the pressure spike by compressing under a pressure greater than their internal pressure. Further, common polymeric foam materials may not be mechanically robust enough for use in WHA devices, and are at a volume disadvantage because their pore spaces are at lower initial gas pressures than the pressures in free-piston devices.

Additionally or alternatively, the resilient insert 102 can include an inner surface 102d, the inner surface 102d can define therethrough a channel 102f (i.e. a cavity) for a fluid flowing along a length of the resilient insert 102. The resilient insert 102 can include at least one opening 102e that connects the outer surface 102c to the inner surface 102d. Additionally or alternatively, the channel 102f can have a first opening 102e connecting to an inner surface 102d, which can define a cavity. Additionally or alternatively, the channel 102f can have a second opening operable to connect the outer surface 102c to the inner surface 102d. Additionally or alternatively, the outer surface 102c of the resilient insert 102 can define a channel between the outer surface 102c and the outer shell 104 for a fluid flowing along a length of the resilient insert 102, as will be discussed in detail in FIG. 2B. Additionally or alternatively, the resilient insert 102 can be concentrically aligned within the outer shell 104.

Turning to FIG. 1C, the outer shell 104 can have an inner surface 104a and an opening 104b. Additionally or alternatively, the outer shell 104 can have a restraining portion 104c integral to the outer shell 104 and operable to restrain the resilient insert 102 within the outer shell 104 to prevent clogging of the fluid outlet connector 110. The restraining portion 104c can be one or more of: nubs, claws, protrusions, patterns, and/or diameter reducing mechanisms. The outer shell 104 can be manufactured from plastics such as PVC, and/or metals such as copper, and can be operable to withstand pressures exceeding 100 psig.

Turning to FIG. ID, the restraining insert 106 can include a permeable tube 106a having a first end 106b and a second end 106c. The permeable tube 106a (i.e. a permeable cage) can include a number of holes, slots, and/or other perforation operable to allow fluid transfer to and from the resilient insert. Additionally or alternatively, the permeable tube 106a can be a permeable membrane operable to allow fluids to diffuse into and out of the resilient insert 102. For example, the permeable tube 106a can be at least partially surrounded by the resilient insert 102. In another example, the permeable tube 106a can at least partially surround the resilient insert 102. Additionally or alternatively, the permeable tube 106a can include a first flange 106d on at least one of the first or second end 106b, 106c. The first flange 106d can be operable to restrain the resilient insert 102 within the outer shell 104 keeping the resilient insert 102 from clogging the fluid outlet connector 110. Additionally or alternatively, the permeable tube 106a can include a second flange 106e on at least one of the first or second end 106b, 106c. The second flange 106e can be operable to restrain the resilient insert 102 within the outer shell 104 keeping the resilient insert 102 from clogging the fluid inlet connector 108. At least one of the first of second flanges 106d, 106e can have an outer diameter D1 configured to reside within in the outer shell 104. The restraining insert 106 can be manufactured from plastics such as PVC, and/or metals such as copper.

Turning back to FIG. 1A, the fluid inlet connector 108 can be disposed on an upstream end 112 of the water hammer arrestor 100a providing both connectivity of the upstream end 112 of the water hammer arrestor 100a to the upstream fluidic conduit 101a and to inhibit travel of the resilient insert 102 into the upstream fluidic conduit 101a. The fluid inlet connector 108 can include a threaded portion configured to receive the upstream fluidic conduit 101a. One of skill in the art would appreciate that the threads can comply with existing standards for pipe threads, for example, American National Standard Pipe thread (NPT) standards. The fluid inlet connector 108 can be manufactured from metals and/or plastics. In an example, the fluid inlet connector 108 can be integral to the outer shell 104. In an example, the fluid inlet connector 108 can be discrete from the outer shell 104. The fluid inlet connector 108 can be manufactured from plastics such as PVC, and/or metals such as copper.

