Subject of the Invention and Technical Field

The invention relates to a concept where shoes are modified by attaching a specially designed changeable functional sole, adapting them for specific use. The invention particularly concerns variations of the functional sole developed to provide the shoe's entire orthopedics, foot landing ergonomics, softness, and comfort feeling. These variations are functional sole constructions formed as a result of scientific research and experimental observations.

State of the Art

Choosing the right shoe is crucial for foot health in today's world. Everyone's foot structure is different, generally shaped according to genetic characteristics. For the feet, which enable movement in daily life and carry the entire body weight, mistakes made in shoe selection lead to numerous health problems. In the state of known techniques, there are various shoe models designed according to the place of use and the needs of the individual. When consumers select shoes, criteria such as comfort, stylish appearance, and durability come to the forefront.

Shoes primarily consist of three main components; the outsole, the upper (the part that covers the foot), and the insole. Among these, the outsole is of decisive importance for comfort. In the current state, the form of the outsole and the raw materials used in the outsole form the basic construction of the shoe and are a determining main element in terms of its character. Especially the raw material used in the outsole is generally decisive in terms of the shoe's flexibility and lightness. Outsoles using materials such as Phylon, EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate), and e-TPU (expanded thermoplastic polyurethane) inherently have a sporty appearance and are preferred for top-level comfort due to their flexibility and lightness features. Shoe outsoles made from relatively heavier raw materials like rubber, thermo, TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane), and PVC appear more elegant and expensive, and they stand out for their durability.

In Figures 1 and 2, cross-sectional images of some examples of applications in the known state of the art are given. Under normal circumstances, a ready-to-use shoe product essentially includes an outsole (1) in contact with the ground, an upper (3) located on the said outsole (1) that wraps around the foot, and an insole (2) on (normally inside but seen from the cross-section as on top of) the upper. When viewed from a manufacturing technique perspective, the various parts/materials that make up the upper (3) are cut according to the shoe's form (mold-compliant) and model and are assembled appropriately. During the assembly process, the upper (3) is first stretched (wrapped) around the mold (which determines the shape and internal volume of the shoe). Then, the outsole (1) and the upper (3) on the mold are joined together by gluing and/or sewing. Afterward, the mold is removed from the upper (3), and the insole (2) is placed and/or glued inside the upper (3), making the shoe ready for consumer use.

In current applications, the insole (2) is generally thinner than the outsole (1), complements the foot sole and sole elements, and provides extra softness. In some comfort-focused applications, a cavity is opened inside the outsole (1), and an additional pad is placed in this space, defined as the midsole (4).

In the known state of the art, people have different shoes for different activities and wear the appropriate shoe as needed. For example, the shoes they prefer while playing tennis, playing basketball, or running are different from the shoes they wear to work. The need to change shoes for different activities is technically a problem, causing time and energy loss. In such cases, shoes can also get lost or forgotten.

On the other hand, it is known that insoles produced completely independent of the shoe model are available in current applications and are sold independently of the shoe. It is possible for the consumer to replace the original insole of their shoe with these independent alternative insoles. However, since these insoles are not specifically designed for that shoe model, they may not fully fit the form of the shoe mold. Additionally, insoles in the known state of the art do not change the shoe's character or function, providing only a slight improvement in comfort and/or orthopedically. Alternative insole models in current practice (especially in the toe parts) are not and cannot be beyond of a certain thickness, because a very thick alternative insole reduces the volume where the front of the foot will settle when placed inside a standard shoe. In this case, the shoe size shrinks, making the shoe unfit for the consumer; it tightens, disrupts its orthopedics, and causes discomfort.

In some current applications, it is observed that alternative insoles are sold, which have a much thicker heel section compared to the original insole of the shoe. Consumers often prefer these insoles with high heel thickness for the effect of increasing height, but they have to compromise on comfort during use. The reason for this is that the rear height of the shoe model is specially adjusted according to the original insole. When the consumer fits insoles with an extra-high heel for height-increasing purposes into their existing shoe, the heel of the foot tends to come out of the shoe while taking a step. Additionally, since it disrupts the ideal ground contact angles of the foot, such alternative insoles can be harmful to the foot and knee joints and can be characterized as unhealthy.

For these reasons, rather than focusing solely on insoles or outsoles, there is an openness to develop studies on the shoe model as a whole. Patent application number 2022/016368 describes a shoe model in a way never explained in previous studies. It provides high-level comfort in a stylish and expensive-looking durable shoe and offers the consumer different walking modes and sensations. In the model described in the patent application number 2022/016368, there is a concept where the shoe can be adapted to different purposes with different functional sole variations.

