Field

The invention relates to the field of vaccination against influenza virus infections with broad

5 spectrum influenza vaccines. Influenza is a common acute respiratory disease due to a virus that causes annual seasonal epidemics. Three major pandemics occurred in the 20th century, 1918-1919, 1957 and 1968, and one in 2009, mainly due to genetic variants of type

A influenza virus (IAV). In temperate regions the incidence of hospitalization increases during annual influenza epidemics. More than 90% of deaths linked to influenza involve

10 people over 65 years of age. Yearly vaccination is the main preventive measure in this age group. Yearly vaccination is also recommended for younger people with serious chronic disease. Preferably, the vaccine strains closely match the epidemic strains circulating at the time of vaccination antigenically to afford optimal protection. In relative terms, vaccination of people over 65 reduces the number of deaths linked to influenza by up to 80%,

15 hospitalization and pneumonia by up to 50%, and symptomatic influenza by up to 30%. The full impact of influenza is increasingly recognized as an illness that goes well beyond pneumonia and influenza statistics. Peak months of mortality due to respiratory illness, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular events, and diabetes in adults 70 years and older coincide with annual influenza epidemics, suggesting that influenza illness is the major

20 cause of excess mortality in this population during the winter months (McElhaney 2011).

Vaccination programs using the current split-virus vaccines are cost-saving in the over 65 population even though these vaccines often fail to provide adequate protection in older adults and influenza illness continues to have devastating consequences in this population.

Rising rates of hospitalization are anticipated from seasonal influenza and, in the event of a

25 real pandemic in older people, threaten to paralyze the health and social systems of support. Development of vaccines is a priority to prepare for potential pandemics but is complicated by antigenic variation of the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (de Vries et al.

2018).

