PENG LEI (US)
RENAUER PAUL (US)
CHOW RYAN (US)
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CLAIMS We claim: 1. A genetically modified Natural Killer (NK) cell, wherein at least one gene selected from the group consisting of TGA1/CD49A, ITGA2/CD49B, ITGA3/CD49C, SPN/CD43, KLRK1/NKG2D, CD27, TIGIT, PDCD1/PD-1, LAG3, VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, and CALHM2 has been mutated in the cell. 2. The genetically modified NK cell of claim 1, wherein the mutation causes lack or reduction of the expression of one or more of the genes and/or the full-length protein(s) encoded by the gene(s). 3. The genetically modified NK cell of claim 1 or 2, wherein the mutation causesack or reduction of the expression of one or more of the genes and/or the full-length protein(s) encoded by the gene(s) VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, and CALHM2, and wherein the mutation enhances the anti-cancer efficacy of the NK cell as compared to a non-genetically modified NK cell. 4. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the mutation causes lack or reduction of the expression of the CALHM2 gene and/or the full-ength protein encoded by the CALHM2 gene. 5. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of claims 1-4, wherein at least one additional gene has been mutated in the cell. 6. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the NK cell expresses or encodes a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR). 7. The genetically modified NK cell of claim 6, wherein the CAR targets a cancer antigen. 8. The genetically modified NK cell of claim 7, wherein the cancer antigen is a neoantigen derived from a subject. 9. The genetically modified NK cell of claim 8, wherein the cancer antigen is selected from the group consisting of 41BB, 5T4, adenocarcinoma antigen, alpha fetoprotein, BAFF, B lymphoma cell, C242 antigen, CA 125, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA IX), C MET, CCR4, CD 152, CD 19, CD20, CD200, CD22, CD221, CD23 (IgE receptor), CD28, CD30 TNFRSF8), CD33, CD4, CD40, CD44 v6, CD51, CD52, CD56, CD74, CD80, CEA, CNT0888, CTLA 4, DR5, EGFR, EpCAM, CD3, FAP, fibronectin extra domain B, folate eceptor 1, GD2, GD3 ganglioside, glycoprotein 75, GPNMB, HER2/neu, HGF, human scatter factor receptor kinase, IGF 1 receptor, IGF I, IgGl, Ll CAM, IL 13, IL 6, insulin-like growth factor I receptor, integrin α5β1, integrin ανβ3, MORAb 009, MS4A1, MUC1, mucin CanAg, N glycolylneuraminic acid, NPC 1C, PDGF R a, PDL192, phosphatidylserine, prostatic carcinoma cells, RANKL, RON, ROR1, SCH 900105, SDC1, SLAMF7, TAG 72,enascin C, TGF beta 2, TGF β, TRAIL R1, TRAIL R2, tumor antigen CTAA16.88, VEGF A, VEGFR 1, VEGFR2, and vimentin. 10. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the NK is derived from a subject diagnosed as having, or who is identified as being at increased risk of having a disease or disorder. 11. The genetically modified NK cell of claim 10, wherein the subject is diagnosed as having, or is identified as being at increased risk of having cancer. 12. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the NK is derived from a healthy subject prior to the genetic modification. 13. A population of NK cells derived by expanding the genetically modified NK cell of any one of claims 1-12. 14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the population of NK cells of claim 13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, carrier, diluent or excipient for administration in vivo. 15. A method of treating a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 14. 16. A method of treating a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition associated with an elevated expression or specific expression of an antigen, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the population of genetically modified NK cells of claim 13, wherein the NK cells comprise a CAR that targets the antigen. 17. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a population of genetically modified NK cells, wherein at least one gene selected from the group consisting of VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, and CALHM2 has been mutated in the NK cell. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the NK cell has been mutated to reduce or knock out the expression of CALHM2 and/or the full-length protein encoded by CALHM2. 19. The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein the NK cell expresses or encodes a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR). 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the CAR targets an antigen expressed by the cancer. 21. The method of any one of claims 17-20, wherein the cancer is selected fromhe group consisting of leukemia, vascular cancer such as multiple myeloma, adenocarcinomas and bone, bladder, brain, breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, kidney,iver, lung, nasopharangeal, pancreatic, prostate, skin, stomach, and uterine cancer. 22. The method of any one of claims 17-21, wherein the cancer is triple negative breast cancer or glioblastoma. 23. The method of any one of claims 15-22, wherein the NK cells are derived rom the subject prior to genetic modification. 24. The method of any one of claims 17-23, wherein the administration comprisesnjection of the composition of cells into or directly adjacent to a tumor, or into the blood stream, or into the brain or into a ventricle of the heart of the subject. 25. The method of any one of claims 17-24, further comprising administering tohe subject one or more additional therapeutic agents and/or procedures. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the additional treatment is selected from the group consisting of a chemotherapeutic agent, and antimicrobial agent, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, a PD-I inhibitor, a CTLA-4 inhibitor, radiation treatment and surgery. 27. A method of performing genome perturbation screening of a Natural Killer NK) cell, the method comprising: (i) contacting an NK cell with Cas9 and an sgRNA nucleic acid targeting membrane-bound molecules of Natural Killer (NK) cells, (ii) causing the NK cell to be genetically modified by CRISPR-mediated genome editing of a gene targeted by the sgRNA; and (iii) screening the NK cell for a mutation. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the sgRNA comprises (i) a guide sequence; and (ii) a tracrRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the mSurfeome2ibrary. 29. The method of claim 27 or 28, wherein the sgRNA is comprised within a vector. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the vector is an adeno-associated vector AAV), and wherein the vector further comprises an expression cassette for the sgRNA. 31. The method of any one of claims 28-30, wherein steps (i)-(iii) are carried out using a plurality of NK cells, and wherein each of the plurality of NK cells is contacted by one or more sgRNAs comprising one or more of the sequences of the mSurfeome2 library. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the plurality of NK cells is collectively contacted by sgRNAs individually comprising 69,747 sequences the mSurfeome2 library. 33. The method of any one of claims 27-32, wherein the screening is carried out in vitro. 34. The method of any one of claims 27-33, wherein the screening is carried out in vivo. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the in vivo screening is carried out using aumor-bearing animal model, and wherein the screening comprises selecting genetically modified NK cells from animals with enhanced survival/reduced tumor burden as compared to control animals that did not receive the same genetically modified NK cells. 36. The method of any one of claims 27-35, further comprising characterizing the mutant NK cell(s) by single cell transcriptome analysis. 37. The method of any one of claims 27-36, further comprising characterizing the mutant NK cell(s) by sequence analysis to identify mutated genes. 38. The method of any one of claims 27-37, further comprising repeating the methods using a selected pool of sgRNAs for one or more additional rounds. 39. A genetically modified NK cell created according to the method of any one of claims 27-38. 40. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) a population of genetically modified NK cells derived by expanding the genetically modified NK cell of claim 39; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for administration in vivo. 41. A genetically modified Natural Killer (NK) cell comprising a mutation that causes lack or reduction of the expression of the CALHM2 gene and/or the full-length protein encoded by the CALHM2 gene in the cell as compared to a non-genetically modified NK cell, wherein the mutation enhances the anti-cancer efficacy of the genetically modified NK cell as compared to a non-genetically modified NK cell, and wherein the genetically modified NK cell expresses or encodes a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) that targets a cancer antigen. 42. The genetically modified NK cell of claim 41, wherein the cancer antigen is selected from the group consisting of 41BB, 5T4, adenocarcinoma antigen, alpha fetoprotein, BAFF, B lymphoma cell, C242 antigen, CA 125, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA IX), C MET, CCR4, CD 152, CD 19, CD20, CD200, CD22, CD221, CD23 (IgE receptor), CD28, CD30 TNFRSF8), CD33, CD4, CD40, CD44 v6, CD51, CD52, CD56, CD74, CD80, CEA, CNT0888, CTLA 4, DR5, EGFR, EpCAM, CD3, FAP, fibronectin extra domain B, folate eceptor 1, GD2, GD3 ganglioside, glycoprotein 75, GPNMB, HER2/neu, HGF, human scatter factor receptor kinase, IGF 1 receptor, IGF I, IgGl, Ll CAM, IL 13, IL 6, insulin-like growth factor I receptor, integrin α5β1, integrin ανβ3, MORAb 009, MS4A1, MUC1, mucin CanAg, N glycolylneuraminic acid, NPC 1C, PDGF R a, PDL192, phosphatidylserine, prostatic carcinoma cells, RANKL, RON, ROR1, SCH 900105, SDC1, SLAMF7, TAG 72,enascin C, TGF beta 2, TGF β, TRAIL R1, TRAIL R2, tumor antigen CTAA16.88, VEGF A, VEGFR 1, VEGFR2, and vimentin. 43. The genetically modified NK cell of claim 41 or 42, wherein the genetically modified NK has increased tumor penetration and/or increased anti-tumor cytotoxicity as compared to a non-genetically modified NK cell. |