In the known state of the art, attempts have been made to adapt shoes to different conditions with simple changes, and developments in this direction have been worked on. Patent application number 2022/016368 has been a significant step in providing a model that allows the consumer to modify the product they buy, offering different comfort options, and adapt it to the individual's usage purpose. However, further improving the sensation given to the user and making the model more customizable by increasing the functional sole variations are still open to development.

Technical Problems to Be Solved by the Invention

With the invention, it is aimed to develop functional soles variations that allow the consumer to modify and adapt the shoe product they have purchased for its intended use. The functional sole of the invention, unlike structures in the known state of the art that involve multiple elements working together, such as the insole, outsole, and midsole, is a primary element that solely determines the character of the shoe and can be easily changed.

One advantage of the invention is that in the shoe model containing the subject functional sole, the development of the outsole, insole, and midsole separately has been eliminated. Thus, production is realized with a simpler technique compared to the current situation; advantages are provided in terms of time, labor, and cost, and overall efficiency is significantly increased.

The most significant advantage of the functional sole according to the invention is that it can be easily placed inside the shoe and, when necessary, can be removed in a straightforward manner. Thus, depending on the activity during the day, the consumer can easily change the function, walking character (mode), and orthopedics, or in general, the function of the product by choosing and attaching one of the appropriate functional sole options for the shoe. For example, with this new system, a daily shoe can easily be transformed into a walking or running shoe.

Another advantage of the functional sole according to the invention, it has variations developed to provide the entire orthopedics of the shoe, foot landing ergonomics, softness, and comfort sensation for different purposes. These variations are functional sole constructions formed as a result of scientific research and experimental observations for years.

Another advantage of the functional sole according to the invention is that it is sufficient for a person to change the functional sole to adapt their shoe to different conditions. This will eliminate the need to carry multiple pairs of shoes (like carrying an extra pair of sports shoes after work). In such situations, a person can easily achieve the desired comfort and performance features by only changing the functional sole.

Another advantage of the functional sole according to the invention, the need for a person to have a large number of shoes is reduced. This situation provides an economic advantage. Another advantage of the functional sole according to the invention is the possibility to suggest functional sole variations with different flexibility features according to the consumer's weight. For instance, considering a functional sole model produced with polyurethane material; a functional sole produced with 0.46 density polyurethane can be suggested for a consumer under 80 kg, and a functional sole produced with 0.50 density polyurethane can be suggested for a consumer over 80 kg. In this case, raw materials of different densities will flex similarly under different weights, creating the most ideal and standard experience for consumers. Even if such an application was made in the current insoles, it would not make a significant improvement in the overall performance of the model because they are thin and not dominant compared to the outsole.

An advantage of the functional sole according to the invention; in addition to functional soles made entirely of a single raw material, there are versions that have layers made of different materials and offer more advanced comfort options to the consumer through the combined function of these layers. This way, the consumer can directly buy and use hybrid-structured functional soles or choose and combine layers made of different materials for personalization.

Another advantage of functional sole according to the invention is the presence of an option where heel support parts of various hardness can be easily attached and removed from the functional sole. Thus, the hardness of the heel side of the functional sole can be changed independently from the toe side. This situation allows the use of much softer heel support parts, especially for feet with heel spurs, benefiting foot health. Consumers can choose both the functional sole variation and heel part variation separately, creating the ideal product for themselves. Thus, personalized product options that will be loved and used by the consumer are created.

Another advantage of functional sole according to the invention is that, due to its unique construction, it has an unprecedented thickness and provides sufficient and extensive design space for new advanced technological components that can be positioned within a shoe. In multi-layered and hybrid versions, some layers includes and/or consist of sensors, electronic circuits, motors, heaters, wireless communication systems such as bluetooth, data storage units, frequency transmitters, rechargeable and/or non- rechargeable batteries; by connecting via a cell phone, computer, satellite to the internet, unique experiences can be offered to consumers with smart functional sole versions that can benefit from artificial intelligence models.

Another advantage of the functional sole according to the invention is, its custom dimensions. The functional sole in question is designed for a shoe model with a specific structure. It can be used seamlessly for all shoe models with the mentioned structure. Thus, it overcomes the problem of not fitting the mold experienced with replaceable insoles in the known state of the art.

One advantage of the functional sole subject to the invention is that, functional soles can be diversified in different constructions, colors, and patterns to offer numerous options to the consumer. Although the functional sole can be provided as pre-selected (default) inside the shoe model subject to the invention, it will also be possible to sell the shoe design and functional sole design separately. This will offer consumers the opportunity to personalize the product, creating a unique shoe sales and marketing model.