Background to the invention

1 Vaccination is the most appropriate countermeasure to control the spread of IAV and prevent disease. However, the lack of an efficacious method to predict the circulating strains sometimes leads to a mismatch between the annual vaccine and circulating viruses. To illustrate, the sudden emergence of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic strain and the recent appearance of the highly pathogenic avian A/H7N9 strain in 2013 in China, underscores the unpredictable nature of the virus and the difficulty in comprehending the emergence of new strains. Two types of influenza vaccine are widely available: inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV). Traditionally, to cope with yearly varying antigenic variation, influenza vaccines (both IIV and LAIV) have been produced to protect against 3 or 4 different seasonal influenza viruses (also called trivalent or quadrivalent vaccines). Current quadrivalent vaccines contain components of influenza A(H3N2), A(H1N1) and 2 influenza lineages of influenza B virus. Said trivalent or quadrivalent vaccines foremost rely on specific targeting of the major surface protein, hemagglutinin (HA), and are standardized as stimulating anti-HA antibodies as the primary correlate of protection, but these vaccines have limited and somewhat unpredictable efficacy, particularly in those that most require protection such as the elderly, young, and infirm. Regardless of the type or composition of seasonal influenza vaccine, vaccination needs be administered annually to provide optimal protection against infection. As influenza vaccine effectiveness can vary yearly due to the constant evolving nature of influenza viruses, including those circulating and infecting humans, these vaccines are updated regularly to antigenically match which influenza strains that are in circulation. The WHO organizes regular consultations with an advisory group of experts gathered from WHO Collaboration Centers and WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratories to analyze influenza virus surveillance data generated by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System. The recommendations issued are used by the national vaccine regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies to develop, produce, and license influenza vaccines for the following influenza season. Because of the evolving nature, the protection provided by a vaccine may still vary from season to season and depends in part on the age and health status of the person getting the vaccine and the factual similarity or match between the viruses in the vaccine and those in circulation. During years when the vaccine match is good, it is possible to measure substantial benefits from vaccination in terms of preventing illness and complications after infection with the virus. However, the benefits of yearly influenza vaccination will still vary, depending on characteristics of the person being vaccinated (for example, their health and age), what influenza viruses are circulating that season and, potentially, which type of vaccine is used. Indeed, some people may experience symptoms despite getting vaccinated, for example because they may have been exposed to a virus that is different from the viruses used in the vaccine. The ability of an influenza vaccine to protect a person depends largely on the match or mismatch between the vaccine viruses chosen to make the vaccine used in that person and those viruses spreading and causing illness in that person. There are many different influenza viruses that spread and cause illness among people. During years when the vaccine match is generally bad, substantially reduced benefits from vaccination in terms of preventing influenza illness and complications are to be expected, again risking the elderly most (McElhaney 2011). To alleviate said mismatch problems, some have suggested to use anti-viral drugs such as amantadine, zanamivir and oseltamivir in influenza as an adjunct to vaccination in some situations ('Antiviral drugs in influenza: an adjunct to vaccination in some situations' 2006). In practice, however, antiviral drugs are not an alternative to influenza vaccination, but may be a useful adjunct only in some situations. It is best to limit their use to short-term prophylaxis of vulnerable persons in situations where the risk of contracting influenza virus infection is high. However, betting on anti-viral therapy employing anti-viral drugs negates the fact that said infections are due to said mismatch, it may thus be better to improve on said mismatch instead by providing better matching vaccines in the first place. Furthermore, it is now well recognized that older people respond less well to immunization protocols. Protection against influenza by vaccination with hemagglutinins is the prototype example. Despite programs that have raised vaccination rates dramatically over the past three decades, influenza remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. This, in part, is because vaccine responses are reduced in older recipients. Some have suggested to improve the yearly vaccine response by using thymosin alpha 1 as an adjunct to influenza vaccination to activate T-cell responses in the elderly (Ershler, Gravenstein, and Geloo 2007), however, this has not gained practical ground. Another approach to improve influenza vaccines is to include adjuvants; substances that boost the immune response. Adjuvants are particularly beneficial for influenza vaccines administered during a pandemic when a rapid response is required or for use in patients with impaired immune responses, such as infants and the elderly. Tregoning et al., (Tregoning, Russell, and Kinnear 2018), outline the current use of adjuvants in human influenza vaccines, including what they are, why they are used and what is known of their mechanism of action. To date, six adjuvants have been used in licensed human vaccines: Alum, MF59, AS03, AF03, virosomes and heat labile enterotoxin (LT). Yet others aim to deviate from yearly selecting different vaccine viruses and aim at immunization using universal influenza vaccines for protection against all or most influenza sub-types. The fundamental principle of such desired universal influenza vaccines is based on conserved antigens found in most influenza strains, such as matrix 2, nucleocapsid, matrix 1 and stem of hemagglutinin proteins. These antigens may trigger cross-protective immunity against different influenza strains. Many researchers have attempted to produce the conserved epitopes of these antigens in the form of peptides in the hope of generating universal influenza vaccine candidates that can broadly induce cross-reactive protection against influenza viral infections, however, up until now such efforts have largely failed. Hence, various strategies, such as combining peptides as multi-epitope vaccines or presenting peptides through vaccinia virus particles, are subjected to clinical trials (Romeli, Hassan, and Yap 2020). Sheik et al (Bioinformatics.2016 Nov 1;32(21):3233-3239) is an in-silico exercise purportedly to help design vaccines, albeit lacking in vitro or in vivo data that may show antigenicity or immunogenicity of any of its suggestions. Despite often being used interchangeably, the terms immunogenicity and antigenicity have distinct meaning. The term immunogenicity refers to the ability of a substance to help induce cells of the immune system elicit a cellular and/or humoral immune response, while antigenicity is the ability to be specifically recognized by an immune response or immunological activities towards the given substance. While all immunogenic substances are by default antigenic, not all antigenic substances are immunogenic, neither need they be immunogenic in different hosts, such as mice or man, or in men or women of various genetic background. In particular, MHC I processing of proteins or polypeptides is depended on the genetic background (i.e. HLA haplotype) of the host, rendering some an�genic substances immunogenic in one, and non- immunogenic in another host. To complicate matters, often said immune response is depended on specific proteolytic processing of antigenic polypeptides in the proteasome of lysosome, to arrive at the desired immunogenic substance. To help facilitate such processing or degradation, often cells attach a degradation signal (degron) to such polypeptides to accommodate routing to the proteasome or lysosome. In line with the above, antigenic determinant is herein defined as a site on the surface of an antigen molecule to which a single antibody molecule or T-cell binds; generally, an antigen has several or many different antigenic determinants and reacts with many different antibodies or cells. An antigenic determinant is also called epitope. An immunogenic determinant is the part of an immunogenic molecule that interacts with a T-cell in triggering or eliciting an immune response, and thus reflects on the active potential of a host to induce the immune response per se. Sheik et al designed but not constructed nor tested the two epitope ensemble vaccine designs comprising (in itself antigenic) influenza A epitopes as putative non-seasonal influenza vaccines; one specifically targets the US population and the other is meant to be a universal vaccine. The purportedly USA-specific vaccine comprised 6 CD8+ T cell epitopes (among which SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL) and SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI) and 3 CD4+ epitopes. The purportedly universal vaccine comprised 8 CD8+ epitopes: (among which SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFT), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY) and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY) and again the 3 CD4+ epitopes. It is suggested that epitopes can be delivered as poly-epitope peptide(s) or as part of a viral vector. No spacer or linker sequences were attached or provided, and no degron such as ubiquitin was attached or provided with the construct designs. Whether the ensembled designs of Sheik et al bear sufficient antigenicity to be recognised by cells of the immune system or even can or cannot be used as immunogenic substances to mount the desired immune response required for an actual vaccine substance is not disclosed in Sheik et al. Nielsen et al (Journal of Immunological Methods 360 (2010) 149–156), are not aiming at developing a vaccine but at developing methods to confirm the presence and capacity to detect CEF virus specific CD8+ T cells in PBMC. For that purpose, Nielsen et al provide an antigenic combination of 32 different HLA-1 restricted epitopes of the widely used CEF (Cytomegalovirus, Epstein– Barr Virus and Influenza Virus) posi�ve control pep�de pool in a single polyepitope construct, (hence its name CEF-polyepitope 32 construct) as presented by mRNA, (among which epitopes are found SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), and SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY)) and to be used as a positive control pool antigen to test the general presence of CEF virus-specific CD8 T cells. No particular spacer or linker sequences were provided, CEF-construct epitopes were presented in their plain viral sequence context, with 3-amino acid heterologous endogenous flanking sequences of the respective epitopes N-as well as C-terminally, thereby increasing the risk of neo-epitope formation instead of reducing it with appropriate spacers or linkers. No ubiquitin was attached or provided with the construct. The extent of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) secretion by influenza virus specific CD8+-CTL of the influenza virus derived epitopes is not provided, and neither was the extent of conservedness of antigenicity of all the epitopes in the pool investigated by Nielsen et al. The purpose of Nielsen et al was to provide an an�genic determinant tool for assessing MHC class I processing, regardless of HLA haplotype but not to develop a universal influenza vaccine. Indeed, whether the diagnostic tool in itself bears immunogenicity or not is not disclosed in Nielsen et al. For another example of the many epitope suggestions that have obliterated understanding of the field without providing sufficient guidance to arrive at the desired universal vaccine, recently (Sharma et al.2021) suggested an in-silico conceptual framework to arrive at a multi-epitope influenza subunit vaccine based on the highly conserved antigenic determinant or epitopic sequences of rapidly evolving (HA), a moderately evolving (NP) and slow evolving (M1) proteins of the virus. The vaccine grand design includes 2 peptide adjuvants, 26 cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) epitopes of a diverse nature, 9 helper T-cell (HTL) epitopes, and 7 linear B-cell