The fluid outlet connector 110 (i.e. fluid connector) can be disposed on a downstream end 114 of the water hammer arrestor 100a providing both connectivity of the downstream end 114 of the water hammer arrestor 100a to the downstream fluidic conduit 101b and to inhibit travel of the resilient insert 102 into the downstream fluidic conduit 101b. The fluid outlet connector 110 can include a threaded portion configured to receive the downstream fluidic conduit 101b. One of skill in the art would appreciate that the threads can comply with existing standards for pipe threads, for example, American National Standard Pipe thread (NPT) standards. The fluid outlet connector 110 can be manufactured from metals and/or plastics. In an example, the fluid outlet connector 110 can be integral to the outer shell 104. In an example, the fluid outlet connector 110 can be discrete from the outer shell 104. Additionally or alternatively, the fluid inlet connector 108 and the fluid outlet connector 110 can be a single connector operable to receive and discharge fluid to and from the fluidic conduits 101a, 101b. The fluid outlet connector 110 can be manufactured from plastics such as PVC, and/or metals such as copper.

FIG. 2A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an example water hammer arrestor 100a. Water hammer arrestor 100a can include the resilient insert 102, for example, including the first discrete resilient insert portion 102a, and the second resilient insert portion 102b configured such that each portion 102a, 102b can have a partially annular cross-section, which when configured to physically abut one another, form an annular cross-section. The channel 102f can have an inner diameter D2. The inner diameter D2 can be similar in dimension to an inner diameter of the upstream and/or downstream fluidic conduit 101a, 101b. The permeable tube 106a can be surrounded by the resilient insert 102.

FIG. 2B. illustrates a cross-sectional view of an example water hammer arrestor. The permeable tube 106a (i.e. permeable cage) can surround the outer surface 102c of the resilient insert 102. The channel 102f can be defined between the inner surface 104a of the outer shell 104, and the outer surface 102c of the resilient insert 102. The resilient insert 102 can be centered within the outer shell 104 by utilizing the first and/or second flange 106d, 106e, of the restraining insert 106 and/or an integral restraining portion 104c.

FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of an example side -branch water hammer arrestor 100b. The side-branch water hammer arrestor 100b can include the resilient insert 102, the outer shell 104, and the fluid connector 110 (i.e. the fluid outlet connector 110 discussed above). The side- branch water hammer arrestor 100b can be dimensioned, configured, and/or operable to comply with applicable regulatory codes such as codes published by the American Society of Sanitary Engineers (ASSE), or similar the regulatory entities. In examples, the side -branch water hammer arrestor 100b can be configured to limit a total pressure (i.e. a pressure spike in addition to the static pressure range) to be less than approximately 160 psig. The resilient insert 102 can be positioned within the outer shell 104. The fluid connector 1 10 can be operable to allow fluid into and out of the resilient insert 102.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example method 300 for manufacturing an example in-line water hammer arrestor. At block 302, the method can include providing a resilient insert having an outer surface and an inner surface, the inner surface defining therethrough a channel for a fluid to flow along a length of the resilient insert, the resilient insert being operable to dampen a pressure spike in the fluid that exceeds a static pressure range and provide water hammer arrestment that, without the resilient insert, would have occurred in the flowing fluid with the pressure spike. Additionally or alternatively, the resilient insert can include a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion that can be operable to physically abut one another, preventing radial compression of the resilient insert that may lead to ineffective water hammer arrestment. Additionally or alternatively, the resilient insert can have a substantially annular cross-section. Additionally or alternatively, each of several discrete resilient insert portions can have a partially annular cross-section. Additionally or alternatively, first discrete resilient insert portion and second discrete resilient insert portion can be segmented axially.