In order to better understand the shoe model and functional soles according to the invention, the figures will be referred.

Descriptions of the Figures

Figure-1 : A cross-sectional image showing the basic elements (outsole, upper, insole) of a standard shoe in the state of art.

Figure-2: A cross-sectional image showing the basic elements (outsole, upper, insole, midsole) of a comfort-type shoe in the known state of art.

Figure-3: The cross-sectional image shows the basic elements (functional sole, outer shell, upper) in the shoe model containing the functional sole according to the invention.

Figure-4: A cross-sectional images of the functional soles according to the invention, showing the different types of structures.

Figure-5: A perspective image of the functional sole according to the invention. Figure-6: Bottom view and top view images of the functional sole according to the invention, showing the A-A cross-sectional points.

Figure-7: Cross-sectional images of functional soles according to the invention, showing functional sole variations for different functions (daily, walking, athletic).

Figure-8: A-A cross-sectional images of the functional soles according to the invention, showing the forefoot, midfoot, rearfoot sections and critical measurement points of functional variations (daily, walking, athletic).

Figure-9: The A-A cross-sectional image shows the critical measurement points for the channel of the functional sole and the outer shell of the shoe model in which the functional sole according to the invention is used.

Figure-10: An image showing different examples of the shoe model containing the functional sole according to the invention.

Reference Numbers of Parts and Sections that Help Explain the Invention

1- Outsole

2- Insole

3- Upper

4- Midsole

5- Outer shell

6- Functional sole

6a.1- Daily functional sole

6a.2- Walking functional sole

6a.3- Athletic functional sole

6b.1- Homogeneous functional sole

6b.2- Layered functional sole

6b.2.1- Top layered functional sole

6b.2.2- Inner layered functional sole

6b.2.3- Bottom layered support functional sole 6b.3- Complex geometry functional sole

7- Body

8- Covering layer

9- Channel

10- Top Layer

11- Inner Layer

12- Bottom Layer

12a- Heel Support Piece

13- Slot

14a- Forefoot section (toe)

14b- Midfoot section

14c- Rearfoot section (heel)

A- Standard shoe

B- Comfort type shoe

C- Customizable shoe

H1- Toe thickness

H2- Heel thickness

H3- Channel depth

H4- Outer shell thickness

Detailed Description of the Invention

The invention primarily aims to provide advanced functional sole (6) variations for a customizable shoe model that allows the consumer to adapt the same shoe to different conditions, which is both physically durable and visually stylish and also provides the desired top-level foot comfort. The functional sole (6) according to the invention has been developed for a specific shoe model and it will not be possible to use it in other shoe models. In the shoe model containing the functional sole (6) according to the invention, the process of developing elements such as the outer sole (1), insole (2), and midsole (4) separately has been eliminated, resulting in a unique structure shaped by a single functional sole (6). Different functional sole (6) options offer the consumer different walking modes and offer different comfort and orthopedic options.

For a clearer understanding of the functional sole (6) according to the invention, pictures related to shoe constructions in the known state of the art are given in Figure-1 and Figure-2. As in Figure- 1, the standard shoe (A) essentially consists of an outer sole (1), insole (2), and upper (3). In Figure-1 , the insole (2) is relatively thinner than the outer sole (1). The insole (2) supports the foot's ground contact ergonomics, the foot base, and base elements in a complementary manner, providing extra softness and orthopedic improvement. In some comfort-type shoes (B) like in Figure-2, an additional pad called a midsole (4) is placed inside the outer sole (1). It is not possible to place the functional sole (6) according to the invention in a standard shoe (A) and comfort-type shoe (B) as shown in Figure- 1 and Figure-2. The functional sole (6) according to the invention is designed for a customizable shoe (C) with a different structure and dimensions.

Figure-3 is a sectional view of the customizable shoe (C) using the functional sole (6) according to the invention. The customizable shoe (C) preferably includes a functional sole (6) made of various materials such as polyurethane, silicone, memory foam, latex, plastic, wool, cotton, fiber, cork, EVA, TPU, e-TPU, metal, and/or recycled materials, an upper (3) that surrounds the aforementioned functional sole from the outside, an outer shell (5) integrated with the aforementioned upper, and a covering layer (8) preferably made of fabric, leather, or synthetic leather (polyurethane, pvc, or vegan material). In the aforementioned customizable shoe (C), the functional sole (6) is a significant technical element. The customizable shoe (C) also represents a new shoe category as ‘shoes with functional soles’.