lymphocytes (BCL) epitopes to induce innate, cellular, and humoral immune responses against influenza A viruses, of which 3 of the 26 CTL epitopes with SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV) and SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK) are found in M1 and 1 of the 26, SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), is found in NP. No degron such as ubiquitin is attached or provided. Again, this concept needs experimental validation. The required experimental work may include the synthesis of the, cumbersomely large, designed subunit vaccine followed by the in vitro and in vivo analyses to determine the immunogenicity and delivery of the same for inducing a protective immune response. Formulation, product stability, safety, and protocols for immunizing with such a large vaccine construct are also important aspects to be considered. In short, whether the ensembled designs of Sharma et al bear sufficient antigenicity to be recognised by cells of the immune system or (better) even can or cannot be used as immunogenic substances to mount the desired immune response required for an actual vaccine substance is not disclosed in Sharma et al (see also Table 9 herein). Multimeric-001 (M-001) is an example of a synthetic peptide vaccine that is actually produced and based on nine conserved immunogenic epitopes from HA, NP and M1 proteins of influenza type A and B strains. The M-001 vaccine consists of 3 repetitions of 9 conserved linear epitopes that are prepared as a single recombinant protein. These epitopes are thought to induce humoral as well as cellular immune responses (Atsmon et al.2012). This peptide-based universal influenza vaccine candidate purportedly inducing T cell- immunity has completed phase I and II trials but has failed to demonstrate any efficacy via a primary outcome study (Atsmon et al.2012; van Doorn et al.2017). Indeed, the ability of peptide vaccines to alter and diminish the functionality of T cells, in particular T regulatory cells (Tregs) , has been previously observed (Leggatt 2014) , and data from various studies demonstrate that low peptide doses induce high T cell avidity while high or repeat peptide concentrations may favor low avidity T cells and inhibition of the T cell proliferative response (Corradin, Etlinger, and Chiller 1977) required to induce vaccine efficacy. This may also affect the available T cell repertoire in vivo and subsequent pathogen clearance. Such high and low zone tolerance after immunization with different doses of antigen exists is typically thought to require empirical determination (Corradin, Etlinger, and Chiller 1977). Stambas et al (Pharmacol Ther.2008 Nov;120(2):186-96) et al review our understanding of influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in experimental mouse models and humans. The characteris�cs and nature of CD8+ T cell killing are discussed, as is the selec�on and maintenance of the influenza-specific effector and memory repertoires. Considera�on is given to future possible vaccine strategies and to the effects of ageing. It is postulated that understanding the complexi�es of CD8+ T cell mediated immunity and memory has the poten�al for improving vaccine design, par�cularly to combat pandemics caused by newly emerging influenza viruses. In said review various CD8+ T cell epitopes are reviewed, among others SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), and SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK). How such epitopes may be employed to design an appropriate cross protec�ve CTL based vaccine is le� undiscussed, beyond the considera�on to use a mixture of dominant and subdominant epitopes in a polypep�de- based vaccine as a strategy for conferring cross protec�ve immunity as discussed before by Stoloff & Caparros-Wanderley (2007) and here discussed below under FLU-v. FLU-v is a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide vaccine composed of conserved T cell epitopes that complement specifically with mouse MHC (H-2Kb) and human HLA (HLA-A*0201) (Stoloff and Caparros-Wanderley 2007). Initially, in an animal study (bearing another HLA system than man), six polypeptides are included in the FLU-v formulation, with polymer (amino acid) length varying from 21 to 35 amino acids. Two of these peptides are derived from influenza M2 and PB1 (comprising SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV) and SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), each without spacer or linker separation), whereas the other four peptides belonged to M1 (comprising SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL)) and NP (comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK)) antigens, again without spacer or linker elements. The polypeptides are selected based on the following criteria: (i) length must not be more than 40 amino acids; (ii) composed of at least five human T cell epitopes; and (iii) with a probability of 10 ⁻¹⁰ or less for any peptide not containing at least one of the identified T cell epitopes. The results of a 2b study in humans (EudraCT: 2016-002134-74) with a lyophilized vaccine composed of four short polypeptides; FLU-5 (32aa), FLU-7 (21aa), FLU-8N (20aa), and FLU-10 (24aa) that originate from conserved regions in internal proteins M1, NPA, NPB, and M2 respectively , however, demonstrate that this polyepitope peptide-based vaccine (in the absence of inducing antibody responses against HA) again falls short in efficacy and can provide only little protection against influenza (Pleguezuelos et al.2020). Typically, where a one-dose regime showed some significant benefit over placebo-vaccinated subjects, repeated vaccination with the four-polypeptide vaccine did not raise protection, as would be desired of a vaccine in practical use. To the contrary, efficacy of the two-dose regimen is not found statistically significantly different from placebo, making repeat vaccinations with this four- polypeptide epitope prospective vaccine formulation of little use in practice. The authors conclude that the formulation should continue to be evaluated and T-cell immunity explored further as a possible useful correlate of protection against influenza virus infection. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated vaccinia virus that has been shown to prime T cell responses towards the antigens they carry. Given its promising adjuvant effect, MVA has been used as a vaccine carrier for malaria, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis vaccines. MVA offers several advantages as vaccine carrier, such as: (i) excellent safety profile in children and HIV-positive individuals; (ii) great stability; (iii) rapid stimulation of humoral and cellular responses and (iv) various vaccine inoculation routes. Several MVA-based influenza vaccines have been developed and are undergoing rigorous testing. Amongst them, MVA-NP+M1 vaccine (modified vaccinia Ankara expressing virus nucleoprotein and matrix protein 1) has reached the clinical trial phase. The aim of a recent 2b study is to assess whether inducing additional universal responses to conserved CD4 and CD8 T-cell antigens NP and M1 provides added benefit to standard influenza vaccination. However, this vaccine designed to induce T-cell responses to these cross-reactive internal proteins of influenza A did not lead to improved incidence when given within 28 days after standard quadrivalent vaccine immunization (Evans et al.2022). The trial has been stopped after one season for reasons of futility on the recommendation of the data monitoring committee. Despite some advances described above, there are no broad-spectrum influenza vaccines available for prevention against flu, illustrating that there is no one-way-street towards obtaining such a desired outcome. Studies in mice hardly improve chances towards that one-way-street scenario, and there exist only few models of transgenic human-HLA expression in mice, thus in vivo studies in transgenic mice to identify immunogenicity mediated by T cellls that depend on human MHC I processing activities are limited and will never suffice to provide a full picture of immunogenic activities in humans. That having said, there is still a great need for influenza-specific antigenic formulations to develop immunogens and vaccines that lead to efficient induction of broadly protective responses and thus can provide protective immunity and therapeutic activity in the field of influenza control. The invention The invention discloses a collection of antigenic as well as immunogenic determinant formulations with demonstrated antigenic as well as immunogenic potential and capable of addressing the need for broadly protective responses to provide protective immunity and therapeutic activity in the field of influenza control. Therewith, the invention discloses a multi-epitope influenza A vaccine formulation for use in triggering or inducing cross- protective immunity against different influenza strains comprising at least 5 relatively conserved peptide- (amino acid-) sequences each demonstrated capable of eliciting interferon-gamma (IFNγ) secretion by influenza virus specific CD8+-CTL. In a first embodiment, to accommodate providing the vaccine foremost with conserved antigenic and immunogenic determinant peptides SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), derived from currently circulating human IAV strains to accommodate vaccination against those currently circulating human viruses in humans and provide the broad protection desired (see also Table 2 herein), the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding at least 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY). Such a nucleic acid may be complemented with a nucleic acid encoding at least 5 or 10 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW), and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). To provide for optimal liberation of epitope peptides from polyepitope constructs, irrespective of their order of appearance in the polyepitope polypeptide, said nucleic acid at least encoding SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY) as disclosed is also provided with genetic information to provide for appropriate spacer (linker) placement adjacent (N- as well as C-terminally) to the peptides (epitopes), as well as with genetic information to provide for a degron, to facilitate correct and optimal cleavage of the peptides from the polyepitope polypeptide according to the invention in the proteasome and prevent the creation of neo-epitopes from adjacent epitopes sequences which can reduce vaccine efficacy (Schubert and Kohlbacher 2016). The here selected epitopes are used to construct an artificial gene encoding the polyepitope polypeptide sequence. Four different constructs were made with or without the genetic information for spacer (less or more supporting the liberation of the epitopes) and with or without the genetic information encoding a proteasome-targeting signal (herein also identified as degron ((Ravid and Hochstrasser 2008)) for docking the polyepitope to the proteasome for optimal antigen processing. Here, we selected the spacer sequence AAY (Ismail, Ahmad, and Azam 2020) to assess the best requirements for optimal liberation of antigenic peptides from polyepitope polypeptide constructs of the invention and demonstrated that we can avoid dependence on the order of the peptides within the polyepitope polypeptide of the invention which may dictate cleavage probability in the proteasome, to generate a strong increase in the number of correctly cleaved epitopes and a decrease in the neo-immunogenicity of the complete construct and have therewith independent recovery of individual epitopes and subsequent MHC I processing irrespective of the order in which they are located in the polyepitope construct. Said nucleic acid at least encoding SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY) as disclosed is additionally provided with the genetic information encoding a proteasome-targeting signal (herein also identified as degron ((Ravid and Hochstrasser 2008))) to provide appropriate targeting of the polyepitope polypeptide transcribable from said nucleic acid to the proteasome and further improved cleavage probability therein. As discussed in detail by Ravid and Hochstrasser, most short-lived proteins are distinguished by localized structure determinants (‘signals’) that target them to the ubiquitin ligase machinery or to the proteasome (or lysosome in some cases). A degradation signal or ‘degron’, is usually defined as a minimal element within a protein that is sufficient for recognition and degradation by a proteolytic apparatus. An important property of degrons is that they are transferable. That is, genetically engineered attachment of such sequences confers metabolic instability (a shorter half-life) on otherwise longer-lived proteins. To provide for such a degron, here we selected ubiquitin, preferably placed N- terminally to the polyepitope polypeptide construct. Such a nucleic acid as disclosed herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may provide an antigenic as well as an immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said individual peptides with SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY) in a cell or vaccinated subject and mounting an immune response. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the nucleic acid according to the invention additionally encoding another 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said another 5 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY). In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the nucleic acid according to the invention encoding at least 15, preferably at least 18 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the nucleic acid according to the invention encoding 20 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). The invention additionally discloses a nucleic acid at least encoding 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 6 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY) and as disclosed is additionally provided with the genetic information encoding a proteasome-targeting signal (herein also identified as degron ((Ravid and Hochstrasser 2008))) to provide appropriate targeting of the polyepitope polypeptide transcribable from said nucleic acid to the proteasome and further improved cleavage probability therein. A nucleic acid as disclosed herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may provide an antigenic as well as an immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said individual peptides. The invention additionally discloses a nucleic acid at least encoding 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 6 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and as disclosed is additionally provided with the genetic information encoding appropriate spaces and a degron. Such a nucleic acid as disclosed herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may provide an antigenic as well as an immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said individual peptides.. The invention additionally discloses a nucleic acid at least encoding 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 6 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and as disclosed is additionally provided with the genetic information encoding appropriate spaces and a degron. Such a nucleic acid as disclosed herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may provide an antigenic as well as an immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said individual peptides. The invention additionally discloses a nucleic acid at least encoding 7 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 7 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and as disclosed is additionally provided with the genetic information encoding appropriate spaces and a degron. A nucleic acid as disclosed herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may provide an antigenic as well as an immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said individual peptides. The invention additionally discloses a nucleic acid at least encoding 7 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 7 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and as disclosed is additionally provided with the genetic information encoding appropriate spaces and a degron. A nucleic acid as disclosed herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may provide an antigenic as well as an immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said individual peptides. The invention additionally discloses a nucleic acid at least encoding 7 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 7 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and as disclosed is additionally provided with the genetic information encoding appropriate spaces and a degron. A nucleic acid as disclosed herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may provide an antigenic as well as an immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said individual peptides. The invention additionally discloses a nucleic acid at least encoding 8 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 8 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and as disclosed is additionally provided with the genetic information encoding appropriate spaces and a degron. A nucleic acid as disclosed herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may provide an antigenic as well as an immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said individual peptides. The invention additionally discloses a nucleic acid at least encoding another 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said another 6 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), ), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), and as disclosed is additionally provided with the genetic information encoding appropriate spaces and a degron. A nucleic acid as disclosed herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may provide an antigenic as well as an immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said individual peptides. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the RNA or DNA nucleic acid according to the invention wherein said peptide spacer comprises tripeptide AAY. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the RNA or DNA nucleic acid according to the invention wherein said degron comprises ubiquitin. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the nucleic acid vector, virus, cell, or formulation comprising the RNA or DNA nucleic acid according to the invention. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a proteinaceous formulation comprising a polyepitope polypeptide derived from the nucleic acid, vector, virus, or cell according to the invention. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 5 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 6 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 6 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 6 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 7 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 7 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 7 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 7 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 7 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 7 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 8 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said at least 8 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation to the invention additionally provided with another 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said another 5 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation to the invention additionally provided with another 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, said another 6 peptides encoding epitopes having SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), ), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), said polypeptide also provided with an appropriate peptide spacer (linker) placement adjacent to peptides encoding epitopes and provided with a degron. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation according to the invention comprising at least 15, preferably at least 18 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the synthetic polyepitope polypeptide and/or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation according to the invention comprising 20 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides encoding epitopes capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). In a further embodiment, the invention discloses an antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising the nucleic acid according to the invention or comprising the vector, virus, cell, or formulation according to the invention or comprising a proteinaceous formulation according to the invention or a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide according to the invention. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses an immunogenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid formulation according to the invention or a proteinaceous formulation according to the invention or a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide according to the invention. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a vaccine formulation obtainable by mixing an antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation according to the invention and/or an immunogenic formulation according to the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses the vaccine formulation according to the invention for use in vaccination together with or in addition to or preferably concomitant with, preferably yearly, vaccination with a vaccine directed at generating humoral vaccine responses towards an influenza virus hemagglutinin protein. In a further embodiment, the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding at least 5 of the above influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL) (see also Table 1 herein). Such a nucleic acid as provided herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may function as an antigenic as well as immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said peptides in a cell or vaccinated subject and mounting an immune response. In a preferred embodiment, to accommodate providing the vaccine foremost with conserved antigenic and immunogenic determinant peptides SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), derived from currently circulating human IAV strains to accommodate vaccination against those currently circulating human viruses in humans and provide the broad protection desired (see also Table 2 herein), the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding at least 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY). Such a nucleic acid may be complemented with a nucleic acid encoding at least 5 or 10 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW), and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY) (see also table 5). In another further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR) (see also table 6) to provide a vaccine with further improved HLA coverage. In yet another further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR) (see also table 7) to provide a vaccine response directed at a broad group of viral proteins. Such a nucleic acid as provided herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may function as an antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said peptides in a cell or vaccinated subject. In another preferred embodiment, to for example accommodate providing the ultimate vaccine foremost with conserved antigenic and immunogenic determinant peptides SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), derived from currently circulating swine IAV strains to accommodate vaccination against those currently circulating swine viruses in swine and provide broad protection (see also Table 3 herein), the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding at least 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY). Such a nucleic acid may be complemented with a nucleic acid encoding at least 5 or 10 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW), and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY) (see also table 5). In another further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR) (see also table 6) to provide a vaccine with further improved HLA coverage. In yet another further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR) (see also table 7) to provide a vaccine response directed at a broad group of viral proteins. Such a nucleic acid as provided herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may function as an antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said peptides in a cell or vaccinated subject. In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding at least 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY) and derived from currently circulating human and swine IAV strains to accommodate vaccination against possibly circulating swine influenza A viruses in humans and provide the additional protection desired (see also Tables 2 and 3 herein). In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY) (see also table 5). Such a nucleic acid as provided herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may function as an antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said peptides in a cell or vaccinated subject. In another preferred embodiment, to for example accommodate providing the