(SEQ ID NO:2). In some forms, the gene expression product of the human CALHM2 gene that is knocked down or knocked out is the 323 amino acid CALHM2 transmembrane protein having UNIPROT accession ID No. Q9HA72 and having an amino acid sequence of: Therefore, in some forms, the genetically modified human NK cells lack expression of a gene having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. In some forms, the genetically modified human NK cells have reduced or lack expression or bioactivity of a protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3. 2. Sources of NK cells In preferred forms, the NK cells to be genetically modified are obtained from a human subject. For example, in some forms, the cells are autologous cells, i.e., cells obtained from a subject prior to genetic modification and re-introduction to the same subject following modification. In other forms, the cells are heterologous cells, i.e., cells obtained from a different subject than the intended recipient. In some forms, the cells are frozen prior to or after genetic modification. Methods and compositions for freezing and thawing viable eukaryotic cells are known in the art. In some forms, the cells are autologous immune cells, such as T cells or progenitor cells/stem cells. a. Autologous human NK cells In some forms, the NK cells are obtained from a human subject, prior to modification and reintroduction to the same human subject for use as cell therapy. In some forms, NK cells are obtained from a healthy subject. In other forms, cells are obtained from a subject identified as having or at risk of having a disease or disorder, such as cancer and/or an auto-immune disease. In some forms, prior to expansion and/or genetic modification, NK cells are obtained from a diseased or healthy subject. NK cells can be obtained from a number of samples, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells, bone marrow, lymph node tissue, cord blood, thymus tissue, tissue from a site of infection, ascites, pleural effusion, spleen tissue, and tumors. In some forms, NK cells are obtained from a unit of blood collected from a subject using any number of techniques known to the skilled artisan, such as FICOLL™ separation. In one preferred form, NK cells from the circulating blood of an individual are obtained by apheresis. The apheresis product typically contains lymphocytes, including T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, B cells, other nucleated white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. The cells collected by apheresis can be washed to remove the plasma fraction and to place the cells in an appropriate buffer or media for subsequent processing steps. In some forms, the cells are washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In some forms, the wash solution lacks calcium and can lack magnesium or can lack many if not all divalent cations. After washing, the cells can be resuspended in a variety of biocompatible buffers, such as, for example, Ca2+-free, Mg2+-free PBS, PLASMALYTE A, or other saline solution with or without buffer. Alternatively, the undesirable components of the apheresis sample are removed and the cells directly resuspended in culture media. In some forms, the NK cells are isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes by lysing the red blood cells and depleting the monocytes, for example, by centrifugation through a PERCOLL™ gradient or by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. In specific forms, a specific subpopulation of NK cells, such as CD3+, CD28+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45RA+, and CD45RO+ T cells, is further isolated by positive or negative selection techniques. For example, in some forms, T cells are isolated by incubation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 (i.e., 3×28) - conjugated beads, such as DYNABEADS® M-450 CD3/CD28 T, for a time period sufficient for positive selection of the desired T cells. 3. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-NK Cells In some forms, the genetically modified cell is an NK cell that expresses or includes a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), i.e., a CAR-NK Cell. Immunotherapy using NK cells genetically engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is rapidly emerging as a promising new treatment for hematological and non-hematological malignancies. The development of CAR-NK cells has increased the therapeutic potential of CAR-reprogramming by adding a reduced risk for alloreactivity and Graft-vs-Host Disease, potentially allowing for CAR-NK to be mass produced in a more cost-effective manner than CAR-T cells. NK cell-based immunotherapies require effective anti-tumor function, exhaustion, durable immune responses (persistence), and tumor infiltration. This requires rational engineering of substantially enhanced NK cells, particularly by modification of endogenous genes. The term “Chimeric antigen receptor” or “CAR” refers to an engineered receptor that is expressed on a NK cell or any other effector cell type capable of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In some forms a CAR includes an extracellular domain having an antigen binding domain that is specific for a ligand or receptor. In some forms a CAR also includes a transmembrane domain, and a costimulatory signaling domain. In some forms a CAR includes a hinge. In some forms, the antigen binding domain is specific for EGFRvlll. In some forms the costimulatory signaling domain is a 4-lBB signaling domain. In some forms a CAR further includes a CD3 zeta signaling domain. A CAR- NK cell is a NK cell engineered to express a CAR. CARs are engineered receptors that possess both antigen-binding and cell- activating functions. Based on the location of the CAR in the membrane of the cell, the CAR can be divided into three main distinct domains, including an extracellular antigen- binding domain, followed by a space region, a transmembrane domain, and the intracellular signaling domain. The antigen-binding domain, most commonly derived from variable regions of immunoglobulins, typically contains VH and VL chains that are joined up by a linker to form the so-called “scFv.” The segment interposing between the antigen-binding domain (e.g., scFv) and the transmembrane domain is a “spacer domain.” The spacer domain can include the constant IgG1 hinge-CH2–CH3 Fc domain. In some cases, the spacer domain and the transmembrane domain are derived from CD8. The intracellular signaling domains mediating T cell activation can include a CD3ζ co-receptor signaling domain derived from C-region of the TCR α and β chains and one or more costimulatory domains. In some forms, the antigen-binding domain of a CAR is derived from an antibody. The term antibody herein refers to natural or synthetic polypeptides that bind a target antigen. The term includes polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, including intact antibodies and functional (e.g., antigen-binding) antibody fragments, including Fab fragments, F(ab')2 fragments, Fab' fragments, Fv fragments, recombinant IgG (rlgG) fragments, single chain antibody fragments, including single chain variable fragments (scFv), and single domain antibodies (e.g., sdAb, sdFv, nanobody) fragments. The term encompasses genetically engineered and/or otherwise modified forms of immunoglobulins, such as intrabodies, peptibodies, chimeric antibodies, fully human antibodies, humanized antibodies, and heteroconjugate antibodies, multispecific, e.g., bispecific, antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, and tetrabodies, tandem di-scFv, tandem tri-scFv. The term also encompasses intact or full-length antibodies, including antibodies of any class or subclass, including IgG and sub-classes thereof, IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgD. The antigen-binding domain of a CAR can contain complementary determining regions (CDR) of an antibody, variable regions of an antibody, and/or antigen binding fragments thereof. For example, the antigen-binding domain for a CD19 CAR can be derived from a human monoclonal antibody to CD19, such as those described in U.S. Patent 7,109,304, for use in accordance with the disclosed compositions and methods. In some forms, the antigen-binding domain can include an F(ab')2, Fab', Fab, Fv or scFv. In some forms, the CAR includes one or more spacer domain(s) (also referred to as hinge domain) that is located between the extracellular antigen-binding domain and the transmembrane domain. A spacer domain is an amino acid segment that is generally found between two domains of a protein and may allow for flexibility of the protein and movement of one or both of the domains relative to one another. Any amino acid sequence that provides such flexibility and movement of the extracellular antigen- binding domain relative to the transmembrane domain can be used. The spacer domain can be a spacer or hinge domain of a naturally occurring protein. In some forms, the hinge domain is derived from CD8a, such as, a portion of the hinge domain of CD8a, e.g., a fragment containing at least 5 (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40) consecutive amino acids of the hinge domain of CD8a. Hinge domains of antibodies, such as an IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, or IgD antibodies can also be used. In some forms, the hinge domain is the hinge domain that joins the constant CH1 and CH2 domains of an antibody. Non-naturally occurring peptides may also be used as spacer domains. For example, the spacer domain can be a peptide linker, such as a (GxS)n linker, wherein x and n, independently can be an integer of 3 or more, including 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more. In some forms, the CAR includes a transmembrane domain that can be directly or indirectly fused to the antigen-binding domain. The transmembrane domain may be derived either from a natural or a synthetic source. As used herein, a “transmembrane domain” refers to any protein structure that is thermodynamically stable in a cell membrane, preferably a eukaryotic cell membrane. In some forms, the transmembrane domain of the CAR includes a transmembrane domain of an alpha, beta or zeta chain of a T-cell receptor, CD8, CD4, CD28, CD137, CD80, CD86, CD152 or PD1, or a portion thereof. Transmembrane domains can also contain at least a portion of a synthetic, non-naturally occurring protein segment. In some forms, the transmembrane domain is a synthetic, non-naturally occurring alpha helix or beta sheet. In some forms, the protein segment is at least about 15 amino acids, e.g., at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more amino acids. Examples of synthetic transmembrane domains are known in the art, for example in U.S. Patent No.7,052,906 and PCT Publication No. WO 2000/032776. The intracellular signaling domain is responsible for activation of at least one of the normal effector functions of the immune effector cell expressing the CAR. The term effector function refers to a specialized function of a cell. Effector function of a T cell, for example, may be cytolytic activity or helper activity including the secretion of cytokines. In some forms, an intracellular signaling domain includes the zeta chain of the T cell receptor or any of its homologs (e.g., eta, delta, gamma or epsilon), MBl chain, B29, Fc RIII, Fc RI and combinations of signaling molecules such as CD3ζ and CD28, 4-1BB, OX40 and combination thereof, as well as other similar molecules and fragments. Intracellular signaling portions of other members of the families of activating proteins can be used, such as FcγRIII and FcεRI. Many immune effector cells require co-stimulation, in addition to stimulation of an antigen-specific signal, to promote cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, as well as to activate effector functions of the cell. Therefore, in some forms, the CAR includes at least one co-stimulatory signaling domain. The term co-stimulatory signaling domain, refers to at least a portion of a protein that mediates signal transduction within a cell to induce an immune response such as an effector function. The co-stimulatory signaling domain can be a cytoplasmic signaling domain from a co-stimulatory protein, which transduces a signal and modulates responses mediated by immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, or eosinophils. In some forms, the co-stimulatory signaling domain is derived from a co-stimulatory molecule selected from CD27, CD28, CD137, 0X40, CD30, CD40, CD3, LFA-1, ICOS, CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3, ligands of CD83 and combinations thereof. CARs can be used in order to generate immuno-responsive cells, such as NK cells, specific for