At block 304, the method can include providing an outer shell extending along the outer surface of the resilient insert, the outer shell having an integral fluid connector, and an inner wall, the integral fluid connector disposed proximate an upstream end of the outer shell. Additionally or alternatively, the integral fluid connector disposed on an upstream end of the outer shell can be configured to provide fluid connectivity between an upstream portion of the channel and an upstream end of a fluidic conduit. Additionally or alternatively, the outer shell can include a restraining portion integral to the outer shell operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell. At block 306, the method can include providing a restraining insert comprising a permeable tube operable to enable fluid communication between the resilient insert and the channel. At block 308, the method can include providing a discrete fluid connector disposed on a downstream end of the outer shell. Additionally or alternatively, the discrete fluid connector disposed on a downstream end of the outer shell provides fluid connectivity between a downstream portion of the channel and a downstream end of a fluidic conduit.

At block 310, the method can include inserting the restraining insert within the outer shell. Additionally or alternatively, the restraining insert can include at least one flange with an outer diameter and disposed on at least one end of the permeable tube, the outer diameter of the flange can abut an inner surface of the outer shell, and the flange can be operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell. At block 312, the method can include inserting the resilient insert into the outer shell. At block 314, the method can include attaching the discrete fluid connector to the downstream end of the outer shell.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example method 400 for manufacturing an example side -branch water hammer arrestor. At block 402, the method can include providing a resilient insert having an outer surface. The resilient insert can include an opening positioned on the outer surface and connecting to an inner surface, the inner surface defining a cavity. Additionally or alternatively, the resilient insert can include a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion, each portion operable to physically abut one another. Additionally or alternatively, each of the discrete resilient insert portion can include a partially annular cross- section. Additionally or alternatively, the resilient insert can be segmented axially to form a first discrete resilient insert portion and a second discrete resilient insert portion. Additionally or alternatively, the resilient insert can have a substantially annular cross- section.

At block 404, the method can include providing an outer shell having an opening that connects to an inner surface configured to receive at least a portion of the resilient insert. Additionally or alternatively, the outer shell further can include a restraining portion integral to the outer shell and operable to restrain the resilient insert within the outer shell. At block 406, the method can include providing a fluid connector. At block 408, the method can include inserting the resilient insert within the outer shell. At block 410, the method can include affixing the fluid connector to the opening of the outer shell providing fluid connectivity for fluid flow into and out of the resilient insert.

In an example, a water hammer arrester can include a rigid outer shell and a cylindrical compliant liner with an annular bore. The neck between the lined section of the arrester and the main fluid flow path can be the same diameter as that of the main flow path. ANSFASSE standard 1010-2004 is applicable to water hammer arresters, and specifies that the maximum permissible dynamic overpressure be limited to no more than 1 MPa (150 psig) in order to be classified as being in conformance with the standard. In an example, a water hammer arrestor can include a foam material configured as a lining within a cylindrical pressure-containing shell, and with a central tube. However, under pressure, the cylinder of foam compresses radially, causing loading on the support tube, reduction of performance, and the potential to trap pressure. The foam material can be segmented into one or more axial segments, such that there need not be continuity of material in the circumferential direction prevents the radial compression of the foam, eliminating the behavior that impairs the performance.

In an example, a water hammer arrestor uses an axially segmented syntactic foam. The syntactic foam can be comprised of a host matrix (such as a urethane) with embedded microspheres. The microspheres can be charged with gas, at a pressure which may be above atmospheric pressure. Under pressure, the microspheres buckle, reducing the stiffness of the material, while retaining the gas itself. In addition, the high volume fraction of microspheres (typically 50%) yields a material with a fine-grained micro-structure, such that the host material also contributes compliance. In concert, the macroscopically segmented syntactic foam liner retains compliance to higher static pressure as compared to classical foams. The segmentation prevents pressure trapping and radial collapse of the liner, such that the water hammer arrestor performs its intended function across varying system pressure.

While certain techniques and methods of the disclosed technology have been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical implementations, it is to be understood that the disclosed technology is not to be limited to the disclosed implementations, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

This written description uses examples to disclose certain implementations of the disclosed technology, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice certain implementations of the disclosed technology, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of certain implementations of the disclosed technology is defined in the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.