vaccine foremost with conserved antigenic and immunogenic determinant peptides SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), and SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW), derived from currently circulating avian IAV strains to accommodate vaccination against those currently circulating avian viruses in avian and provide broad protection (see also Table 4 herein), the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding at least 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), and SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW). Such a nucleic acid may be complemented with a nucleic acid encoding at least 5 or 10 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY) (see also table 5). In another further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR) (see also table 6) to provide a vaccine with further improved HLA coverage. In yet another further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR) (see also table 7) to provide a vaccine response directed at a broad group of viral proteins. Such a nucleic acid as provided herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may function as an antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said peptides in a cell or vaccinated subject. In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding at least 6 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and derived from currently circulating human and avian IAV strains to accommodate vaccination against possibly circulating avian influenza A viruses in humans and provide the additional protection desired (see also Tables 2 and 4 herein). In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY) (see also table 5). Such a nucleic acid as provided herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may function as an antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said peptides in a cell or vaccinated subject. In another preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding at least 7 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), and SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and derived from currently circulating human, swine and avian IAV strains to accommodate vaccination against possibly circulating swine or avian influenza A viruses in humans and provide the additional protection desired (see also Tables 2, 3 and 4 herein). In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses to complement said nucleic acid as provided herein with at least the nucleic acid of 5 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY) (see also table 5). Such a nucleic acid as provided herein may comprise DNA or RNA or both and may function as an antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation by allowing expression of said peptides in a cell or vaccinated subject. In a further embodiment, the invention also provides a nucleic acid encoding at least 10 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL), see for example table 8 where selection of a nucleic acid encoding 10 antigenic and immunogenic determinants peptides (SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), and SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY)) provides already HLA coverage of > 99% . In a yet further embodiment, the invention also provides a nucleic acid encoding at least 15 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL), see for example table 8 where selection of a nucleic acid encoding 15 antigenic and immunogenic determinants peptides (SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY)) provides already HLA coverage of > 99,5%. In a further preferred embodiment the invention also provides a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation encoding 20 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells, in particular peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL), see for example table 8 and figure 6. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6A. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6B. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6C. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6D. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a proteinaceous substance at least partly encoded by a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6A. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a proteinaceous substance at least partly encoded by a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6B. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a proteinaceous substance at least partly encoded by a nucleic acid or antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6C. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses a proteinaceous substance at least partly encoded by a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6D. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses an antigenic formulation comprising a proteinaceous substance at least partly encoded by a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6A. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses an antigenic formulation comprising a proteinaceous substance at least partly encoded by a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6B. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses an antigenic formulation comprising a proteinaceous substance at least partly encoded by a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6C. In a further preferred embodiment, the invention discloses an antigenic formulation comprising a proteinaceous substance at least partly encoded by a nucleic acid encoding an antigenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid according to figure 6D. The invention also provides a nucleic acid vector (such as pCAGGS as shown herein in the detailed description) comprising nucleic acid according to the invention. The invention also provides a virus comprising nucleic acid according to the invention. The invention also provides a cell comprising a nucleic acid or vector or virus according to the invention. The invention also provides a nucleic acid formulation, such as a DNA or RNA vaccine formulation (see for example (Leitner, Ying, and Restifo 1999)), comprising a nucleic acid or vector or virus according to the invention. The invention also provides a proteinaceous formulation comprising a polyepitope polypeptide derived from a nucleic acid or vector or virus or cell according to the invention. The invention also provides a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 15 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). Such polyepitope peptides may for example comprise conserved human IAV antigenic and immunogenic determinant peptides SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), and SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), or swine IAV antigenic and immunogenic determinant peptides SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), or avian IAV antigenic and immunogenic determinant peptides SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), and SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW), or SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), or SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), and SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW), or SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), and SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW), or immunodominant amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), and SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), or another selection of at least 5 peptides as selected from in Table 1. Peptide synthesis is well known in the art (see for example (Stawikowski and Fields 2012)). The invention also provides synthetic polyepitope polypeptide or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 10 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). The invention also provides a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation comprising at least 15 of influenza A virus (IAV) derived peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). The invention also provides an antigenic and immunogenic determinant or immunogenic formulation (see for example figures 2 and 3 where various constructs (Polyepitope, polyepitope with spacers, polyepitope with ubiquitin and polyepitope with spacer and ubiquitin) activated the specific T cells and IFN-γ secretion) comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention or comprising a virus according to the invention or comprising a cell according to the invention or comprising a proteinaceous formulation according to the invention or a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation according to the invention. The invention also provides an immunogenic formulation comprising a nucleic acid formulation according to the invention or a proteinaceous formulation according to the invention or a synthetic polyepitope polypeptide or antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation according to the invention and provides a vaccine formulation obtainable by mixing an antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation according to the invention and/or an immunogenic formulation according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The invention also provides a vaccine formulation according to the invention for use in vaccination together with or in addition to or preferably concomitant with, preferably yearly, vaccination with a vaccine directed at generating humoral vaccine responses towards an influenza virus hemagglutinin protein. In a preferred embodiment, to improve on and provide an alternative influenza vaccine with efficacy in circumstances of relative mismatch between circulating influenza strains and vaccine strains used, the inventors propose vaccinating with an influenza vaccine in addition to or preferably concomitant with yearly vaccination with trivalent or quadrivalent vaccines directed at humoral vaccine responses towards the hemagglutinin protein. It is preferred that said influenza vaccine elicits immune responses towards conserved influenza virus antigens, in particular by providing said vaccine with immunogenic formulations comprising or capable of in vivo eliciting immune responses directed against peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells selected from the group of peptides capable of inducing IFNγ by CD8+ T cells with amino acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 (ILRGSVAHK), SEQ ID NO: 2 (ELRSRYWAI), SEQ ID NO: 3 (SRYWAIRTR), SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY), SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL), SEQ ID NO: 6 (SIIPSGPLK), SEQ ID NO: 7 (ASCMGLIY), SEQ ID NO: 8 (FMYSDFHFI), SEQ ID NO: 9 (FVRQCFNPM), SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY), SEQ ID NO: 11 (FLKDVMESM), SEQ ID NO: 12 (NMLSTVLGV), SEQ ID NO: 13 (MMMGMFNML), SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY), SEQ ID NO: 15 (HSNLNDATY), SEQ ID NO: 16 (RRSGAAGAAVK), SEQ ID NO: 17 (LLTEVETYV), SEQ ID NO: 18 (MVLASTTAK), SEQ ID NO: 19 (RGINDRNFW) and SEQ ID NO: 20 (FLLMDALKL). Preferably said responses are cellular immune responses, therewith supplementing humoral responses, e.g., directed at the variable hemagglutinin. Most preferred cellular immune responses elicited are CD8+-CTL responses as provided herein. Figure legends Figure1: Schematic diagram of enrichment of peptide specific CD8+ T cells from blood. Isolated PBMCs from blood are incubated with 10µM specific peptide, after 3 days added IL- 2. After 9 days of adding IL-2 we isolate CD8+ T-cells by using MACS. Figure 2: Antigenicity test in-vitro with pCAGGS constructs as antigenic formulation. PB1 _30-38 (SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY))-specific CD8+ T cells incubated with transfected HLA*B15 transgenic A549 cells. All constructs (Polyepitope, polyepitope with spacers, polyepitope with ubiquitin and polyepitope with spacer and ubiquitin) activated the specific T cells and IFN-γ secretion. PB1 _30-38 peptide loaded cells are used as a positive control. Non-transfected T cells are used a negative control as well as empty vector transfected and untransfected transgenic A549-B*15. Figure 3: Antigenicity test in-vitro with recombinant MVA constructs as antigenic formulation. PB1 _30-38 (SEQ ID NO: 14 (YSHGTGTGY))-specific CD8+ T cells incubated with infected HLA*B15 transgenic A549 cells with two different MOIs (1 and 3). Only one polyepitope construct with ubiquitin and with spacer activated the specific T cells and IFN-γ secretion. PB1 _30-38 peptide loaded cells are used as a positive control. Only T cells are used a negative control as well as non-recombinant MVA and uninfected transgenic A549-B*15 cells. Figure 4: Schematic representation of various construct designs used. Four polyepitope constructs were