selected targets, such as malignant cells, with a wide variety of receptor chimera constructs having been described (see U.S. Patent No.11,207,350 and PCT Publications WO 2016123333 A1 and WO 2016201300 A1). Alternative CAR constructs can be characterized as belonging to successive generations. First-generation CARs typically include a single-chain variable fragment of an antibody specific for an antigen, for example including a VL linked to a VH of a specific antibody, linked by a flexible linker, for example by a CD8α hinge domain and a CD8α transmembrane domain, to the transmembrane and intracellular signaling domains of either CD3ζ or FcRγ (scFv-CD3ζ or scFv- FcRγ; see U.S. Patent No.7,741,465; U.S. Patent No. 5,912,172; U.S. Patent No.5,906,936). Second-generation CARs incorporate the intracellular domains of one or more costimulatory molecules, such as CD28, OX40 (CD134), or 4-1BB (CD137) within the endodomain (for example scFv-CD28/OX40/4-1BB-CD3ζ; see U.S. Patent Nos.8,911,993; 8,916,381; 8,975,071; 9,101,584; 9,102,760; 9,102,761). Third-generation CARs include a combination of costimulatory endodomains, such a CD3ζ-chain, CD97, GDI la-CD18, CD2, ICOS, CD27, CD154, CDS, OX40, 4-1BB, or CD28 signaling domains (for example scFv-CD28-4-1BB-CD3ζ or scFv-CD28-OX40-CD3ζ; see U.S. Patent No.8,906,682; U.S. Patent No.8,399,645; U.S. Pat. No.5,686,281; PCT Publication No. WO2014134165; PCT Publication No. WO2012079000). Alternatively, co-stimulation can be orchestrated by expressing CARs in antigen-specific T cells, chosen so as to be activated and expanded following engagement of their native αβTCR, for example by antigen on professional antigen-presenting cells, with attendant co-stimulation. Any of the first, second, or third generation CARs described above can be used in accordance with the disclosed compositions and methods. In some forms, the gene of interest within a transposon encodes a CAR targeting one or more antigens specific for cancer, an inflammatory disease, a neuronal disorder, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, a cardiovascular disease, an infectious disease, an autoimmune disease, or combinations thereof. One of skill in the art, based on general knowledge in the field and/or routine experimentation would be able to determine the appropriate antigen to be targeted by a CAR for a specific disease, disorder or condition. a. Cancer-specific CARs In some forms, the genetically-modified CAR-NK cells include a CAR component that targets a cancer antigen. Exemplary antigens specific for cancer that could be targeted by the CAR include, but are not limited to, 4-1BB, 5T4, adenocarcinoma antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, BAFF, B-lymphoma cell, C242 antigen, CA-125, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA-IX), C-MET, CCR4, CD 152, CD 19, CD20, CD200, CD22, CD221, CD23 (IgE receptor), CD28, CD30 (TNFRSF8), CD33, CD4, CD40, CD44 v6, CD51, CD52, CD56, CD74, CD80, CEA, CNT0888, CTLA-4, DR5, EGFR, EpCAM, CD3, FAP, fibronectin extra domain-B, folate receptor 1, GD2, GD3 ganglioside, glycoprotein 75, GPNMB, HER2/neu, HGF, human scatter factor receptor kinase, IGF-1 receptor, IGF-I, IgGl, Ll-CAM, IL-13, IL-6, insulin-like growth factor I receptor, integrin α5β1, integrin ανβ3, MORAb-009, MS4A1, MUC1, mucin CanAg, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, NPC-1C, PDGF-R a, PDL192, phosphatidylserine, prostatic carcinoma cells, RANKL, RON, ROR1, SCH 900105, SDC1, SLAMF7, TAG-72, tenascin C, TGF beta 2, TGF-β, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, tumor antigen CTAA16.88, VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, VEGFR2, vimentin, and combinations thereof. In preferred forms, the CAR targets CD19, CD22, or both CD19 and CD22. Exemplary antigens specific for an inflammatory disease that could be targeted by the CAR include, but are not limited to, AOC3 (VAP-1), CAM-3001, CCL11 (eotaxin-1), CD 125, CD 147 (basigin), CD 154 (CD40L), CD2, CD20, CD23 (IgE receptor), CD25 (a chain of IL-2 receptor), CD3, CD4, CD5, IFN-a, IFN-γ, IgE, IgE Fc region, IL-1, IL-12, IL-23, IL-13, IL-17, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-4, IL-5, IL-5, IL-6, IL-6 receptor, integrin a4, integrin α4β7, Lama glama, LFA-1 (CD 11a), MEDI-528, myostatin, OX-40, rhuMAb β7, scleroscin, SOST, TGF beta 1, TNF-a, VEGF-A, and combinations thereof. Exemplary antigens specific for a neuronal disorder that could be targeted by the CAR include, but are not limited to, beta amyloid, MABT5102A, and combinations thereof. Exemplary antigens specific for diabetes that could be targeted by the CAR include, but are not limited to, L-Ι β, CD3, and combinations thereof. Exemplary antigens specific for a cardiovascular disease that could be targeted by the CAR include, but are not limited to, C5, cardiac myosin, CD41 (integrin alpha-lib), fibrin II, beta chain, ITGB2 (CD 18), sphingosine-1 -phosphate, and combinations thereof. Exemplary antigens specific for an infectious disease that could be targeted by the CAR include, but are not limited to, anthrax toxin, CCR5, CD4, clumping factor A, cytomegalovirus, cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B, endotoxin, Escherichia coli, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B virus, HIV-1, Hsp90, Influenza A hemagglutinin, lipoteichoic acid, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rabies virus glycoprotein, respiratory syncytial virus, TNF-a, and combinations thereof. In preferred forms, the CAR targets one or more antigens selected from an antigen listed in Table 1. Table 1. Non-limiting examples of CAR targets D. Compositions of Genetically Modified NK Cells In some forms, the NK Cells modified according to the described compositions and systems are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration in vivo. For example, in some forms, pharmaceutical compositions include a plurality of genetically modified NK cells combined with excipients and/or other reagents suitable for administration to a subject in the form of a “living drug” or therapeutic agent. In some forms, a plurality of NK cells (that may or may not express a chimeric antigen receptor) genetically modified according to the methods are combined with excipients and/or other reagents suitable for administration to a subject to provide a NK cell therapy for a subject in need thereof. In some forms, compositions containing NK and/or CAR NK cells include between about 10 4 and about 10 9 cells per kg body weight of the intended recipient (i.e., between 7x 10 5 and 7x10 10 cells for an average adult), preferably 10 5 to 10 7 cells/kg body weight, including all integer values within those ranges. Pharmaceutical compositions containing a genetically modified NK cell, or a population of genetically modified NK cells are provided. In some forms, the pharmaceutical compositions include one or more of a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, carrier, diluent, or excipients. In some forms, the pharmaceutical compositions include a specific number or population of cells, for example, expanded by culturing and expanding an isolated genetically modified NK cell (e.g., Calhm2 KO/CAR NK cell), e.g., a homogenous population. Therefore, in some forms, pharmaceutical compositions include a homogenous population of modified NK cells. In other forms, the pharmaceutical compositions include populations of cells that contain variable or different genetically modified NK cells, e.g., a heterogeneous population. In some forms, the pharmaceutical compositions include CAR-NK cells that are bispecific or multi-specific. In some forms, the NK cells have been isolated from a diseased or healthy subject prior to genetic modification. Introduction of gene editing compositions (e.g., more AAV-sgRNA vectors) to the NK cell can be performed ex vivo. The term “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” describes a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle that is involved in carrying or transporting a compound of interest from one tissue, organ, or portion of the body to another tissue, organ, or portion of the body. For example, in some forms the carrier is a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material, or a combination thereof. Each component of the carrier must be “pharmaceutically acceptable” in that it must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation. It must also be suitable for use in contact with any tissues or organs with which it may come in contact, meaning that it must not carry a risk of toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or any other complication that excessively outweighs its therapeutic benefits. In some forms, pharmaceutical compositions include buffers such as neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline and the like; carbohydrates such as glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans, mannitol; proteins; polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine; antioxidants; chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione; adjuvants (e.g., aluminum hydroxide); and preservatives. The pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated for delivery via any route of administration. The term “Route of administration” can refer to any administration pathway known in the art, including but not limited to aerosol, nasal, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, inhalation, transmucosal, transdermal, parenteral, implantable pump, continuous infusion, topical application, capsules and/or injections. The pharmaceutical compositions are preferably formulated for intravenous administration. Typically, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions are administered in a manner appropriate to a disease to be treated (or prevented). The quantity and frequency of administration is typically determined by such factors as the condition of the patient, and the type and severity of the patient's disease, although appropriate dosages can be determined by clinical trials. The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions can be delivered in a therapeutically effective amount. The precise therapeutically effective amount is that amount of the composition that will yield the most effective results in terms of efficacy of treatment in a given subject. This amount will vary depending upon a variety of factors, including but not limited to the characteristics of the therapeutic compound (including activity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and bioavailability), the physiological condition of the subject (including age, sex, disease type and stage, general physical condition, responsiveness to a given dosage, and type of medication), the nature of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or carriers in the formulation, and the route of administration. One skilled in the clinical and pharmacological arts will be able to determine a therapeutically effective amount through routine experimentation, for instance, by monitoring a subject's response to administration of a compound and adjusting the dosage accordingly. For additional guidance, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Gennaro ed.20th edition, Williams & Wilkins PA, USA) (2000). III. Methods of Screening/Producing Genetically Modified NK Cells Methods for screening genes associated with the membrane and surface of NK cells to identify candidate targets that enhance the anti-cancer efficacy of NK cells have been developed. Methods for providing