In the customizable shoe (C), the aforementioned functional sole (6) is not assembled with the aforementioned upper (3) or outer shell (5), it is a separate part. The aforementioned functional sole (6) can easily be removed and replaced by the user with a different functional sole (6) when desired. Although defined as a functional sole (6) because it is a part where the foot base sits, this element should not be confused with known insoles (2) and outer soles (1), but should be thought of as a thick and customizable main element that determines the shoe model's function on its own. In the customizable shoe (C), the functional sole (6) has differences in terms of size and technical aspects compared to existing replaceable insoles (2) and outer soles (1). The part of the customizable shoe (C) that touches the ground is the outer shell (5). The functional sole (6) is a semi-independent product designed with different features to determine the entire orthopedics, ground contact ergonomics, softness, comfort sensation, character, and function of the shoe predominantly, which is thicker than the outer shell (5).

The functional sole (6) variations according to the invention allow the customizable shoe (C) to adapt best to the environment and its intended use. When considered structurally, the functional sole (6) variations according to the invention can be structured as shown in Figure-4. Depending on its structure, the functional sole (6) according to the invention can be; homogeneous functional sole (6b.1), layered functional sole (6b.2), or complex geometric functional sole (6b.3). The layered functional sole (6b.2) is subdivided into subcategories such as the upper layered functional sole (6b.2.1), inner layered functional sole (6b.2.2), and lower layered supported functional sole (6b.2.3).

The functional sole (6) types depicted in Figure-4, according to their structures, are detailed below.

Homogeneous Functional Sole (6b.1): Homogeneous functional soles (6b.1) are a type of functional sole (6) that has a body (7) made of a single raw material. Every point of the body (7) of the homogeneous functional sole (6b.1) contains the same technical specifications. Figure-5 shows a perspective view of the homogeneous functional sole (6b.1), and Figure-6 presents the bottom and top views showing the A-A sectional point.

Layered Functional Sole (6b.2): In contrast to homogeneous functional soles (6b.1), layered functional soles (6b.2) are a type of functional sole (6) with a body (7) made from different raw materials with varied technical specifications. Layered functional soles (6b.2) can consist of one or multiple layers, which can overlap or interlock. These layers can either be permanently integrated or modularly structured for the consumer to choose and combine.

Top Layered Functional Sole (6b.2.1): A variant of the layered functional sole (6b.2) can include at least one top-layer (10) positioned between the covering layer (8) and the body (7), with a thickness varying between 0.5-15mm. This top-layer (10) can provide advanced performance features like extra softness, molding to the foot's shape, and heat retention, due to its technical properties. It can be made from at least one material such as membrane, memory foam, sponge, cork, eva, e-tpu, polyurethane, silicone, wool, cotton, fiber, or plastic. The top-layers can also incorporate technological elements.

Inner Layered Functional Sole (6b.2.2): A variation of the layered functional sole (6b.2) can include at least one inner layer (11) embedded within the body (7). This structure allows the functional sole (6) to adapt to diverse areas. It also facilitates the integration of functional sole (6) and so the shoe model (C) with different technologies. Inner layers can consist of technological elements or can incorporate them.

Bottom Layered Functional Sole (6b.2.3): One variant of the layered functional sole (6b.3) includes at least one bottom layer (12) preferably located in the toe section of the body (7); or at least one heel support piece (12a) and a socket (13) in which this heel support piece (12a) fits can be structured in the bottom part of the body (7). The depth of these sockets (13) can be up to 4/5 of the heel thickness (H2) measurement. The mentioned bottom layer (12) or heel support piece (12a) can be developed independently from other parts of the functional sole (6) and can be made from at least one of the materials like memory foam, sponge, cork, eva, e-tpu, polyurethane, silicone, plastic, iron, steel, and/or tehcnical fabric. They can incorporate spring mechanisms or technological elements. These bottom layers (12) or heel support pieces (12a) can be permanently attached to the functional sole (6) or can be modified for easy attachment or detachment by the consumer with a fitting system to the body (7).

Layered functional soles (6b.2) body (7) can simultaneously be structured with top, inner, and bottom layers.

Complex Geometric Functional Sole (6b.3): The complex geometric functional sole (6b.3) is a type of functional sole (6) produced by 3D printers where the body (7) consists of complex geometries. Using network-structured complex geometries in a computer environment allows the functional sole (6), which is drawn 3D, to be produced using 3D printers. This makes it possible to process a functional sole made of a single raw material in different sections with different structures. With this technique, it's possible for the functional sole (6) to better adapt to the shoe model according to its intended use in a more advanced and customized manner. This method allows consumers to buy 3D functional sole (6) models online, download them to their computers, print them out with any 3D printer, turn them into a product, and use them by placing them in the shoe model (C) subject to the invention.