made with or without spacer and with or without ubiquitin. One construct was made by complete M1 gene. All constructs were fused with HA. The addition of an HA epitope (green) serves for easy monitoring of gene expression. All five constructs were cloned in pCAGGS. Construction of artificial polyepitope genes as antigenic formulation (yellow). The effect of the addition of ubiquitin (blue) and spacer sequence (black) on antigen processing and presentation of the individual epitopes is investigated. M1 sequence is shown in grey. Figure 6A: Polyepitope constructs useful as antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation: artificial gene cloned into: pCAGGS MVA shuttle vector (pH5 promotor) Optimized Polyepitope (SEQ ID NO: 46) without spacer (599 bp) Figure 6B: Polyepitope constructs useful as antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation: artificial gene cloned into: pCAGGS MVA shuttle vector (pH5 promotor) Optimized Polyepitope (SEQ ID NO: 45) with spacers: (770 bp) Figure 6C: Polyepitope constructs useful as antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation: artificial gene cloned into: pCAGGS MVA shuttle vector (pH5 promotor) Optimized Polyepitope (SEQ ID NO: 47) without spacers with ubiquitin (823 bp) Figure 6D: Polyepitope constructs useful as antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation: artificial gene cloned into: pCAGGS MVA shuttle vector (pH5 promotor) Optimized Polyepitope (SEQ ID NO: 48) with spacers and ubiquitin (995 bp) Figure 7 Polyepitope constructs cloned into pCAGGS and MVA useful as antigenic and immunogenic determinant formulation. With our pCAGGS expression plasmids we observed an IFN-γ response in the enriched T cell populations for all four epitopes tested, indicating that the epitopes could be liberated from the polyepitope construct and presented to specific T cells. With our MVA constructs we observed an IFN-γ response in the enriched T cell populations only for the construct with ubiquitin and spacer, indicating that the epitopes could be liberated from the polyepitope construct and presented to specific T cells. In MVA we could only construe and test 2 constructs. Figure 8 Immunogenicity in-vitro of rMVA-PE, wt MVA and IAV. PBMCs of a HLA-A*01 positive blood donor were stimulated with rMVA-PE, wt MVA or IAV (moi of 3) and after 12 days of T cell expansion, the presence of IAV epitope specific T cells was assessed by IFN-γ ELISpot assay after restimulation with HLA-A*01 transgenic A549 cell loaded with peptides SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY) (NP _44-52 , CTE) and SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY) (PB1 _591-599 , VSD) or control cells. Figure 9 Experimental vaccination scheme Figure 10 Description of vaccinated groups. Figure 11 Immunogenicity test in-vivo with recombinant MVA constructs. Spleens were harvested two weeks after the booster vaccination and splenocytes were restimulated with HLA-A*02 – restricted IAV M1 _58-66 peptide with SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL) (figure 11 at left) or with MVA-derived A6L peptide (figure 11 at right). The data are expressed as the numbers of IFN- γ-spot forming units per 10 ⁶ splenocytes after background subtraction as determined by ELISpot assay. Detailed description Influenza viruses cause yearly epidemics of mild disease and, occasionally, pandemics with millions of fatalities. Currently, no vaccine is effective against all influenza strains. Extraordinary genetic variability and continuous evolution are responsible for the virus evading immunity in the host and necessitating annual update of the seasonal vaccine. Since the majority of virus-specific T cells, and in particular CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), are directed against relatively conserved viral proteins like the nucleoprotein (NP) and the matrix 1 protein (M1), it has been suggested already many decades ago that virus-specific CTLs may contribute to heterosubtypic immunity (Effros et al.1977). The most important mode of action of virus-specific CTL is recognition and elimination of virus-infected cells. This way, the production of progeny virus is prevented. Thus, the presence of pre-existing T- cell immunity results in more rapid clearance of virus infections. Key for heterosubtypic immunity is that CTLs are cross-reactive and recognize epitopes shared by influenza A viruses of different subtypes. The effectors functions of CTLs that are responsible for the elimination of virus-infected cells include the release of perforin and granzyme from their granules and Fas/FasL interactions with infected target cells. In addition, upon activation virus-specific CD8 ⁺ T cells can produce a variety of different cytokines including IFN-γ and TNF-α. It is shown that virus-specific CTLs through their receptor recognize viral peptides, which are generated by the endogenous route of antigen processing and that are ultimately presented by MHC class I molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells or virus- infected cells (Zammit et al.2005). With this specific focus on inducing CD8+-CTL-responses, the invention avoids reduced efficacies which are for example observed with polypeptide epitope vaccine formulations M-001 and FLU-v. Generation of Recombinant Viruses. The coding sequence of each of 20 selected epitopes (peptide sequences are given in the one-letter amino acid code, see table 1) and the spacers in between the epitopes are composed in silico. For expedient transcription and/or translation, these are preferable modified by introducing silent mutations to remove runs of guanines or cytosines and termination signals of vaccinia virus-specific early transcription, and to add a C-terminal HA- tag sequence encoding nine amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 21 (YPYDVPDYA) , amino acids 98–106 from influenza virus). Ubiquitin may also be added to N-terminal in a polyepitope construct. The cDNA is produced by DNA synthesis and cloned into a vector such as the MVA transfer plasmid pIIIH5red (Song et al.2013) under transcriptional control of the synthetic vaccinia virus early/late promoter PmH5. MVA (clonal isolate MVA-F6) is grown on CEFs under serum-free conditions and may serve as a nonrecombinant backbone virus to construct MVA vector viruses expressing the desired polyepitope gene sequences. To obtain vaccine preparations, recombinant polyepitopes may for example be amplified on CEF monolayers, purified by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose bed and reconstituted to high-titer stock preparations. PFUs may be counted to determine viral titers. Study subjects Blood obtained from healthy blood donors are used in a first study. Blood collected between April and August 2019 at the Blood bank of the Hannover Medical School (Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, MHH) is used. The use of blood for scientific purposes is approved by the local MHH ethical committee and the subjects gave written informed consent and data have been used in an anonymized form. The work described here has been carried out in accordance with the code of ethics of the world medical association (declaration of Helsinki). Cell culture. Chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs or CEF cells) are isolated from 10-day-old chicken embryos (Valo BioMedia GmbH, Germany) and passaged once before use. CEFs are cultured in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle with Earle′s salts, L-glutamine, and sodium bicarbonate (MEME; Sigma) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin and streptomycin (P/S) and 1% non-essential amino acid (NEAA). A549 cells are cultured in F-12K nutrient mix medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% P/S, 1% Glutamax and transgenic A549 cells are cultured in F-12K nutrient mix medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% P/S, 1% Glutamax and 1 µg/ml puromycin. All cell lines are cultured at 37°C with 5% CO2. Isolation of PBMCs Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from peripheral blood by density gradient centrifugation (Lymphoprep; Stem cell) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells are isolated, then counted and frozen in 90% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Thermo Fisher), 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Carl Roth), and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen or at -150° C until use. The PBMCs are thawed in complete RPMI 1640 medium, supplemented with penicillin/streptomycin, Glutamax, vitamins, non-essential aminoacids, sodium pyruvate (all at 1% v/v, Thermo Fisher), 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; Gibco Thermo Fisher) (R10F) and 50 µg/ml of DNAse (Sigma Aldrich). Enrichment of peptide specific CD8+ T cells. For the enrichment of peptide specific CD8+T-cells, peptide specific T cells are expanded using PBMCs from healthy HLA matched blood donor incubated with 10µM corresponding peptide at 37 °C, 5% CO2. After 3 days, IL-2 is added. After 9 days of expansion, the peptide specific CD8+ T cells are detected by fluorochrome-conjugated CD8+ staining and flowcytometry. By using CD8+ specific beads we isolate CD8+ stained cells by using Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Detection of virus-specific T cells by IFN-γ ELISpot assay Human IFN-γ ELISpot kits (Mabtech) containing 96 well pre-coated plates and the assay are carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Isolated CD8+ T cells are co- cultured with infected, or peptide loaded HLA transgenic A549 for 20 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and IFN-γ secretion in response to peptide specific T-cell activation is measured by ELISpot. Only transgenic A549 cells incubated with peptide or only CD8+ T cells are used as positive and negative controls, respectively. After development, plates are scanned, and spots counted using the ImmunoSpot S6 Ultimate Reader and ImmunoSpot Software (Version 7.0.20.0, Immunospot, CTL). The Immunoepitope database (IEDB (Bui et al.2007)), contains 972 unique influenza virus CD8+T cell epitopes (as accessed September 2020). From these, 20 epitopes are selected based on the conservation of the respective epitopes in influenza viruses from various hosts and antigenicity of the epitopes confirmed. - Abilities to direct IFN-gamma secretion by T-cells As a minimum inclusion criterion, the antigenicity of the epitopes (antigenic and immunogenic determinants) are confirmed by determining that peptides corresponding to the epitopes expressed by the antigenic formulation can induce interferon-gamma (IFNγ) secretion by virus specific CD8+ T cells, for example as demonstrated by IFNγ ELIspot assay or intracellular cytokine staining. - Conservation of the epitope within human, avian and swine influenza A strains As we are aiming for universal vaccine, it is very important to select those epitopes, which are very conserved not only in human but also in other species. Humans can be infected with avian, swine and other zoonotic influenza viruses, such as avian influenza virus subtypes A(H5N1), A(H7N9), and A(H9N2) and swine influenza virus subtypes A(H1N1), A(H1N2) and A(H3N2). With the peptides in the current 20-epitope polyepitope construct, we did a sequence analysis and showed our peptides how conserved they are in human, avian and swine flu viruses. Sequence collected from NCBI flu database - Breadth of fit within the human HLA system When a T cell, encounters an antigen, if T cells recognize it as a ‘normal antigen’, nothing will happen. However, if they recognize as a foreign or pathologic antigen, T cells will be activated. To be recognized by T cells, antigens must be loaded on human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. In human, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of vertebrates, a group of cell-surface proteins coded by more than 250 genes on chromosome 6, are termed as HLA. All of us inherit several HLA genes from our parents. HLA types are not evenly distributed among the population, as some HLA types are more frequent than others are. For example: The HLA-A2 family is the largest allele family of the HLA-A locus (Bodmer et al. 1999) Table 1 Epitopes, listed from N-terminal to C-terminal of expressed polyepitope construct with HLA coverage and conservation of the epitope in human, avian and swine: *Represent the proportion of viruses in the influenza virus sequence data base (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/Database/nph-select.cgi?go =database) with the indicated epitope sequence without any mutations. For this analysis duplicate sequences are excluded. HLA coverage on world population: T cells can recognize peptides only if they are bound to HLA molecules. These peptide-HLA complexes interact only