genetically modified NK cells based on data obtained from the screening methods are also provided. Methods of formulating pharmaceutical formulations including genetically modified NK cells for treating diseases and disorders are also provided. Methods of treating diseases and disorders in a subject in need thereof by administering formulations of genetically modified NK cells to the subject are also described. A. Perturbomics Screening of NK cells A high-throughput gene perturbation screen for highly efficient identification and engineering of therapeutic NK cells has been established. In some forms, the screen identifies genes whose perturbation enhances the anti-tumor properties of NK cells. The methods employ a library of sgRNAs designed to target membrane and cell-surface components of NK cells to knock-out the genes through CRISPR-based gene editing. The methods combine the AAV vector-encapsulated sgRNAs and CRISPR components into one composite system. Typically, the methods introduce user-defined genetic modifications into NK cells in a controllable and highly efficient manner to target one or more genes. The gene or genes that are targeted can be transcriptionally repressed and/or translationally repressed and/or undergo targeted degradation and/or targeted by other targeting methods. Other targeting methods include, but are not limited to, dCas9 coupled with transcriptional repressors, antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and the like. In some forms, the methods include stimulating a NK cell by contacting the NK cell with a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of at least one gene selected from TGA1/CD49A, ITGA2/CD49B, ITGA3/CD49C, SPN/CD43KLRK1/NKG2D, CD27, TIGIT, PDCD1/PD-1, LAG3 VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, and CALHM2. In certain forms, the inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of an antibody, an siRNA, and a CRISPR system. In certain embodiments the CRISPR system includes a Cas9, and at least one sgRNA complementary to TGA1/CD49A, ITGA2/CD49B, ITGA3/CD49C, SPN/CD43KLRK1/NKG2D, CD27, TIGIT, PDCD1/PD-1, LAG3 VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, or CALHM2. In some forms, the methods perform genome editing and screening of a NK cell for a mutation in vitro. An exemplary method includes contacting the NK cell with Cas9 and an AAV library. In some forms, the AAV library (AAV-SurfV2) includes a plurality of vectors, whereby each vector includes an expression cassette for an sgRNA including a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-61,911 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2). According to the methods, the NK cell undergoes genome editing and is then screened for a mutation in vitro. In some forms, the methods edit the genome and screen NK cells for a mutation in vivo. For example, in some forms, the methods contact an NK cell with Cas9 and an AAV library including a plurality of vectors, each of which includes an expression cassette for an sgRNA including a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-61,911 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2). In some forms, the methods contact an NK cell with Cas9 and an AAV library (AAV-sgRNA) including a plurality of vectors, wherein each vector includes an expression cassette for an sgRNA including a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 61,912-69,747 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2). In some forms, the methods contact an NK cell with Cas9 and an AAV library (AAV-sgRNA) including a plurality of vectors, wherein each vector includes an expression cassette for an sgRNA including a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-69,747 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2). The methods modify the NK cell in vitro and administer the NK cell to a subject and the NK cell is screened for a mutation in vivo. In certain forms the sgRNA is complementary to/targets at least one gene selected from TGA1/CD49A, ITGA2/CD49B, ITGA3/CD49C, SPN/CD43KLRK1/NKG2D, CD27, TIGIT, PDCD1/PD-1, LAG3 VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, or CALHM2. In some forms, the methods include one or more steps for identifying and isolating or selecting genetically modified NK cells having one or more desirable characteristics. The desirable characteristics can be phenotypic, such as reduced exhaustion, enhanced tumor penetration, reduced apoptosis, enhanced tumor killing, etc. All the characteristics of genetically modified NK cells can be compared to a control NK cell or population of control NK cells. Methods for assessing phenotypic characteristics of cells are known to those skilled in the art. In an exemplary form, the methods identify genetically modified NK cells having enhanced tumor killing efficacy. In some forms, the methods include one or more steps for genetically characterizing the genetically modified NK cells that are identified as having one or more desirable characteristics. Identifying the genetically modified NK cells can include any method commonly known to one of ordinary skill in the art including but not limited to methods of nucleotide sequencing, sgRNA PCR, and/or flow cytometry. Nucleotide sequencing or “sequencing”, as it is commonly known in the art, can be performed by standard methods commonly known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In certain forms, sequencing is performed via next-generation sequencing. Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, describes a number of different modem sequencing technologies that allow sequencing of DNA and RNA much more quickly and cheaply than Sanger sequencing. B. Exemplary Methods for Identifying Anti-Cancer NK Cells An exemplary screening method is set forth in Figure 1. Typically, the methods include one or more steps as follows: i. Provide the library of sgRNAs configured to target and perturb membrane bound genes in NK cells (e.g., Surf-V2); ii. Clone the library into a viral vector including the SB transposon system; iii. Transfer the vector into the target NK cell population; iv. Screen the mutated NK cells for desired phenotypes. In an exemplary form, the methods screen the modified cells by injection into a tumor-bearing animal model and identify animals with enhanced survival/reduced tumor burden. For example, in some forms, the methods isolate target NK cells from the tumor, and characterize the most abundant mutants within the isolated NK cells, e.g., using single cell transcriptome analysis. The methods optionally sequence the pool of selected KO mutants and repeat the screen steps using only best sgRNAs for one or more additional rounds. As described in the Examples, methods for perturbomics screening using the AAV-Surf-v2 viral library including one or more of SEQ ID NOs:1-61,911 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2) was successful to identify mutant NK cells that enhance the anti-cancer activity of NK cells. In an exemplary method, AAV-CRISPR screening is performed using naïve NK cells isolated from a subject. In some forms, between 1x10 6 and 5x10 7 Cas9+ NK cells are transduced with an AAV-Surf-v2 viral library including one or more of SEQ ID NOs:1-61,911 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2). In some forms, the methods screen for anti-cancer activity using cancer cells in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. In an exemplary form, the methods screen the NK cells for anti-tumor activity using in vivo using an animal model. An exemplary animal model is a syngeneic mouse model of melanoma, GBM, and colon cancer. Methods for establishing mouse models of diseases such as cancer are known in the art. In exemplary forms, the methods include subcutaneous injection of native B16F10, GL261, and Pan02 into different experimental animals to establish four different cancer models. In an exemplary form, syngeneic mouse models of breast cancer are established by fat-pad injection of E0771 cells into C57BL/6J mice. In an exemplary form the methods introduce AAV-Surf-v2 infected NK cells via adoptive cell transfer into the models (e.g., tumor burden mice) via i.v. (tail vein) injection. In an exemplary method, four screen models are performed, using B16F10 melanoma and E0771 breast cancer models, and GL261 GBM and Pan02 colon cancer models. The methods typically include one or more controls, e.g., by injecting wild-type/non-modified NK cells. In some forms, the methods investigate the resulting effects upon the tumors within the model animals, for example, by investigation of tumor tissues removed up to 24 days post tumor inoculation. The NK cell screen is different from T cell or other screen due to the distinct biology, culture condition, gene editing and the nature of the NK cell type. IV. Methods of Treatment Methods of treatment including administering the genetically modified NK cells as therapeutic agents are described. In preferred embodiments, the methods include Adoptive Cell Therapy (ACT) employing the genetically modified NK cells prepared according to the described methods for screening and genetic manipulation of NK cells. An exemplary method involves treating a subject (e.g., a human) having a disease, disorder, or condition by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including genetically modified NK cells prepared according to the described methods and compositions. In some forms, the methods treat a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition associated with an elevated expression or specific expression of an antigen by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including NK cells modified according to the disclosed methods. In some forms, the methods treat a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition associated with an elevated expression or specific expression of an antigen by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including genetically modified NK cells modified to exhibit one or more characteristics that enhance the therapeutic activities of the NK cells in the context of the disease or disorder that is to be treated. Methods of treating a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition including administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including live, viable NK cells engineered to enhance therapeutic efficacy are provided. In exemplary forms, the methods treat a subject having cancer by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including live, viable NK cells engineered to knock down or knock out expression of one or more genes selected from TGA1/CD49A, ITGA2/CD49B, ITGA3/CD49C, SPN/CD43KLRK1/NKG2D, CD27, TIGIT, PDCD1/PD-1, LAG3 VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, or CALHM2. In exemplary forms, the methods treat a subject having cancer by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including live, viable NK cells engineered to knock down or knock out expression of CALHM2. In some forms, the methods treat a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition associated with an elevated expression or specific expression of an antigen. In some forms, the methods include administering to the subject an effective amount of a genetically modified NK cell modified to express a CAR that targets the antigen. In some forms, the methods screen and/or genetically modify a NK cell that is a CAR-NK cell. Therefore, in some forms, the methods treat a subject having cancer by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including live, viable CAR-NK cells engineered to knock down or knock out expression of one or more genes selected from TGA1/CD49A, ITGA2/CD49B, ITGA3/CD49C, SPN/CD43KLRK1/NKG2D, CD27, TIGIT, PDCD1/PD-1, LAG3 VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, or CALHM2. In some forms, the methods treat a subject having cancer by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including live, viable CAR NK cells engineered to knock down or knock out expression of CALHM2, and/or having diminished or no function of the CALHM2 gene product. The NK cell can have been isolated from the subject having the disease, disorder, or condition, or from a healthy donor, prior to genetic modification. A. Diseases to be treated Methods of treating a subject having a disease or disorder are provided. Typically, the methods administer the genetically modified NK cells and/or CAR NK cells to the subject in an amount effective to treat and/or prevent the disease, or disorder. The subject to be treated can have a disease, disorder, or condition such as but not limited to, cancer, an immune system disorder such autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disease, a neuronal disorder, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, a cardiovascular disease, an infectious disease, or combinations thereof, or can be identified as being at increased risk of developing the disease or disorder. The disease, disorder, or condition can be associated with an elevated expression or specific expression of an antigen. In some forms, the methods treat or prevent cancer and/or autoimmune disease in a subject in need thereof. 