Exceptionally, in 3D printed versions, there is no obligation to have a covering top-layer, as defined in other functional sole (6) variations.

The types of functional soles (6) described so far relate to categories classified according to the structure of the functional soles (6). These structures can be adapted for different usage purposes and functions (daily, walking, athletic).

In customizable shoes (C), the functional sole (6) subject to the invention should not be confused with known technique insoles (2) or outsoles (1). The functional sole (6) subject to the invention is not an alternative to the known technique of changeable insoles (2). Variations of the functional sole (6) subject to the invention are specific to customizable shoes (C) and are complementary, semi-independent main components. Using the known technique insoles (2) in customizable shoes (C) or using the functional soles (6) of customizable shoes (C) in a shoe model of the known technique will not create the same effect and will certainly not provide the desired comfort and performance features. When the functional sole (6) subject to the invention is placed in shoe models of the known technique, the volume of space inside the shoe will narrow, and it will not be possible for the foot to settle comfortably.

Additionally, customizable shoes (C) cannot be used without a specially developed functional sole (6) inside, but in current practices, even if insoles (2) are removed, shoes are generally usable.

The body (7) of the functional sole (6) can be made of materials with different densities and/or flexibilities for different purposes. Considering that functional soles (6) are quite thick, depending on the body (7) structure, there may need to be resistance or no resistance during the foot's bending movement when taking a step. According to data obtained from tests and experiments, these precise adjustments can be made by changing the number, shape, and depth (H3) of the channels (9) located at the bottom of the functional soles (6). The functional sole (6) subject to the invention contains at least 1 channel (9) at the bottom, preferably in the range of 1-100. Different types of functional sole (6) variations according to their functions are shown in Figure-7. The mentioned functional sole (6) examples have been developed as a result of scientific and experimental studies, considering the problems experienced by the person's foot in different environmental conditions, orthopedic and ergonomic needs. The channels (9) under the functional sole (6) subject to the invention, their depths, their positioning, the thickness, material, arch, and other details are decisive in terms of performance. To provide more clarity about these details, the functional sole (6) subject to the invention has been divided into sections as the forefoot section (14a), midfoot section (14b), and rearfoot section (14c), and cross-sectional views are given in Figure-8; critical measurement points are shown in Figure-8 and Figure-9.

The functional sole (6) types shown in Figure-7 are daily functional sole (6a.1), walking functional sole (6a.2), and athletic functional sole (6a.3), and it might be possible to further diversify them based on different functions in future.

In Figure-8, the toe thickness (H 1) and heel thickness (H2) sections for the functional sole (6) are also shown.

For functional soles (6) subject to the invention, the ideal measurement range for the toe thickness (H1) of the functional sole (6) has been determined as 8.0-33.3 mm, with the 13.3-33.3 mm range being preferred. The ideal measurement range for the heel thickness (H2) has been determined as 20-64 mm, with the 20-44 mm range being preferred.

For functional soles (6) subject to the invention, channels (9) structured on the underside of the functional sole (6) play an effective role in imparting different functions to the functional sole (6). Depending on the type of the mentioned functional sole (6), it can contain channels (9) in the range of 1-100, with the 2-50 range being preferred, and the best results can be obtained in the 3-35 range. The mentioned channels (9) can be spread and positioned on the bottom of the functional sole (6) in the forefoot section (14a), midfoot section (14b), or rearfoot sections (14c) as needed. The widths and shapes of the channels (9) can vary according to the types of functional sole (6). Some variations of the functional soles (6) may not contain a channel (9) and can be without channels. While a functional sole (6) that does not contain channels (9) is not preferred much, it is within the scope of the invention.

Another factor that affects the structure of the functional sole (6) is the channel depth (H3). The channel depth (H3) is shown in Figure-9. In the functional soles (6) subject to the invention, for the depths of the channels (9) on the bottom of the functional sole (6), the ratio of toe thickness (H1) to channel depth (H3) can be in the range of 1.01-33.3, with the H1/H3 ratio preferred to be between 1.1-16, the best results can be obtained in the H1/H3 ratio range of 1.5-5. The ratio of heel thickness (H2) to channel depth (H3) can be in the range of 1.01-64, with the H2/H3 ratio preferred to be between 1.1-22, the best results can be obtained in the H2/H3 ratio range of 1.5-10.

