ENCASED PIPING SYSTEM This invention relates to improvements in piping systemsand, specifically, to piping systems in which a durable inner pipe of relatively low strength or rigidity is reinforced by being encased in an outer casing of higher strength or rigidity.

In the operation of pipelines, where it is necessary to convey liquids, slurries or the like of a corrosive or abrasive nature, it is common to employ a piping system comprising a durable inner pipe resistant to the deleterious effects of the particular flow agent to be conveyed, encased or enclosed within a stronger and stiffer outer part, usually of a metallic material, capable of sustaining the internal pressures to which said pipeline is to be subjected. While such durable inner pipe may simply take the form of a coating applied to the inner wall of said metallic outer part, more demanding applications require the use of a composite piping system. Typical of such composite piping systems are those described in patents DE 2 923 544, EP 0 024 220 and AU 40019/85. The first of these patents teaches a process for the manufacturing of a multi-layer pipe in which an intermediate layer of plastics material is co-extruded onto an inner tube, also of plastics material, the combination

then being covered with a tube of metallic material and subjected to an elongation operation. The second patent teaches a process in which two layers of plastics material are extruded inside a metallic tube. The third patent teaches a process in which an inner plastic tube is prepared by extrusion and a tube of metallic material is formed around it and sealed by butt welding, the diameter of the metallic tube then being reduced without elongation. A reinforcing mesh and adhesive are optionally inserted between layers and an outer coating of plastic material is formed on the external surface of the metallic tube.

The disadvantages of the three processes when applied to the manufacturing of pipes of larger diameter, which may be defined as pipes having an internal diameter greater than 100 millimetres, is that they require the use of very large plastics extrusion plant and very large metal forming plant, both of which are expensive, require skilled operation and are relatively immovable.

The object of the present invention is to provide a process for the manufacturing of a jacketed piping system of larger diameter in which standard, readily available components are employed, which can be performed in the field without the use of heavy and expensive plant, and which can be performed without the use of higher level skills, the result

being a product of flexible arrangement, lower cost and manufactured in a shorter lead time. Further objects of the present invention are the manufactur- ing of a jacketed piping system which is readily assembled and installed in the field and which incorporates provisions which may be employed to regularly assess, whilst a pipeline is in operation, the condition of its durable inner pipe.

According to the present invention, a composite piping system is provided comprising an outer casing into which is introduced a durable inner pipe resistant to the deleterious effects of the particular flow agent to be conveyed. Conveniently, said outer casing is fabricated into tubular form by spirally winding strip material of some suitable metal alloy which is then joined at the edge by welding or lockseam jointing, or by rolling of a sheet of some suitable metal alloy into tubular form, the edges then being welded or joined by mechanical means. In alternative embodiments, said outer casing is fabricated or formed from other suitable, non- metallic materials. Said inner pipe is preferably formed by extrusion of a suitable polymer material, branches and sealing flanges being welded to it as appropriate. In alternative embodiments, said inner pipe is fabricated or formed from other suitable materials.

In the manufacturing of a length of said

composite pipe, a length of said inner pipe is reduced in diameter using one of several methods well known in the art and winched into position into a suitable length of said outer casing, to the ends of which attachment flanges have been welded. Said inner pipe is then expanded into interference with said outer casing and cut to length. Sealing flanges are then welded to its ends, the cut length of said inner pipe being such that said sealing flanges extend beyond said attachment flanges by a length sufficient to accommodate the maximum thermal contraction which might be experienced in service.

In an alternative embodiment in which said inner pipe is made from a polymer material with some degree of elasticity, where a full interference fit is not required between said inner pipe and said outer casing, said inner pipe is made of a diameter such that minimal clearance exists between it and the internal surface of said outer casing and is winched into position in said outer casing. During employment of this method, where movement of said inner pipe is impeded during its installation by frictional contact with the internal surface of said outer casing, elongation of said inner pipe occurs with an attendant reduction in diameter which restores movement. Following its installation in this way, said inner pipe must be permitted to relax before being cut to its required length.

Bends for a said composite piping system are manufactured in the same way as straight lengths, said outer casing being fabricated in'lobsterback' form from a plurality of short, straight lengths joined together, or bent from a single straight length.