1. Cancer In some forms, the methods treat or prevent a cancer in a subject. Cancer is a disease of genetic instability, allowing a cancer cell to acquire the hallmarks proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg, including (i) self-sufficiency in growth signals; (ii) insensitivity to anti-growth signals; (iii) evading apoptosis; (iv) sustained angiogenesis; (v) tissue invasion and metastasis; (vi) limitless replicative potential; (vii) reprogramming of energy metabolism; and (viii) evading immune destruction (Cell.,144:646–674, (2011)). Tumors, which can be treated in accordance with the disclosed methods, are classified according to the embryonic origin of the tissue from which the tumor is derived. Carcinomas are tumors arising from endodermal or ectodermal tissues such as skin or the epithelial lining of internal organs and glands. Sarcomas, which arise less frequently, are derived from mesodermal connective tissues such as bone, fat, and cartilage. The leukemias and lymphomas are malignant tumors of hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow. Leukemias proliferate as single cells, whereas lymphomas tend to grow as tumor masses. Malignant tumors may show up at numerous organs or tissues of the body to establish a cancer. Methods of treating a subject having cancer, including administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including live, viable NK cells and/or CAR NK cells engineered to knock down or knock out expression of one or more genes selected from TGA1/CD49A, ITGA2/CD49B, ITGA3/CD49C, SPN/CD43KLRK1/NKG2D, CD27, TIGIT, PDCD1/PD-1, LAG3 VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, or CALHM2 are provided. In exemplary forms, the methods treat a subject having cancer by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including live, viable NK cells and/or CAR NK cells engineered to knock down or knock out expression of CALHM2. The NK cell can have been isolated from the subject having the cancer, or from a healthy donor, prior to genetic modification. Table 2 provides a non-limiting list of cancers for which the CAR of the disclosed methods and compositions can target a specific or an associated antigen. Table 2. The disclosed compositions and methods can be used in the treatment of one or more cancers provided in Table 2. The disclosed compositions and methods of treatment thereof are generally suited for treatment of carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas and leukemias. The described compositions and methods are useful for treating, or alleviating subjects having benign or malignant tumors by delaying or inhibiting the growth/proliferation or viability of tumor cells in a subject, reducing the number, growth or size of tumors, inhibiting or reducing metastasis of the tumor, and/or inhibiting or reducing symptoms associated with tumor development or growth. The types of cancer that can be treated with the provided compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, cancers such as vascular cancer such as multiple myeloma, adenocarcinomas and sarcomas, of bone, bladder, brain, breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, kidney, liver, lung, nasopharangeal, pancreatic, prostate, skin, stomach, and uterine. In some forms, the compositions are used to treat multiple cancer types concurrently. The compositions can also be used to treat metastases or tumors at multiple locations. Exemplary tumor cells include, but are not limited to, tumor cells of cancers, including leukemias including, but not limited to, acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemias such as myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, erythroleukemia leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic leukemias such as, but not limited to, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia; polycythemia vera; lymphomas such as, but not limited to, Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s disease; multiple myelomas such as, but not limited to, smoldering multiple myeloma, nonsecretory myeloma, osteosclerotic myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, solitary plasmacytoma and extramedullary plasmacytoma; Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia; monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; benign monoclonal gammopathy; heavy chain disease; bone and connective tissue sarcomas such as, but not limited to, bone sarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor, fibrosarcoma of bone, chordoma, periosteal sarcoma, soft-tissue sarcomas, angiosarcoma (hemangiosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, neurilemmoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma; brain tumors including, but not limited to, glioma, astrocytoma, brain stem glioma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, nonglial tumor, acoustic neurinoma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, meningioma, pineocytoma, pineoblastoma, primary brain lymphoma; breast cancer including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, lobular (small cell) carcinoma, intraductal carcinoma, medullary breast cancer, mucinous breast cancer, tubular breast cancer, papillary breast cancer, Paget’s disease, and inflammatory breast cancer; adrenal cancer, including, but not limited to, pheochromocytom and adrenocortical carcinoma; thyroid cancer such as but not limited to papillary or follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer; pancreatic cancer, including, but not limited to, insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, vipoma, somatostatin-secreting tumor, and carcinoid or islet cell tumor; pituitary cancers including, but not limited to, Cushing’s disease, prolactin-secreting tumor, acromegaly, and diabetes insipius; eye cancers including, but not limited to, ocular melanoma such as iris melanoma, choroidal melanoma, and ciliary body melanoma, and retinoblastoma; vaginal cancers, including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and melanoma; vulvar cancer, including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, sarcoma, and Paget’s disease; cervical cancers including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma; uterine cancers including, but not limited to, endometrial carcinoma and uterine sarcoma; ovarian cancers including, but not limited to, ovarian epithelial carcinoma, borderline tumor, germ cell tumor, and stromal tumor; esophageal cancers including, but not limited to, squamous cancer, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cyctic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, plasmacytoma, verrucous carcinoma, and oat cell (small cell) carcinoma; stomach cancers including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, fungating (polypoid), ulcerating, superficial spreading, diffusely spreading, malignant lymphoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and carcinosarcoma; colon cancers; rectal cancers; liver cancers including, but not limited to, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma, gallbladder cancers including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma; cholangiocarcinomas including, but not limited to, papillary, nodular, and diffuse; lung cancers including, but not limited to, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid carcinoma), adenocarcinoma, large-cell carcinoma and small-cell lung cancer; testicular cancers including, but not limited to, germinal tumor, seminoma, anaplastic, classic (typical), spermatocytic, nonseminoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma carcinoma, choriocarcinoma (yolk-sac tumor), prostate cancers including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma; penal cancers; oral cancers including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma; basal cancers; salivary gland cancers including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenoidcystic carcinoma; pharynx cancers including, but not limited to, squamous cell cancer, and verrucous; skin cancers including, but not limited to, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo malignant melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma; kidney cancers including, but not limited to, renal cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, hypernephroma, fibrosarcoma, transitional cell cancer (renal pelvis and/ or uterer); Wilms’ tumor; bladder cancers including, but not limited to, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, and carcinosarcoma. For a review of such disorders, see Fishman et al., 1985, Medicine, 2d Ed., J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and Murphy et al., 1997, Informed Decisions: The Complete Book of Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery, Viking Penguin, Penguin Books U.S.A., Inc., United States of America). 