with HLA-matched T cells that have the corresponding receptors. To prepare a peptide-based vaccine as a universal one, our main goal is to have a very high HLA coverage. Here in the table below you can see the number of epitopes and their combined HLA coverage range in percentage. HLA coverage calculation is done in IEDB database. Table 2 Set 1 • According to highest conserved epitope in human from our 20 epitope list • 3 out of below 5 epitopes are not only conserved in IAV but also in IBV • Giving a good world population HLA coverage Table 3 Set 2 • According to highest conserved epitope in avian from our 20 epitope list • 3 out of below 5 epitopes are not only conserved in IAV but also in IBV • Giving a good world population HLA coverage Table 4 Set 3 • According to highest conserved epitope in swine from our 20-epitope list • 2 out of below 5 epitopes are not only conserved in IAV but also in IBV • Giving a good world population HLA coverage Table 5 Set 4 According to hierarchy of immunodominance of influenza A virus-specific CTL (according to (Boon et al.2006)) Table 6 SET 5 5 epitopes which gives a good HLA coverage of the world population Table 7 Set 6: 5 epitopes from different antigens of IAV Table 8 Here 15 epitopes give the same amount of coverage like 20 epitopes. However, to have more epitopes with same HLA improves T cell induction which is also necessary for good protection. Table 9. Comparative analysis of the currently provided polyepitope collection with the concept collection of Sharma et al. Minimal requirements for optimal liberation of antigenic peptides from polyepitope constructs One of the most promising approaches of rational vaccine design uses so-called epitope- based vaccines (EVs). Vaccines based on T-cell epitopes, short immunogenic peptide sequences derived from antigens, offer several advantages over traditional whole attenuated or subunit vaccines. Unlike traditional vaccines, EVs do not contain potentially infectious material and the selection of peptides can be tailored to address the genetic variation of pathogens and that of a target population or of an individual patient. Well- established techniques for peptide synthesis guarantee rapid high-quality production and an economical storage of the final vaccine. To improve the recovery of epitopes, several groups have suggested the use of spacer sequences between epitopes. For each of the epitopes in the polyepitope construct to be immunogenic, the peptides need to be liberated by antigen processing efficiently for subsequent presentation to T cells. Thus, optimal cleavage of the polyepitope proteins by the proteasome is of utmost importance. It has been shown that presentation of epitopes may be dependent on the order of the peptides within the polyepitope protein which dictated cleavage probability when such epitopes are not correctly spaced. The success of a polypeptide relies on efficient processing: constituent epitopes need to be recovered while avoiding neo-epitopes from epitope junctions. Spacers between epitopes are employed to ensure this, but spacer selection is non-trivial. Schubert and Kohlbacher present a framework to determine optimally the length and sequence of a spacer through multi-objective optimization for human leukocyte antigen class I restricted polypeptides. The method yields string-of-bead vaccines with flexible spacer lengths that increase the predicted epitope recovery rate fivefold while reducing the immunogenicity from neo-epitopes by 44% compared to designs without spacers. Therewith, spacer sequences adjacent to the epitopes can facilitate correct cleavage of the epitopes and prevent the creation of neo-epitopes which can reduce vaccine efficacy (Schubert and Kohlbacher 2016). Here, we selected the spacer sequence AAY (Ismail, Ahmad, and Azam 2020) and beyond that, we choose to add a degron to the polyepitope peptide of the invention, thereby avoiding the dependence on the order of the peptides within the polyepitope protein which may dictate cleavage probability, generate a strong increase in the number of correctly cleaved epitopes and a therewith a decrease in the neo- immunogenicity of the complete construct and have therewith disclosed independent recovery of individual epitopes irrespective of the order in which they are located in the polyepitope construct. Indeed, in experiments with expression plasmids (pCAGGS) that express three different epitopes (M158-66, NP 383-391 and NP 418-426) in all possible orders we did not observe any differences in T cell activation when M158-66 peptide- specific T cells were co-cultured with HLA-A*0201 transgenic A549 cells transfected with the respective plasmids as measured by IFN-g ELISpot. Furthermore, with the MVA-PE construct we observed good antigenicity for four different epitopes that were located at positions 4, 5, 10 and 14 in the poly-epitope sequence. This again demonstrates that the respective peptides are liberated from the poly-epitope sequence efficiently, independent of the position in the poly-epitope sequence. Enrichment of peptide specific CD8+ T cells Epitope specific T cells are expanded using PBMCs from healthy HLA matched blood donors after stimulation with the corresponding peptide. After 12 days of expansion in vitro, enriched CD8+ T cells are isolated using magnetic beads coated with anti-CD8 antibody by using Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) see figure 1. In vitro antigenicity of polyepitope constructs in pCAGGS Before embarking on generating recombinant MVAs that drive the expression of polyepitope sequences, we wish to address the issue of order of epitopes, spacer sequence and optimizing antigen processing by fusion of the sequence to ubiquitin. The 20 selected epitopes (from the table) are used to construct an artificial gene encoding the polyepitope sequence. Four different constructs are made with or without spacer (AAY) (supporting the liberation of the epitopes) and with or without ubiquitin (for docking the polyepitope to the proteasome for optimal antigen processing) as shown in the table below. In addition, a MVA-M1 construct is generated as a positive control for the Matrix epitopes, including the prototypic M 58-66 epitope. An HA-tag (SEQ ID NO: 21 (YPYDVPDYA) is added to the C-Terminus of the polyepitope sequence for monitoring the expression of the target genes. These constructs are cloned in expression vector pCAGGS (Czudai-Matwich, Schnare, and Pinkenburg 2013). We could successfully clone all the polyepitope sequences in pCAGGS. Constructs are shown in figure 4. Transgenic A549 cells that constitutively express corresponding HLA genes have been generated previously using a retroviral system. HLA-transgenic A549 cells are transfected with expression plasmids (pCAGGS) encoding the respective artificial genes (polyepitope) or incubated with synthetic peptides corresponding to the single epitope contained in the polyepitope. Isolated CD8+ T cells (shown in Fig.1) are co-cultured with transfected, and/or peptide loaded HLA transgenic A549 and IFN-γ secretion in response to peptide specific T- cell activation is measured by ELISpot. With our pCAGGS expression plasmids we observed an IFN-γ response in the enriched T cell populations in some of epitopes, indicating that the epitopes could be liberated from the polyepitope construct and presented to specific T cells. Similar results have been obtained for M158-66, NP44-52, PB1591-599 and PB130-38 epitopes, which are located on the 4 ^th , 5 ^th , 10 ^th , and 14 ^th position in the current expressed 20-epitope construct. All four epitopes are liberated from the polyepitope string and presented to specific T cells, ultimately leading to CD8+ T cell activation. In vitro antigenicity of recombinant MVA carrying polyepitope Similar polyepitope constructs (as shown in pCAGGS) are used to prepare recombinant MVAs. These artificial genes are cloned by using standard technique into a MVA shuttle vector, which facilitates homologous recombination and transient expression of a reporter gene (mCherry) for the selection of the recombinant MVAs. In this process we could only achieve the constructs with ubiquitin and with or without spacer and rMVA-M1. In vitro, evaluation of these constructs regarding their replication competence, genetic stability and antigenicity are further tested. HLA-transgenic A549 cells are infected with recombinant MVAs expressing the polyepitope with ubiquitin (with or without spacer) or incubated with synthetic peptides corresponding to the single epitope contained in the polyepitope. Isolated CD8+ T cells (shown in Fig.1) are co-cultured with infected, or peptide loaded HLA transgenic A549 and IFN-γ secretion in response to peptide specific T-cell activation is measured by ELISpot. Infection is done in two different MOIs (1 and 3). With our recombinant MVAs we observed an IFN-γ response in the enriched T cell populations in some of epitopes, but typically only in the construct with spacer and ubiquitin, indicating that the epitopes could be liberated from the polyepitope construct and presented to specific T cells and the spacer have an important role in the proper liberation of single epitope from a polyepitope construct. Similar results have been obtained for M158-66, NP44-52, PB1591-599 and PB130-38 epitopes, which are located on the 4 ^th , 5 ^th , 10 ^th , and 14 ^th position in the current polyepitope construct. All epitopes are liberated from the polyepitope string (with spacer and ubiquitin) and presented to specific T cells, ultimately leading to CD8+ T cell activation. In-vitro immunogenicity We wished to test the in-vitro immunogenicity of the rMVA-construct that express the synthetic gene (SEQ ID NO: 48) encoding the polyepitope sequence with spacers fused to ubiquitin (rMVA-PE). To this end, PBMCs of an HLA-A*01 positive healthy blood donor were stimulated with rMVA-PE or wild type MVA (negative control) or IAV (influenza A virus positive control). After expansion of specific T cells, the presence of influenza A virus epitope specific T cells was assessed by IFNγ Elispot assay after restimulation of the expanded T cells with two HLA-A*01-restricted peptides, SEQ ID NO: 4 (CTELKLSDY) (NP 44- 52) and SEQ ID NO: 10 (VSDGGPNLY) (PB1 _591-599 ). The magnitude of the in vitro response induced by rMVA-PE was like that induced with IAV. Furthermore, the immunodominance hierarchy between the two peptides tested was also similar. It was concluded that with rMVA-PE, a T cell response was induced that represented the T cell response induced by stimulation with IAV, in-vitro. In-vivo immunogenicity Groups of 6–8-week-old female C57BL/6 tg HLA A*02:01 mice (n = 6) were immunised twice intramuscularly (days 0 and 21) with 10 ⁷ PFU of rMVA-PE, wt MVA, or with buffer (See figure 9 and 10). Fourteen days after the last immunization, the mice were sacrificed and their spleens were harvested and processed to obtain single-cell suspensions using the gentleMACS Octo Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and passed through 100 µm and 70 µm cell strainers (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Erythrocytes were lysed in ACK lysing buffer (Gibco,Waltham, MA, USA) for 1.5 min at RT, followed by washing with cold PBS containing 2% FBS. Subsequently, splenocytes were resuspended in RPMI 1640 (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 mM HEPES and 1% P/S (R10F) and kept on ice until further use. Splenocytes (2.5x 10 ⁵ cells per well) were incubated in triplicate either with individual HLA-A*02:01 restricted peptides (10µM) from the IAV M1 protein SEQ ID NO: 5 (GILGFVFTL, M1 _58-66 ) or from MVA (A6L) in pre-coated 96-well plates (Mouse IFN-ELISpotPLUS kit, Mabtech, Nacka Strand, Sweden) for 30 h at 37ºC. Cells incubated with PMA/ionomycin (both Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) or DMSO were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Plates were developed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Developed plates were scanned using an ImmunoSpot S6 Ultimate M2 reader and spots were counted using the ImmunoSpot software version 7.0.9.5 (both Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH, USA). Data are presented as mean SFU per 10 ⁶ splenocytes after subtraction of the negative control. rMVA-PE vaccinated mice displayed a response to the IAV M1 _58-66 epitope that was not observed in wt-MVA immunized or mock-immunized mice. Both rMVA-PE and wt MVA mounted a response to the MVA-derived A6L epitope. As the available experimental HLA- repertoire of transgenic mice is now depleted in respect to other epitopes listed herein, human phase I trials are now being planned and discussed with authorities to provide for accreditation of testing the broad HLA-restricted immune response elicited by rMVA-PE in clinical trials in humans.