Connections to said composite piping system, such as tributary connections, instrumentation tappings, washouts, pig launchers and the like are provided by the insertion of a connection piece between lengths of said composite piping system.

A said connection piece is made by welding to a suitable length of said inner pipe a projecting piece of pipe of similar material and suitable length and diameter, sealing flanges then being welded to the three resultant ends. An outer casing is then fabricated in two halves from a suitable material, flanges being provided along all longitudinal abutting edges to allow said halves to be bolted together to closely enclose said inner pipe and projecting piece. Halved attachment flanges are welded to the ends of said halves of said outer casing prior to the assembly of said halves over said inner pipe and projecting piece, each pair of half flanges making a complete flange when their edges are assembled into abutment.

To permit measurement of the thickness of said inner pipe whilst a said composite pipeline is in

service, prior to its assembly together with said inner pipe, holes of a suitable diameter are drilled in said outer casing in appropriate locations and internal ly threaded bushes are welded to the external surface of said outer casing over said holes. Said bushes are preferably sealingly closed with suitable plugs which are removed as required to permit the sensing head of a thickness measurement device to be inserted through a said bush and into contact with the outer surface of said inner pipe. In an alternative application, when such procedure is acceptable, said bushes are left open in appropriate positions to permit telltale leakage to be observed when attrition of said inner pipe has progressed to the point of failure.

Should the use of thickness testing equipment disclose unacceptable localised thinning of said inner pipe, a length of said composite piping system is withdrawn from service for repair or replacement.

Where it is desirable to minimise the possibili- ty of leakage of flow agent from a said composite piping system following localised failure of said inner pipe, a shroud is welded to the external surface of said outer casing enclosing appropriate locations and acts to capture any leakage caused by perforation of said outer casing. A hole of suitable diameter is drilled in each said shroud in its lowest installed location and an internally

threaded bush is welded to the external surface of said shroud over said hole. Said bush is preferably sealingly closed with a plug which is removed as required to permit a test for evidence of leakage to be made.

The various aspects of the present invention will be more readily understood by reference to the <BR> <BR> fol lowing description of preferred embodiments given in relation to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 depicts transverse cross-sectional views through a composite pipe showing two stages of the installation of the inner pipe; Figure 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a composite pipe immediately following installation of the inner pipe; Figure 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of lengths of pipe in a composite piping system in a partially assembled state; Figure 4 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a connection piece for a composite piping system; Figure 5 is a transverse cross-sectional view of the connection piece depicted at Figure 4 through the centreline of its tributary connection; Figure 6 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a shrouded connection piece; Figure 7 is a transverse cross-sectional

view of the shrouded connection piece depicted at Figure 6 through the centreline of its tributary connection; Figure 8 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view through an alternative form of connection piece; Figure 9 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the connection of two lengths of pipe in a composite piping system; Figure 10 is a view of a shrouded 90 degree pipe bend; Figure 11 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the end of a length of pipe showing the arrangement of a floating attachment flange.

With reference to Figure 1, a composite piping system is provided comprising outer casing 1 into which is introduced durable inner pipe 2. Conveni- ently, said outer casing is fabricated into tubular form by spirally winding strip material of some suitable metal alloy which is then joined at the edge by welding or lockseam jointing, or by the rolling up of a sheet of some suitable metal alloy into tubular form, the edges then being welded or joined by mechanical means. Said inner pipe is preferably formed by extrusion of a suitable polymer material. In alternative embodiments, both said outer casing and said inner pipe are fabricated or formed from other suitable materials.

In the manufacturing of a length of said composite pipe, a length of said inner pipe is made by extrusion, a method well known in the art. The material from which said inner pipe is manufactured is preferably a polymer material resistant to the deleterious effects of the particular flow agent to be conveyed through said piping system. Where said flow agent is abrasive in nature, said inner pipe is preferably manufactured from high molecular weight polyethylene. Where said flow agent is corrosive in nature, said inner pipe is manufactured from a material suitably resistant to its attack.