2. Other Disease or Disorders In some forms the methods administer genetically modified NK cells and/or CAR-NK cells to treat one or more non-cancer disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof. For example, in some forms the methods treat one or more genetic disease or disorders in a subject, such as a hereditary genetic disease or disorder, or a somatic genetic disease or disorder in a subject. In some forms, the methods administer genetically modified NK cells and/or CAR-NK cells to treat or prevent an autoimmune disease or disorder in a subject. Any of the methods can include treating a subject having an underlying disease or disorder. For example, in some forms, the methods treat a disease or disorder, such as a cancer or auto-immune disease in a patient having another disease or disorder, such as diabetes, a bacterial infection (e.g., Tuberculosis), viral infection (e.g., Hepatitis, HIV, HPV infection, etc.), or a drug-associated disease or disorder. In some forms, the methods treat an immunocompromised subject. In some forms, the methods treat a subject having a disease of the kidney, liver, heart, lung, brain, bladder, reproductive system, bowel/intestines, stomach, bones or skin. B. Effective Amounts The effective amount or therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositions including modified cells, such as therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells, can be a dosage sufficient to treat, inhibit, or alleviate one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder, such as a cancer or autoimmune disease, or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect, for example, reducing, inhibiting, or reversing one or more of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms underlying a disease or disorder, such as cancer or autoimmune disease. In some forms, when administration of the pharmaceutical compositions including modified cells, such as therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells, elicits an anti-cancer response, the amount administered can be expressed as the amount effective to achieve a desired anti-cancer effect in the recipient. For example, in some forms, the amount of the pharmaceutical compositions including modified cells, such as therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells, is effective to inhibit the viability or proliferation of cancer cells in the recipient. In some forms, the amount of the pharmaceutical composition including modified cells, such as therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells, is effective to reduce the tumor burden in the recipient, or reduce the total number of cancer cells, and combinations thereof. In other forms, the amount of the pharmaceutical compositions including modified cells, such as therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells, is effective to reduce one or more symptoms or signs of cancer in a cancer patient, or signs of an autoimmune disease in a patient having an autoimmune disease or disorder. Signs of cancer can include cancer markers, such as PSMA levels in the blood of a patient. The effective amount of the pharmaceutical compositions including modified cells, such as therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells, that is required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, weight and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disorder being treated, and its mode of administration. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact amount for every pharmaceutical composition. However, an appropriate amount can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation given the teachings herein. For example, effective dosages and schedules for administering the pharmaceutical compositions including therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells can be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. In some forms, the dosage ranges for the administration of the compositions including therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells are those large enough to effect reduction in cancer cell proliferation or viability, or to reduce tumor burden for example. The dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as unwanted cross-reactions, anaphylactic reactions, and the like. Generally, the dosage will vary with the age, condition, and sex of the patient, route of administration, whether other drugs are included in the regimen, and the type, stage, and location of the disease to be treated. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any counter-indications. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of the composition including therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells used for treatment can increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage can result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays. Dosage can vary, and can be administered in one or more dose administrations daily, for one or several days. Guidance can be found in the literature for appropriate dosages for given classes of pharmaceutical products. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the subject or patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages can vary depending on the relative potency of individual pharmaceutical compositions and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. It can generally be stated that a pharmaceutical composition containing NK cells and/or CAR NK cells described herein can be administered at a dosage of 10 4 to 10 9 cells/kg body weight, preferably 10 5 to 10 7 cells/kg body weight, including all integer values within those ranges. In some forms, patients can be treated by infusing a disclosed pharmaceutical composition containing CAR expressing cells (e.g., genetically modified CAR NK cells lacking expression of the CALHM2 gene) in the range of about 10 4 to 10 12 or more cells per square meter of body surface (cells/m). The infusion can be repeated as often and as many times as the patient can tolerate until the desired response is achieved. Compositions of NK cells and/or CAR NK cells can also be administered once or multiple times at these dosages. The cells can be administered by using infusion techniques that are commonly known in immunotherapy (see, e.g., Rosenberg et al., New Eng. J. of Med.319:1676, 1988). The optimal dosage and treatment regime for a particular patient can readily be determined by one skilled in the art of medicine by monitoring the patient for signs of disease and adjusting the treatment accordingly. In some forms, the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for intravenous injection. In some forms, the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for oral administration. In some forms, the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for inhalation. In some forms, the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for intra-tumoral injection. Treatment can be continued for an amount of time sufficient to achieve one or more desired therapeutic goals, for example, a reduction of the amount of cancer cells relative to the start of treatment, or complete absence of cancer cells in the recipient. Treatment can be continued for a desired period of time, and the progression of treatment can be monitored using any means known for monitoring the progression of anti-cancer treatment in a patient. In some forms, administration is carried out every day of treatment, or every week, or every fraction of a week. In some forms, treatment regimens are carried out over the course of up to two, three, four or five days, weeks, or months, or for up to 6 months, or for more than 6 months, for example, up to one year, two years, three years, or up to five years. The efficacy of administration of a particular dose of the pharmaceutical compositions including modified cells, such as therapeutic T cells, according to the methods described herein can be determined by evaluating the aspects of the medical history, signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests that are known to be useful in evaluating the status of a subject in need for the treatment of cancer or other diseases and/or conditions. These signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests will vary, depending upon the particular disease or condition being treated or prevented, as will be known to any clinician who treats such patients or a researcher conducting experimentation in this field. For example, if, based on a comparison with an appropriate control group and/or knowledge of the normal progression of the disease in the general population or the particular individual: (1) a subject’s physical condition is shown to be improved (e.g., a tumor has partially or fully regressed), (2) the progression of the disease or condition is shown to be stabilized, or slowed, or reversed, or (3) the need for other medications for treating the disease or condition is lessened or obviated, then a particular treatment regimen will be considered efficacious. In some forms, efficacy is assessed as a measure of the reduction in tumor volume and/or tumor mass at a specific time point (e.g., 1-5 days, weeks, or months) following treatment. C. Modes of Administration Any of the disclosed genetically modified cells (e.g., genetically modified NK or CAR NK cells lacking expression of the CALHM2 gene) can be used therapeutically in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compositions described herein can be conveniently formulated into pharmaceutical compositions composed of one or more of the compounds in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, by E.W. Martin Mack Pub. Co., Easton, PA, which discloses typical carriers and conventional methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions that can be used in conjunction with the preparation of formulations of the therapeutics described herein and which is incorporated by reference herein. These most typically would be standard carriers for administration of compositions to humans. In one aspect, for humans and non-humans, these include solutions such as sterile water, saline, and buffered solutions at physiological pH. Other therapeutics can be administered according to standard procedures used by those skilled in the art. The pharmaceutical compositions including modified cells, such as therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells, described herein can include, but are not limited to, carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents and the like in addition to the therapeutic(s) of choice. Pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more modified cells, such as therapeutic T cells, and optionally one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Thus, for example, a pharmaceutical composition including modified cells, such as therapeutic NK cells and/or CAR NK cells, can be administered as an intravenous infusion, or directly injected into a specific site, for example, into or surrounding a tumor. Moreover, a pharmaceutical composition can be administered to a subject as an ophthalmic solution and/or ointment to the surface of the eye, vaginally, rectally, intranasally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example, by intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrarectal, intraarterial, intralymphatic, intravenous, intrathecal and intratracheal routes. In some forms, the compositions are administered directly into a tumor or tissue, e.g., stereotactically. Parenteral administration, if used, is generally characterized by injection. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. A more recently revised approach for parenteral administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system such that a constant dosage is maintained. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No.3,610,795, which is incorporated by reference herein. Suitable parenteral administration routes include intravascular administration (e.g., intravenous bolus injection, intravenous infusion, intra-arterial bolus injection, intra-arterial infusion and catheter instillation into the vasculature); peri- and intra-tissue injection (e.g., intraocular injection, intra-retinal injection, or sub-retinal injection); subcutaneous injection or deposition including subcutaneous infusion (such as by osmotic pumps); direct application by a catheter or other placement device (e.g., an implant including a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material). Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions which can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives can also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like. Administration of the pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more genetically modified cells (e.g., genetically modified NK or CAR NK cells lacking expression of the CALHM2 gene) can be localized (i.e., to a particular region, physiological system, tissue, organ, or cell type) or systemic. It is to be understood that the disclosed method and compositions are not limited to specific synthetic methods, specific analytical techniques, or to particular reagents unless otherwise specified, and, as such, can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. D. Combination therapy Any of the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions including modified cells, such as therapeutic NK cells (e.g., containing a population of genetically modified CAR NK cells lacking expression of the CALHM2 gene), can be used alone, or in combination with other therapeutic agents or treatment modalities, for example, chemotherapy or stem-cell transplantation. As used herein, “combination” or “combined” refer to either concomitant, simultaneous, or sequential administration of the therapeutics. In some forms, the pharmaceutical compositions and other therapeutic agents are administered separately through the same route of administration. In other forms, the pharmaceutical compositions and other therapeutic agents are administered separately through different routes of administration. The combinations can be administered either concomitantly (e.g., as an admixture), separately but simultaneously (e.g., via separate intravenous lines into the same subject; one agent is given orally while the other agent is given by infusion or injection, etc.,), or sequentially (e.g., one agent is given first followed by the second). Examples of preferred additional therapeutic agents include other conventional therapies known in the art for treating the desired disease, disorder or condition. In some forms, the therapeutic agent is one or more other targeted therapies (e.g., a targeted cancer therapy) and/or immune-checkpoint blockage agents (e.g., anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD1, and/or anti-PDL1 agents such as antibodies). The compositions and methods described herein may be used as a first therapy, second therapy, third therapy, or combination therapy with other types of therapies known in the art, such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, gene therapy, immunotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, stem cell transplantation, targeted therapy, cryotherapy, ultrasound therapy, photodynamic therapy, radio-frequency ablation or the like, in an adjuvant setting or a neoadjuvant setting. The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions and/or other therapeutic agents, procedures or modalities can be administered during periods of active disease, or during a period of remission or less active disease. The pharmaceutical compositions can be administered before the additional treatment, concurrently with the treatment, post- treatment, or during remission of the disease or disorder. When administered in combination, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions and the additional therapeutic agents (e.g., second or third agent), or all, can be administered in an amount or dose that is higher, lower or the same than the amount or dosage of each agent used individually, e.g., as a monotherapy. In certain forms, the administered amount or dosage of the disclosed pharmaceutical composition, the additional therapeutic agent (e.g., second or third agent), or all, is lower (e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%) than the amount or dosage of each agent used individually, e.g., as a monotherapy (e.g., required to achieve the same therapeutic effect). 1. Additional anti-cancer agents In some forms, the methods administer genetically modified NK or CAR NK cells lacking expression of the CALHM2 gene in combination with one or more additional anti-cancer agents to a subject. In the context of cancer, targeted therapies are therapeutic agents that block the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with specific molecules ("molecular targets") that are involved in the growth, progression, and spread of cancer. Many different targeted therapies have been approved for use in cancer treatment. These therapies include hormone therapies, signal transduction inhibitors, gene expression modulators, apoptosis inducers, angiogenesis inhibitors, immunotherapies, and toxin delivery molecules. Numerous antineoplastic drugs can be used in combination with the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions. In some forms, the additional therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic or antineoplastic drug. The majority of chemotherapeutic drugs can be divided into alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anthracyclines, plant alkaloids, topoisomerase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and other anti-tumor agents. 2. Additional therapeutic agents against Autoimmune diseases In some forms, the methods administer genetically modified NK or CAR NK cells lacking expression of the CALHM2 gene in combination with one or more conventional therapies for autoimmune diseases to the subject. Exemplary therapies for autoimmune diseases include immunosuppressive agents, such as steroids or cytostatic drugs, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory agents, such as methotrexate, leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine, and sulfasalazine. In some forms, the methods administer one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). In some forms, the methods administer one or more biologic agents for localized treatment (i.e., agents that do not affect the entire immune system), such as TNF-α inhibitors, belimumab and rituximab depleting B cells, T-cell co-stimulation blocker, anti- interleukin 6 (IL-6), anti-IL-1, and protein kinase inhibitors. In other forms, the methods also administer one or more monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as anti-TNFα, anti-CD19, anti-CD20, anti-CD22, and anti-IL6R, or other mAbs that target multiple B cell subtypes, and other aberrant cells in autoimmune diseases. V. Kits The compositions, reagents, and other materials for cellular genomic engineering can be packaged together in any suitable combination as a kit useful for performing, or aiding in the performance of, the methods. It is useful if the components in a kit are designed and adapted for use together in the method. For example, kits with one or more compositions for administration to a subject, may include a pre-measured dosage of the composition in a sterile needle, ampule, tube, container, or other suitable vessel. The kits may include instructions for dosages and dosing regimens. Provided are kits containing an sgRNA library, for example, including a multiplicity of RNAs having a spacer and tracrRNA backbone, the tracrRNA including one or more sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-69,747 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2). Optionally the kits include one or more of an AAV- CRISPR NK cell vector for efficient gene editing and high-throughput screening in NK cells (e.g., the vector including one or more of an antibiotic resistance sequence, two ITRs, two sleeping beauty (SB) IR/DR repeats, a RNA pol III promoter (e.g., U6), a promoter (EFS), a Thyl.l selection marker, an SB lO0x transposase, and a short poly A), a transposase enzyme (e.g., SB100X transposase) or a vector suitable for expressing the transposase enzyme, and instructional material for use thereof. In preferred forms, the kit includes a plurality of vectors, where each vector independently contains a single sgRNA having a spacer and tracrRNA backbone, the tracrRNA including one or more sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-69,747 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2). In some forms, the kit contains a population of NK cells (e.g., naive NK cells or CAR NK cells) collectively containing the AAV and/or dCas9. The instructional material can include a publication, a recording, a diagram, or any other medium of expression which can be used to communicate the usefulness of the compositions and methods of the kit. For example, the instructional material may provide instructions for methods using the kit components, such as performing transfections, transductions, infections, and conducting screens. In some forms, the kit includes a transposon including a CAR that is specific for an antigen that is selected from a cancer antigen selected from 41BB, 5T4, adenocarcinoma antigen, alpha fetoprotein, BAFF, B lymphoma cell, C242 antigen, CA 125, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA IX), C MET, CCR4, CD 152, CD 19, CD20, CD200, CD22, CD221, CD23 (IgE receptor), CD28, CD30 (TNFRSF8), CD33, CD4, CD40, CD44 v6, CD51, CD52, CD56, CD74, CD80, CEA, CNT0888, CTLA 4, DR5, EGFR, EpCAM, CD3, FAP, fibronectin extra domain B, folate receptor 1, GD2, GD3 ganglioside, glycoprotein 75, GPNMB, HER2/neu, HGF, human scatter factor receptor kinase, IGF 1 receptor, IGF I, IgGl, Ll CAM, IL 13, IL 6, insulin-like growth factor I receptor, integrin α5β1, integrin ανβ3, MORAb 009, MS4A1, MUC1, mucin CanAg, N glycolylneuraminic acid, NPC 1C, PDGF R a, PDL192, phosphatidylserine, prostatic carcinoma cells, RANKL, RON, ROR1, SCH 900105, SDC1, SLAMF7, TAG 72, tenascin C, TGF beta 2, TGF β, TRAIL R1, TRAIL R2, tumor antigen CTAA16.88, VEGF A, VEGFR 1, VEGFR2, and vimentin; in some forms, the CAR is bispecific or multivalent; in some forms, the CAR is anti CD19 or anti CD22, or both. Exemplary CARs include CD19BBz or CD22BBz. In exemplary forms, the kits include a viral vector that is AAV6 or AAV9, and/or cells. The disclosed compositions and methods can be further understood through the following numbered paragraphs. 1. A genetically modified Natural Killer (NK) cell, wherein at least one gene selected from the group including TGA1/CD49A, ITGA2/CD49B, ITGA3/CD49C, SPN/CD43, KLRK1/NKG2D, CD27, TIGIT, PDCD1/PD-1, LAG3, VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, and CALHM2 has been mutated in the cell. 2. The genetically modified NK cell of paragraph 1, wherein the mutation causes lack or reduction of the expression of one or more of the genes and/or the full-length protein(s) encoded by the gene(s). 3. The genetically modified NK cell of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein the mutation causes lack or reduction of the expression of one or more of the genes and/or the full- length protein(s) encoded by the gene(s) VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, and CALHM2, and wherein the mutation enhances the anti-cancer efficacy of the NK cell as compared to a non-genetically modified NK cell. 4. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the mutation causes lack or reduction of the expression of the CALHM2 gene and/or the full- length protein encoded by the CALHM2 gene. 5. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein at least one additional gene has been mutated in the cell. 6. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of paragraphs 1-5, wherein the NK cell expresses or encodes a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR). 7. The genetically modified NK cell of paragraph 6, wherein the CAR targets a cancer antigen. 