Sequences listed

Start Codon: atg tct atc atc ccg tca ggc ccT ctc aaa gcc gag atc gca cag aga ctt gaa gat gtc ttt gca ggg aag aac acc gat ctt gag gtt ctc atg gaa tgg cta aag aca aga cca atc ctg tca cct ctg act aag ggT att tta gga ttt gtg ttc acg ctc acc gtg ccc agt gag cga gga ctg cag cgt aga cgc ttt gtc caa aat gcc ctt aat ggg aac ggT gat cca aat aac atg gac aaa gca gtt aaa ctg tat agg aag ctc aag agg gag ata aca ttc cat ggT gcc aaa gaa atc tca ctc agt tat tct gct ggt gca ctt gcc agt tgt atg ggc ctc ata tac aac agg atg ggT gct gtg acc act gaa gtg gca ttt ggc ctg gta tgt gca acc tgt gaa cag att gct gac tcc cag cat cgg tct cat agg caa atg gtg aca aca acc aat cca cta atc aga cat gag aac aga atg gtt tta gcc agc act aca gct aag gct atg gag caa atg gct gga tcg agt gag caa gca gca gag gcc atg gag gtt gct agt cag gct aga caa atg gtg caa gcg atg aga acc att ggg act cat cct agc tcc agt gct ggt ctg aaa aat gat ctt ctt gaa aat ttg cag gcc tat cag aaa cga atg ggT gtg cag atg caa cgg ttc aag TAC CCA TAC Optimized Polyepitope with spacer: (770 bp) atg ata ttg aga ggg tcg gtt gct cac aag gcggcgtat ttc ctg ctg atg gat gcc tta aaa tta gcggcgtat agc agg tac tgg gcc ata agg acc aga gcggcgtat tgc acc gaa ctc aaa ctc agt gat tat gcggcgtat ggg att tta gga ttt gtg ttc acg ctc gcggcgtat tct atc atc ccg tca ggc ccT ctc aaa gcggcgtat gcc agt tgt atg ggc ctc ata tac gcggcgtat ttc atg tat tca gat ttt cac ttc atc gcggcgtat ttt gtg cga caa tgc ttc aat ccg atg gcggcgtat gtc tcc gac gga ggc cca aat tta tac gcggcgtat ttc ctt aag gat gta atg gag tca atg gcggcgtat cgt ggg atc aat gat cgg aac ttc tgg gcggcgtat atg atg atg ggc atg ttc aat atg tta gcggcgtat tac agc cat ggg aca gga aca gga tac gcggcgtat cat tcc aat ttg aat gat gca act tat gcggcgtat agg agg tct gga gcc gca ggt gct gca gtc aaa gcggcgtat ctt cta acc gag gtc gaa acg tac gta gcggcgtat atg gtt tta gcc agc act aca gct aag gcggcgtat aat atg tta agc act gta tta ggc gtc gcggcgtat gaa ctg aga agc agg tac tgg gcc ata TAC CCA TAC GAT GTT CCA Optimized Polyepitope without spacer (599 bp) atg ata ttg aga ggg tcg gtt gct cac aag ttc ctg ctg atg gat gcc tta aaa tta agc agg tac tgg gcc ata agg acc aga tgc acc gaa ctc aaa ctc agt gat tat ggg att tta gga ttt gtg ttc acg ctc tct atc atc ccg tca ggc ccT ctc aaa gcc agt tgt atg ggc ctc ata tac ttc atg tat tca gat ttt cac ttc atc ttt gtg cga caa tgc ttc aat ccg atg gtc tcc gac gga ggc cca aat tta tac ttc ctt aag gat gta atg gag tca atg cgt ggg atc aat gat cgg aac ttc tgg atg atg atg ggc atg ttc aat atg tta tac agc cat ggg aca gga aca gga tac cat tcc aat ttg aat gat gca act tat agg agg tct gga gcc gca ggt gct gca gtc aaa ctt cta acc gag gtc gaa acg tac gta atg gtt tta gcc agc act aca gct aag aat atg tta agc act gta tta ggc gtc gaa ctg aga agc agg tac tgg gcc ata TAC CCA Optimized Polyepitope without spacer with ubiquitin (823 bp) SEQ ID NO: 47 AGGTTGAGCCCAGTGACACCATCGAGAATGTCAAGGCAAAGATCCAAGATAAGGAAGGCA TCCCTC ACATCCAGAAAGAGTCCACCCTGCACCTGGTGCTCCGTCTCAGAGGTGT ata ttg aga ggg tcg gtt gct cac aag ttc ctg ctg atg gat gcc tta aaa tta agc agg tac tgg gcc ata agg acc aga tgc acc gaa ctc aaa ctc agt gat tat ggg att tta gga ttt gtg ttc acg ctc tct atc atc ccg tca ggc ccT ctc aaa gcc agt tgt atg ggc ctc ata tac ttc atg tat tca gat ttt cac ttc atc ttt gtg cga caa tgc ttc aat ccg atg gtc tcc gac gga ggc cca aat tta tac ttc ctt aag gat gta atg gag tca atg cgt ggg atc aat gat cgg aac ttc tgg atg atg atg ggc atg ttc aat atg tta tac agc cat ggg aca gga aca gga tac cat tcc aat ttg aat gat gca act tat agg agg tct gga gcc gca ggt gct gca gtc aaa ctt cta acc gag gtc gaa acg tac gta atg gtt tta gcc agc act aca gct aag aat atg tta agc act gta tta ggc gtc gaa ctg aga agc agg tac tgg gcc ata TAC Optimized Polyepitope with spacer and ubiquitin (995 bp) SEQ ID NO: 48 ACATCCAGAAAGAGTCCACCCTGCACCTGGTGCTCCGTCTCAGAGGTGTA ata ttg aga ggg tcg gtt gct cac aag gcggcgtat ttc ctg ctg atg gat gcc tta aaa tta gcggcgtat agc agg tac tgg gcc ata agg acc aga gcggcgtat tgc acc gaa ctc aaa ctc agt gat tat gcggcgtat ggg att tta gga ttt gtg ttc acg ctc gcggcgtat tct atc atc ccg tca ggc ccT ctc aaa gcggcgtat gcc agt tgt atg ggc ctc ata tac gcggcgtat ttc atg tat tca gat ttt cac ttc atc gcggcgtat ttt gtg cga caa tgc ttc aat ccg atg gcggcgtat gtc tcc gac gga ggc cca aat tta tac gcggcgtat ttc ctt aag gat gta atg gag tca atg gcggcgtat cgt ggg atc aat gat cgg aac ttc tgg gcggcgtat atg atg atg ggc atg ttc aat atg tta gcggcgtat tac agc cat ggg aca gga aca gga tac gcggcgtat cat tcc aat ttg aat gat gca act tat gcggcgtat agg agg tct gga gcc gca ggt gct gca gtc aaa gcggcgtat ctt cta acc gag gtc gaa acg tac gta gcggcgtat atg gtt tta gcc agc act aca gct aag gcggcgtat aat atg tta agc act gta tta ggc gtc gcggcgtat gaa ctg aga agc agg tac tgg gcc ata TAC CCA TAC

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