Preferably, but not necessarily, said material is also a polymer material. Following its extrusion, said inner pipe is reduced in diameter using one of several methods well known in the art. Such methods, for example, include those disclosed in patents AU 69585/94 and AU 34547/89. The first of these teaches a method of partially collapsing a tube to reduce its diameter. In this method, as depicted in Figure 1, inner pipe 2 is preferably heated to soften it and is then passed through rollers (not shown), one or more of which act to collapse a substantial part of its circumference inwardly to form channel 3, the pressure of further rollers being used, if required, to deflect lobes 4 inwardly towards each other. Said collapsed tube is then winched into place in outer casing 1 and

pressurised to restore it to its round form and original diameter, providing an interference fit with said jacket or casing. The second said patent teaches a method in which said inner pipe is passed between pairs of shaped rollers which apply to it a radially inwardly directed crushing force equally distributed around its circumference, causing it <BR> <BR> to adopt a set at reduced diameter whilst maintaining its round shape. Said inner pipe is then similarly winched into position in outer casing 1 and pressurised to restore it to its original diameter, providing an interference fit with said jacket or casing.

In a third method, employed where said inner pipe is made from a polymer material with some degree of elasticity and where a full interference fit is not required between said inner pipe and said outer casing, said inner pipe is made of a diameter such that minimal clearance exists between it and the internal surface of said outer casing and is winched into position in said outer casing. In this this method, a draw bar is inserted through apertures (depicted as 5 in Figure 2) provided in the end of said inner pipe and tension is applied to a cable attached to said drawbar to draw said inner pipe into position within said outer casing. During this process, the leading edge of said inner pipe is optionally chamfered to facilitate its entry into

said outer casing and, also optionally, a suitable lubricant is applied to the exterior of said inner pipe to reduce friction between it and the inner surface of said outer casing. Where, during its installation, movement of said inner pipe is impeded by frictional contact with the internal surface of said outer casing, elongation of said inner pipe occurs with an attendant reduction in diameter which restores its movement. Regardless of the method of installation of said inner pipe and particularly following its installation through use of the third method detailed, said inner pipe is permitted to relax for a minimum of 24 hours before being cut to its required length.

With reference to Figures 2 and 3, prior to installation into it of inner pipe 2, attachment flanges 6,7 are welded to the ends of outer casing 1, a plurality of equally-spaced attachment bolt holes 9,10 being provided in each. When relaxation of said inner pipe has ceased, it is cut to length.

Conveniently, one end of said inner pipe is cut square a suitable distance outside the outer face of attachment flange 7 and sealing flange 8 is welded to it using welding methods well known in the art.

Said inner pipe is then jacked into said outer casing such that the inner face of said sealing flange abuts the outer face of attachment flange 7. In suitable circumstances, sealing flange 8 is welded to the

end of said inner pipe prior to its installation in said outer casing. The other end of said inner pipe is then cut square, extending by additional length 13 beyond the outer face of attachment flange 6, and sealing flange 14 is welded to its end. Said additional length is calculated as the minimum required to accommodate the maximum thermal contraction of said inner pipe which might be experienced in service. Due to the low tensile strength of the welds used to attach sealing flanges 8,14 to the ends of said inner pipe, tensile forces due to thermal contraction are preferably avoided by pre-loading said inner pipe in compression during the assembly of abutting lengths of said composite piping system. During assembly of abutting lengths of said composite piping system, sealing flanges 8,12 are crushed together in sealing co-operation by pressure of attachment flanges 7,11 urged together by their attachment bolts (not shown). <BR> <BR> <P>When a further length of said composite piping system is assembled to attachment flange 6, extended bolts are temporarily employed as required to draw the abutting flanges together, said bolts being drawn up slowly and evenly to compress additional length 13 of said inner pipe into said outer casing.

With reference to Figures 4 and 5, connections to said composite piping system, such as tributary connections, instrumentation tappings, washouts,

pig launchers and the like are provided by the insertion of a connection piece between lengths of said composite piping system. A said connection piece is made by welding to a suitable length of said inner pipe 27 a lateral inner pipe 16 of similar material and suitable length and diameter, sealing flanges 19,20 then being welded to the ends of inner pipe 27. An outer casing is fabricated in two halves 25,26 from a suitable material, attachment flanges 30,31 being provided along all longitudinal abutting edges to allow said halves to be bolted together with a plurality of attachment bolts (not shown) passing through a plurality of attachment bolt holes (not shown) provided in said attachment flanges.

Halved attachment flanges 17,18,28,29 are welded to the ends of said said outer casing halves, each pair of half flanges making up a complete, circular flange when their edges are assembled into abutment.