In customizable shoes (C) containing the functional sole (6) subject to the invention, the outer shell thickness (H4) is also shown in Figure 9. The possible measurement range for the outer shell thickness (H4) has been determined to be 1-25 mm, always being less than H1. The 2-13 mm range is preferred, and the best results can be obtained in the 3- 7.9 mm range. The outer shell thickness (H4) can be equal at every point of the outer shell (5) and/or can vary in the specified measurement ranges in different sections of the outer shell (5).

Detailed explanations for the types of functional soles (6) adapted for different conditions (classified according to their functions) shown in Figure-7 are given below.

Daily Functional Sole (6a.1): The customizable shoe (C) subject to the invention will be adapted for shoe models that people can wear when going to school, work or a social event using daily functional soles (6a.1). The expectation from such shoes is that they will have features that cause minimal fatigue to the foot, knee, and leg muscles when the consumer is standing and motionless; when seated, they should provide a soft and comfortable sensation, and the model should not make the foot sweat and should include materials that allow it to breathe.

Technically speaking, since the human foot evolved to step on the ground barefoot, a healthy foot feels comfortable when it steps on a surface that is flat and adequately soft. When walking, the ground flexing and returning the stored kinetic energy facilitates the next step. It has been observed that having the heel of the foot in a position slightly higher than the front part of the foot makes people feel more comfortable and balanced when standing and facilitates walking. Therefore, for versions of the daily functional soles, the ideal heel thickness (H2) to toe thickness (H1) ratio appears to be between 1.2-1.8. That is, the H2/H1 ratio range is 1.2-1.8 for daily functional soles (6a.1).

The customizable shoe (C) subject to the invention, when structured with a daily functional sole (6a.1), has been designed and developed as a unisex size 41 (Ell). The best heel thickness (H2) measurement for size 41 (Ell) has been determined to be approximately 32 mm, and the toe thickness (H1) measurement is approximately 23.3 mm. It is necessary to scale the mentioned shoe model for sale in sizes 32(EU)-50(EU) and adapt it for consumers with different foot sizes.

Based on the global shoe size scaling standards, it has been concluded that the functional soles (6) need to increase and/or decrease by approximately 3-4% when adapting to each size. For these reasons, when the dimensions that need to be scaled for other sizes based on size 41 (Ell) for the customizable shoe (C) are calculated in detail, it is seen that for a shoe model containing a daily functional sole (6a.1) covering all variations in the 32(EU)-50(EU) size range, the heel thickness (H2) measurement range is 20-44 mm, and the toe thickness (H1) measurement range is 13.3-33.3 mm for daily functional soles (6a.1) subject to the invention.

Walking Functional Sole (6a.2): The customizable shoe (C) subject to this invention will be adapted for daily walking activities where people might walk for extended periods, using functional walking soles (6a.2). Consumers expect such shoes to have features that ensure minimal fatigue of the foot, knee, and leg muscles while walking. These shoes should facilitate walking and increase walking distance. It's anticipated that the model will be made from materials that minimize foot perspiration and have technical features that enhance air circulation within the shoe.

Technically, when stepping, the ground's flexibility to store and return kinetic energy facilitates the subsequent step. The heel portion of the foot being in a higher pressing position relative to the toe facilitates stepping. Therefore, for versions of the functional walking sole (6a.2), an ideal heel thickness (H2) to toe thickness (H 1) ratio is between 1.8-2.4. That is, the H2/H1 ratio range is 1.8-2.4 for walking functional soles (6a.2). The customizable shoe (C) subject to this invention, which includes a functional walking sole (6a.2), has been designed and developed as a unisex size 41 (eu). For the size 41 (eu), the best results were obtained with a heel thickness (H2) measurement of approximately 32 mm and a toe thickness (H1) measurement of approximately 16.1mm. The aforementioned customizable shoe (C) should be scaled to sizes 32(eu)-50(eu) and adapted to fit consumers with different foot sizes when brought to market. Research considering global shoe size scaling standards concluded that the functional soles (6) need to expand and/or shrink by approximately 3%-4% for each size adjustment.

Based on the global shoe size scaling standards, it has been concluded that the functional soles (6) need to increase and/or decrease by approximately 3-4% when adapting to each size. For these reasons, when the dimensions that need to be scaled for other sizes based on size 41 (EU) for the customizable shoe (C) are calculated in detail, it is seen that for a shoe model containing a daily functional sole (6a.2) covering all variations in the 32(EU)-50(EU) size range, the heel thickness (H2) measurement range is 20-44 mm, and the toe thickness (H1) measurement range is 10-22.2 mm for walking functional soles (6a.2) subject to the invention.