A plurality of equally-spaced attachment bolt holes (not shown) are provided in each said attachment flange halves. Lateral outer casing 15 of sufficient length to accommodate lateral inner pipe 16 is welded to outer casing half 26 in the appropriate location and attachment flange 21 is welded to its end. A plurality of equally-spaced attachment bolt holes is provided in attachment flange 21. Said outer <BR> <BR> casing halveswith said lateral outer casing attached to half 26 are assembled over said inner pipe and

said lateral inner pipe, force being applied as required to urge said lateral inner pipe out through said lateral outer casing, a form or mandrel being temporarily installed within the bore of said inner pipe to prevent its collapse during the assembly process. When attachment flanges 30,31 are abutting, said form or mandrel is withdrawn from the bore of said inner pipe and said attachment bolts are installed and tightened to retain said outer casing halves in position closely enclosing said inner pipe and said lateral inner pipe. The outer end of said lateral inner pipe is then cut square to length and sealing flange 22 welded to it. With said outer casing halves and said lateral outer casing assembled over said inner pipe and said lateral inner pipe, the inner faces of sealing flanges 19,20,22 abut, respectively, the outer faces of attachment flange halves 17,18 and 28, 29 and attachment flange 21.

Because of the difficulty of precisely matching the external shapes of said inner pipe and said lateral inner pipe in the area in which they are joined to the internal shapes of outer casing half 26 and said lateral outer casing in the area in which they are joined (depicted as 23 in Figure 4), it has been found desirable, following assembly of said outer casing halves and said lateral outer casing over said inner pipe and said lateral inner pipe,

to inject a suitable settable resin material between the said inner and outer components in the same area to fill any voids which may have been created. The filling of said voids eliminates flexing of said inner components as a result of pressure fluctu- ations, thereby eliminating the possibility of cracking failure due to fatigue. For the purpose of injecting said settable resin material, injection nipples (not shown) are provided in suitable locations in said outer components to provide entry and f low paths through them, together with complemen- <BR> <BR> tary bleed holes (not shown) in said outer components to permit egress of excess said settable resin material.

With reference to Figures 6 and 7, it has been <BR> <BR> found in practice that flow impingement and turbulent flow may lead to the localised corrosion, erosion or ablation of said inner pipe, with leakage eventually occurring if the deterioration is not detected and arrested. Localised flow impingement may occur from a tributary line where it enters a main line and broader and more general flow impingement may occur on bends. Turbulent flow may result from any disturbance of flow and is particu- larly pronounced in the region of the opening of a lateral connection into a main line or where an object, such as a sensing device or the like, protrudes into the flow. Obviously, the rate of

removal of material from said inner pipe depends <BR> <BR> upon resistanceof the particularmaterial fromwhich said inner pipe is made, velocity of the impinging flow and the abrasive or corrosive nature of the particular flow agent.

Depicted in Figures 6 and 7 are a connection piece similar in form to that depicted in Figures 4and 5 andwith similar features numbered similarly.

Alsodepicted in Figure 7 is an instrumentation probe 35 supported by plug support 34 secured in place by closure plate 36. Tightening of attachment bolts (not shown) passing through closure plate 36 and attachment flange 21 of lateral outer casing 15 seals said closure plate and said attachment flange to each other by the crushing of sealing flange 22.

Said instrumentation probe extends along the length of lateral inner pipe 16 to project into the flow in inner pipe 27. The connection piece depicted in Figures 6 and 7 incorporates provisions to allow the detection of deterioration of inner pipe 27 and to restrict leakage should attrition of said inner pipe occur to the point of perforation of outer casing halves 25,26.

To permit measurements to be made of the thickness of inner pipe 27 whilst a said composite pipeline is in service, holes of a suitable diameter are drilled in appropriate locations in said outer casing halves prior to their assembly and internally

threaded bushes 39,40 are welded to the external surface of said outer casing halves over said holes.

Preferably, said bushes are located in appropriate positions in groups of four, on the upper and lower surfaces and at each side where a closed cylindrical outer casing is employed, and in opposed pairs where a split casing arrangement is employed as depicted in Figures 4,5,6 and 7. Said bushes are preferably sealingly closed with suitable plugs (not shown) which are removed as required to permit the sensing head of a thickness measurement device (not shown) to be inserted through a said bush and brought into contact with the outer surface of said inner pipe.

In an alternative application, when such procedure is acceptable, said bushes are left open in appropriate locations to permit telltale leakage to be observed when attrition of said inner pipe has progressed to the point of perforation. Should the use of thickness testing equipment disclose unacceptable localised thinning of said inner pipe in a length of said composite piping system or in a connection piece, that component may be withdrawn from service for repair or replacement in a timely way.

Where it is desirable to minimise the possibili- ty of leakage of flow agent from a said composite piping system following perforation of said outer casing following localised failure of said inner

pipe, shrouds 37,38 are welded to the external surface of said outer casing halves enclosing appropriate locations and act to capture any leakage.

A hole of suitable diameter is drilled in said shroud in its lowest installed location and an internally threaded bush 41 is welded to the external surface of said shroud over said hole. Said bush is preferably sealingly closed with a plug (not shown) which is removed as required to test for evidence of leakage. Provision is made in this arrangement, in a manner similar to that described in relation to Figures 4 and 5, to inject a settable resin to fill any voids existing between the area of joining of said inner pipe and said lateral inner pipe and said outer casing halves and said lateral outer casing halves.

With reference to Figure 8, a connection piece is depicted, adapted for use as a pipeline washout fitting or pig launcher. In this arrangement, lateral inner pipe 55 is welded to inner pipe 42 and sealing flanges 50,51,57 are welded to their three ends. A split outer casing (part of half of which is visible in Figure 8) is fabricated from a suitable material and comprises outer casing half 43 and lateral outer casing half 54, along all abutting edges of which are provided attachment flanges 44,47,48, having, in suitable positions, a plurality of attachment bolt holes 45,46,49.

Attachment flange halves 52,53,56 are welded to the ends of said outer casing and lateral outer casing halves. Said split outer casing halves are assembled over said inner pipe and said lateral inner pipe and their said abutting attachment flanges are secured together by tightening of a plurality of attachment bolts (not shown). With said split outer casing halves assembled together, attachment flange halves 52,53,56 and their complementary halves (not shown) are brought into abutment to create complete flanges of circular form. Said attachment flange halves are provided with a plurality of equally-spaced attachment bolt holes (not shown) for the attachment of said connection piece to other members of said composite piping system. With said split outer casing halves assembled together, the inner faces of sealing flanges 50,51,57 abut the outer faces of attachment flange halves 52,53,56 and their complementary halves. When said connection piece is not in use for its intended application, lateral inner pipe 55 is preferably filled by filler plug 58, secured in place by attachment bolt 60 passing through closure plate 59. Said closure plate is provided with a plurality of equally-spaced attachment bolt holes complementary to those in attachment flange 56. Tightening of a plurality of attachment bolts (not shown) passing through closure plate 59 and attachment flange 56 seals said

closure plate and said attachment flange to each other by the crushing of sealing flange 57. The length of said filler plug is made such that, in its installed position, its inner end 61 is coincident with the inner surface of inner pipe 42 and said inner end is shaped to conform as closely as possible to the generality of the inner surface of said inner pipe. In this way, disturbance of flow and resultant flow impingement is minimised.

Provision is made in this arrangement, in a manner similar to that described in relation to Figures 4 and 5, to inject a settable resin to fill any voids existing between the area of joining of said inner pipe and said lateral inner pipe and said outer casing halves and said lateral outer casing halves.

Obviously, where there is the possibility of erosion or corrosion of said inner pipe as a result of flow impingement, localised shrouding may be provided as described in relation to Figures 6 and 7.

Obviously, also, the connection pieces depicted at Figures 4,5,6 and 7 may be made in a similar manner to that depicted at and described in relation to Figure 8.