Athletic Functional Sole (6a.3): The customizable shoe (C) subject to the invention will be adapted shoe models that people can wear in high performance sport activities (running, basketball, tennis, etc.) using athletic functional soles (6a.3). The expectation from such shoes is to be of a nature that will allow the foot, knee, and leg muscles to get minimally tired while the consumer is in a sporting performance and thus enhance the performance. The model is expected to be made of materials that will reduce foot perspiration to a minimum and increase air circulation inside the shoe. However, the most important factor for this category is to assist in movement and provide improvement in performance.

Technically speaking, during high-performance sporting activities, the consumer's weight is usually in a position transferred to the front of the foot. The goal is to have the heel of the foot touch the ground as quickly as possible during running, to take power and move on to the next step. In this process, the surface the foot presses on, when it flexes ideally according to the performed activity, seriously enhances the performance by transferring back the stored kinetic energy. In such shoes, the position of the heel of the foot being much higher than the front of the foot serves the purpose described above, which is crucial. For this reason, the ideal heel thickness (H2) to toe thickness (H1) ratio for athletic functional sole versions (6a.3) is between 2.4-3. That is, the H2/H1 ratio range is 2.4-3 for athletic functional soles (6a.3).

The shoe model containing the inventive athletic functional sole (6a.3) has been designed and developed as unisex size 41 (Ell). The best heel thickness (H2) measure for size 41 (Ell) is determined to be approximately 32 mm, and the toe thickness (H1) measure is approximately 12.3 mm. The aforementioned inventive customizable shoe (C) must be scaled to sizes 32(EU)-50(EU) when offered for sale and adapted for consumers with different foot sizes.

As a result of studies considering global shoe sizing standards, it has been concluded that functional soles (6) need to be enlarged and/or reduced by approximately 3%-4% when adapting to each size. For these reasons, when the dimensions to be scaled for the customizable shoe (C) of the invention, based on size 41 (Ell), are calculated in detail, it is seen that; for a shoe model containing an athletic functional sole (6a.3) covering all variations in the size range of 32(EU)-50(EU), the heel thickness (H2) measurement range is 20-44 mm, and the toe thickness (H1) measurement range is 8- 16.7 mm for athletic functional soles (6a.3) subject to the invention.

The subject invention customizable shoe (C) as illustrated in Figure-7, comprises at least one covering layer (8) integrated onto the functional sole (6) using methods known in the state of the art. The mentioned covering layer (8) can be made of fabric or leather. Due to the perspiration that occurs in the feet during normal movement, the moisture formed in the covering layer (8) leads to bacterial formation and bad odors. Therefore, it is preferred to use technical fabrics with high air permeability that are antibacterial, antimicrobial, and/or reduce lactic acid formation in the consumer as the covering layer (8). The technical features of the mentioned covering layer (8) aim to reduce foot perspiration and provide maximum comfort, optimizing the interaction between the raw material of the functional sole (6) and the foot. In the functional sole (6) subject to the invention, it is also possible to use synthetic leather or genuine leather as the covering layer (8) besides standard fabrics. The use of synthetic (made from polyurethane, PVC, or vegan materials) leather or genuine leather contributes aesthetically by making the functional sole (6) look more elegant. Genuine leather material provides extra comfort for the consumer by absorbing sweat, especially for excessively sweating feet. Additionally, due to its natural properties, genuine leather is more durable compared to other materials, reducing the wear and tear of functional soles (6) and extending their lifespan.

The structures shown in Figure-4 for the functional soles (6) subject to the invention can be adapted into daily, walking or athletic functional sole (6) forms according to different intended uses.

Some examples are as follows:

Air-Cushioned Functional Sole: The functional sole (6) features a body (7) that is entirely composed of a gas capsule and/or houses gas capsules within; said capsules contain gases such as air, helium, etc. The amount of gas within these capsules can be increased or decreased through pumps and motors located within the body (7). Structurally, this can be an example of the inner-layered functional sole (6b.2.2).

Reflexology Functional Sole: The functional sole (6) has an top-layer (10) that is designed with protrusions to apply pressure on foot nerve points identified through technical tests and observations. While walking, it provides a massaging feature to the foot. Structurally, this can be an example of the top-layered functional sole (6b.2.1) and/or homogeneous functional sole (6b.1).

Smart Functional Sole: The functional sole (6) with its large volume body (7) can be described as a new design space that can house today's advanced technologies within a sole and so within a shoe. Smart functional soles include interlayers consisting of sensors, electronic circuits, motors, wireless communication systems like bluetooth, data storage units, rechargeable and/or non-rechargeable batteries, frequency transmitters, etc. They offer the capability to connect wirelessly to mobile phones, computers, satellites, access the internet and utilize artificial intelligence models. The technological body (7) may also have a top-layer (10) to enhance comfort. Structurally, this can be an example of both the inner-layered functional sole (6b.2.2), the top-layered functional sole (6b.2.1), and/or bottom-layered functional sole (6b.2.3).

Heated Functional Sole: The functional sole (6) features a top-layer (10) embedded with heating circuits and sensors, while the body (7) incorporates batteries. The heated functional sole (6) tracks foot temperature using its sensors, and when the temperature drops below a certain point, it automatically activates to provide warmth, maintaining the foot's temperature at an optimal level. Mentioned heating circuits, sensors, and batteries can be positioned within the body’s (7) top-layer (10), inner-layer (11), and/or bottomlayer (12).

Spring Functional Sole: The functional sole (6) houses one or multiple spring mechanisms within its body (7). These springs can vary in size and/or flexibility. Structurally, this can be an example of the inner-layered functional sole (6b.2.2).

Support Functional Sole: In the functional sole (6), there's a specially developed piece within the top-layer (10) and/or the body (7) that offers additional support for the foot arch, specifically for flat-footed individuals. Structurally, this can be an example of both the top-layered functional sole (6b.2.1), the inner-layered functional sole (6b.2.2) and the bottom-layered functional sole (6b.2.3).

Safety Functional Sole: The functional sole (6) has one or multiple layers at the bottom of the body (7) with thicknesses ranging between 0.5-15mm, designed to offer resistance against sharp objects from the ground and/or high temperatures. Structurally, this can be an example of the bottom-layered functional sole (6b.2.3).

Magnetic Functional Sole: This functional sole (6) features small cavities at the bottom of the body (7) where replaceable magnetic balls can be positioned. Consumers can purchase magnetic balls externally and place them in the cavities based on their preferred magnetic properties. By attaching these to the functional sole (6), it creates a magnetic field that can offer various benefits for the body. Structurally, this can be an example of the bottom-layered functional sole (6b.2.3).

Industrial Application of the Invention

The functional sole (6) subject to the invention is designed for customizable shoes (C). Customizable shoes (C) encompass various types of shoes such as laced, lace-less, velcro, and more. Figure- 10 displays some example applications where the functional sole (6) subject to the invention is used. A shoe model containing the functional sole (6) subject to the invention, namely the customizable shoe (C), can vary in color, material, and design according to age and gender. The parts that make up the upper (3) of the shoe can be made of less flexible materials like leather and synthetic leather and/or highly elastic materials containing elastane, such as mesh, knitted, scuba, and other fabric materials. The upper (3) can be produced by using a combination of leather, synthetic leather (polyurethane, PVC or vegan material), and various fabric types.

While the customizable shoe (C) contains the functional sole (6) within the product, different functional soles (6) subject to the invention can be provided as a promotion alongside the product or can be sold separately as a semi-independent product for a fee.

Homogeneous functional soles (6b.1) can be produced in different densities for consumers in various weight ranges, considering the load that will be placed on them. For example, for a consumer with a shoe size of 41 and weighing 70kg, a 0.46-density polyurethane homogeneous functional sole (6b.1) provides a 4mm flex function, while for a consumer with a shoe size of 41 and weighing 90kg, a 0.50-density polyurethane homogeneous functional sole (6b.1) will provide a 4mm flex function. With the invention, all consumers can choose the functional sole most suitable for their weight, ensuring a standardized user experience.

For layered functional soles (6b.2), consumers can be given the opportunity to create the most suitable functional sole (6) by combining different modular options, such as a functional sole with heel support.

Functional sole (6) variations allow the customization of shoes (C) according to ground and environmental conditions. Examples include a magnetic (magnetic field) anti-stress functional sole, a reflexology functional sole that applies pressure to the nerves under the foot, an extra arch support functional sole for flat-footed individuals, a vented functional sole that enhances air circulation within the shoe with each step, a spring- loaded functional sole that facilitates stepping, air-cushioned functional soles that offer a different comfort experience or those entirely made of air capsules, smart functional soles that can connect to mobile phones via electronic circuits for data exchange, a safety functional sole that prevents sharp objects on the ground from penetrating and reaching the foot, and more. These variations can be further developed within the scope of functional sole types described above based on their structures and functions.