With reference to Figure 9, a connection of two length of pipe in said composite piping system is depicted. Two pipeline lengths comprising, respectively, inner pipe 62,72, sealing flanges 67,68, outer casing 63,64 and attachment flanges

66,65 are connected together by a plurality of attachment bolts 70,71, the tightening of which urges said attachment flanges against said sealing flanges, crushing their abutting faces into sealing co-operation. Retaining ring 69 is optionally provided, positioned around the peripheries of sealing flanges 67,68 to prevent the extrusion of said sealing flanges when said pipeline is highly pressurised. Said retaining ring is made with an <BR> <BR> axial width slightly less than the combined thickness of said sealing flanges in their crushed form and with an inner diameter slightly greater than that of said sealing flanges in their relaxed form. Where a said composite piping system is not highly pressurised but may be subjected to high compressive forces which might similarly act to extrude sealing flanges 67,68, a compression spacing ring (not shown) is positioned between the outer faces of attachment flanges 65,66 around the outside of attachment bolts 70,71. Said compression spacing ring is made sufficiently thick to sustain the compressive forces to which it may be subjected and its axial width is made such that, with said sealing flanges properly crushed, the outer faces of said attachment flanges just abut its edges.

With reference to Figures 10 and 11, bends for said composite piping system are manufactured in the same way as that described for straight lengths

as depicted and described in relation to Figures 1,2 and 3, excepting that outer casing 73 is optionally fabricated in'lobsterback'form, by welding together a plurality of short straight lengths of pipe, instead of being bent from a single straight length of pipe. Attachment flanges 76, 77 are welded to the end of said outer casing and sealing flanges 78,79 are welded to the ends of said inner pipe (depicted as 2 in Figure 2 and not visible in Figure 10). Although not shown in this Figure, said inner pipe is extended in a similar way to that depicted in and described in relation to Figure 3 to accommodate the maximum degree of thermal contraction that it is likely to experience in service. Where, due to thermal distortion, manufacturing inaccuracies and the like, difficulty <BR> <BR> is likely to be experienced in aligning complementary attachment bolt holes in the attachment flange at the end of a bend and those in the attachment flange of another member of said composite piping system, floating attachment flanges are optionally provided.

In this arrangement (depicted in greater detail for a straight length of pipe in Figure 11), floating attachment flanges 74,75 are positioned over said outer casing prior to the welding to its ends of attachment flanges of reduced diameter 76,77. The inner diameters of said floating attachment flanges are made such as to just allow said flanges to slide

over the outer surface of said outer casing with freedom to rotate. A plurality of equally-spaced attachment bolt holes 87 are provided in each said floating attachment flange. When assembling a said bend together with other members of said composite piping system, said floating attachment flanges are rotated to bring their attachment bolt holes into coincidence with those of the attachment flanges of an adjacent member. Tightening of attachment <BR> <BR> boltsurgesajacent saidfloatingattachment flanges against said attachment flanges, urging them, in turn, against said sealing flanges and thereby crushing their abutting faces together in sealing co-operation.

Where there is a possibility of said inner pipe being eroded or corroded away by localised flow impingement in a bend, holes are drilled in said outer casing in appropriate locations and internally threaded bushes 82,83,84,85 are welded over them as described in relation to Figures 6 and 7.

Preferably, said bushes are arranged in groups of four, on the upper and lower surfaces and at each side of said outer casing in each location. Said bushes are optionally sealingly closed with suitable plugs or left open to provide telltale leakage in the event of attrition of said inner pipe to the point of perforation. By removing said plugs, the sensing head of a thickness measurement device may

be inserted through said bushes and brought into contact with the outer surface of said inner pipe.

Where it is desired to minimise the possibility of leakage of a flow agent as a result of perforation of said outer casing following localised erosion or corrosion of said inner pipe, one or more shrouds 80 or a single continuous shroud as depicted, are provided welded to the outer surface of said outer casing. Said shrouds are optionally fabricated in 'lobsterback'form or bent from a single pipe of pipe. Similarly, a hole is drilled in said shrouds at their lowest installed points and threaded bushes 81 are welded over them. Said bushes are preferably closed with suitable plugs, which are removed as required to check for evidence of leakage.

The type of composite piping system described herein is frequently used in situations in remote locations. Typical of these are gas treatment plants, mineral treatment plants, oil wells and the like. As far as possible, stock components, such as pipe sections, flanges and the like, are used in fabricating component members of said composite piping system and the relatively simple equipment required for their fabrication and assembly, as described herein, is readily transported to and operated in remote locations. The advantages of the said system are that it provides a high degree of flexibility in the arrangement of component

members and the use of stock components and relatively simple equipment equipment for their fabrication and assembly acts to reduce the manufacturing lead time and cost of the completed product.