8. The genetically modified NK cell of paragraph 7, wherein the cancer antigen is a neoantigen derived from a subject. 9. The genetically modified NK cell of paragraph 8, wherein the cancer antigen is selected from the group including 41BB, 5T4, adenocarcinoma antigen, alpha fetoprotein, BAFF, B lymphoma cell, C242 antigen, CA 125, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA IX), C MET, CCR4, CD 152, CD 19, CD20, CD200, CD22, CD221, CD23 (IgE receptor), CD28, CD30 (TNFRSF8), CD33, CD4, CD40, CD44 v6, CD51, CD52, CD56, CD74, CD80, CEA, CNT0888, CTLA 4, DR5, EGFR, EpCAM, CD3, FAP, fibronectin extra domain B, folate receptor 1, GD2, GD3 ganglioside, glycoprotein 75, GPNMB, HER2/neu, HGF, human scatter factor receptor kinase, IGF 1 receptor, IGF I, IgGl, Ll CAM, IL 13, IL 6, insulin-like growth factor I receptor, integrin α5β1, integrin ανβ3, MORAb 009, MS4A1, MUC1, mucin CanAg, N glycolylneuraminic acid, NPC 1C, PDGF R a, PDL192, phosphatidylserine, prostatic carcinoma cells, RANKL, RON, ROR1, SCH 900105, SDC1, SLAMF7, TAG 72, tenascin C, TGF beta 2, TGF β, TRAIL R1, TRAIL R2, tumor antigen CTAA16.88, VEGF A, VEGFR 1, VEGFR2, and vimentin. 10. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of paragraphs 1-9, wherein the NK is derived from a subject diagnosed as having, or who is identified as being at increased risk of having a disease or disorder. 11. The genetically modified NK cell of paragraph 10, wherein the subject is diagnosed as having, or is identified as being at increased risk of having cancer. 12. The genetically modified NK cell of any one of paragraphs 1-9, wherein the NK is derived from a healthy subject prior to the genetic modification. 13. A population of NK cells derived by expanding the genetically modified NK cell of any one of paragraphs 1-12. 14. A pharmaceutical composition including the population of NK cells of paragraph 13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, carrier, diluent or excipient for administration in vivo. 15. A method of treating a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition including administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 14. 16. A method of treating a subject having a disease, disorder, or condition associated with an elevated expression or specific expression of an antigen, the method including administering to the subject an effective amount of the population of genetically modified NK cells of paragraph 13, wherein the NK cells include a CAR that targets the antigen. 17. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, including administering to the subject an effective amount of a population of genetically modified NK cells, wherein at least one gene selected from the group including VNN3, CCR2, SLC2A8, PRNP, CD59B, CEACAM14, and CALHM2 has been mutated in the NK cell. 18. The method of paragraph 17, wherein the NK cell has been mutated to reduce or knock out the expression of CALHM2 and/or the full-length protein encoded by CALHM2. 19. The method of paragraph 17 or 18, wherein the NK cell expresses or encodes a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR). 20. The method of paragraph 19, wherein the CAR targets an antigen expressed by the cancer. 21. The method of any one of paragraphs 17-20, wherein the cancer is selected from the group including leukemia, vascular cancer such as multiple myeloma, adenocarcinomas and bone, bladder, brain, breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, kidney, liver, lung, nasopharangeal, pancreatic, prostate, skin, stomach, and uterine cancer. 22. The method of any one of paragraphs 17-21, wherein the cancer is triple negative breast cancer or glioblastoma. 23. The method of any one of paragraphs 15-22, wherein the NK cells are derived from the subject prior to genetic modification. 24. The method of any one of paragraphs 17-23, wherein the administration includes injection of the composition of cells into or directly adjacent to a tumor, or into the blood stream, or into the brain or into a ventricle of the heart of the subject. 25. The method of any one of paragraphs 17-24, further including administering to the subject one or more additional therapeutic agents and/or procedures. 26. The method of paragraph 25, wherein the additional treatment is selected from the group including a chemotherapeutic agent, and antimicrobial agent, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, a PD-I inhibitor, a CTLA-4 inhibitor, radiation treatment and surgery. 27. A method of performing genome perturbation screening of a Natural Killer (NK) cell, the method including: (i) contacting an NK cell with Cas9 and an sgRNA nucleic acid targeting membrane-bound molecules of Natural Killer (NK) cells, (ii) causing the NK cell to be genetically modified by CRISPR-mediated genome editing of a gene targeted by the sgRNA; and (iii) screening the NK cell for a mutation. 28. The method of paragraph 27, wherein the sgRNA includes (i) a guide sequence; and (ii) a tracrRNA including a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-69,747 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 29. The method of paragraph 27 or 28, wherein the sgRNA is included within a vector. 30. The method of paragraph 29, wherein the vector is an adeno-associated vector (AAV), and wherein the vector further includes an expression cassette for the sgRNA. 31. The method of any one of paragraphs 28-30, wherein steps (i)-(iii) are carried out using a plurality of NK cells, and wherein each of the plurality of NK cells is contacted by one or more sgRNAs including one or more of SEQ ID NOs:1-69,747 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 32. The method of paragraph 31, wherein the plurality of NK cells is collectively contacted by sgRNAs separately including all of the sequences of SEQ ID NOs:1-69,747 of the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 33. The method of any one of paragraphs 27-32, wherein the screening is carried out in vitro. 34. The method of any one of paragraphs 27-33, wherein the screening is carried out in vivo. 35. The method of paragraph 34, wherein the in vivo screening is carried out using a tumor-bearing animal model, and wherein the screening includes selecting genetically modified NK cells from animals with enhanced survival/reduced tumor burden as compared to control animals that did not receive the same genetically modified NK cells. 36. The method of any one of paragraphs 27-35, further including characterizing the mutant NK cell(s) by single cell transcriptome analysis. 37. The method of any one of paragraphs 27-36, further including characterizing the mutant NK cell(s) by sequence analysis to identify mutated genes. 38. The method of any one of paragraphs 27-37, further including repeating the methods using a selected pool of sgRNAs for one or more additional rounds. 39. A genetically modified NK cell created according to the method of any one of paragraphs 27-38. 40. A pharmaceutical composition including (i) a population of genetically modified NK cells derived by expanding the genetically modified NK cell of paragraph 39; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for administration in vivo. 41. A genetically modified Natural Killer (NK) cell including a mutation that causes lack or reduction of the expression of the CALHM2 gene and/or the full-length protein encoded by the CALHM2 gene in the cell as compared to a non-genetically modified NK cell, wherein the mutation enhances the anti-cancer efficacy of the genetically modified NK cell as compared to a non-genetically modified NK cell, and wherein the genetically modified NK cell expresses or encodes a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) that targets a cancer antigen. 42. The genetically modified NK cell of paragraph 41, wherein the cancer antigen is selected from 41BB, 5T4, adenocarcinoma antigen, alpha fetoprotein, BAFF, B lymphoma cell, C242 antigen, CA 125, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA IX), C MET, CCR4, CD 152, CD 19, CD20, CD200, CD22, CD221, CD23 (IgE receptor), CD28, CD30 (TNFRSF8), CD33, CD4, CD40, CD44 v6, CD51, CD52, CD56, CD74, CD80, CEA, CNT0888, CTLA 4, DR5, EGFR, EpCAM, CD3, FAP, fibronectin extra domain B, folate receptor 1, GD2, GD3 ganglioside, glycoprotein 75, GPNMB, HER2/neu, HGF, human scatter factor receptor kinase, IGF 1 receptor, IGF I, IgGl, Ll CAM, IL 13, IL 6, insulin-like growth factor I receptor, integrin α5β1, integrin ανβ3, MORAb 009, MS4A1, MUC1, mucin CanAg, N glycolylneuraminic acid, NPC 1C, PDGF R a, PDL192, phosphatidylserine, prostatic carcinoma cells, RANKL, RON, ROR1, SCH 900105, SDC1, SLAMF7, TAG 72, tenascin C, TGF beta 2, TGF β, TRAIL R1, TRAIL R2, tumor antigen CTAA16.88, VEGF A, VEGFR 1, VEGFR2, and vimentin. 43. The genetically modified NK cell of paragraph 41 or 42, wherein the genetically modified NK has increased tumor penetration and/or increased anti-tumor cytotoxicity as compared to a non-genetically modified NK cell. The disclosure will be further understood by reference to the following examples. EXAMPLES Example 1: Perturbomics Assay Library Design and Production In order to estimate the in vivo dynamics of pooled libraries, a barcoding screen of primary NK cell coverage was performed. Briefly, pooled libraries were constructed of 6 nt, 7 nt, 8 nt, and 9 nt random nucleotide barcoded libraries (AAV-SB-BC-N), which represent theoretical library sizes of 4,096, 16,384, 65,536 and 262,144 elements, respectively. Methods Design, synthesis and cloning of Barcoded libraries Libraries of 6, 7, 8, and 9-nt long barcodes were designed (AAV-SB-BC-6, AAV-SB-BC-7, AAV-SB-BC-8, and AAV-SB-BC-9, respectively) (or LibN6, LibN7, LibN8, and LibN9, for short), each including all nucleotide permutations to give rise to 4,096, 16,384, 65,536, and 262,144 barcode combinations, respectively. The oligo sequences were generated by the Yale Keck facility, and pooled oligos were cloned into double BbsI restriction digest sites of sgRNA vector by Gibson Assembly (NEB), after which, assembly products were transformed into high-efficiency competent cells (Endura) by electroporation. The vector used in this study was a hybrid AAV-SB-CRISPR plasmid for targeting primary mouse NK cells (AAV-SB100x) which is the same one for generating the AAV-SB-Surf-v2 plasmid library was. AAV-SB in vivo barcoding screen The AAV-barcoded libraries were packaged similarly to a previously described approach (Ye, L. et al., Cell Metab 34, 595-614.e514 (2022)). Naïve NK cells were isolated from the spleens of C57BL/6Ncr mice and cultured with cRPMI medium supplemented with mIL-2 and mIL-15 cytokines for 6 days in vitro. NK cells were transduced with AAV-barcoded viral libraries and cultured for another 4 days. The NK cells were then adoptively transferred into C57BL/6Ncr mice via intravenous (i.v.) tail vein injections, using 4e6 cells / mouse and 8 mice per barcode library. After 48 hours, spleens were extracted, and genomic DNA were isolated using previously described methods (Slattery, K. & Gardiner, Front Immunol 10, 2915 (2019)). AAV-SB-CRISPR and barcoding screen readout and sequencing Library readout was performed by nested PCR reactions to decrease the effect of PCR-amplification bias on the screen. The first-round PCR amplified the sgRNA sequence of the AAV-SB vector from genomic DNA (~2.5 μg per 50 μL reaction, 24 reactions per sample), and the second-round PCR added barcoded sequencing adapters (2 μL per 30 μL reaction, 6 reactions per sample). Primers for PCR#1 (including the following oligonucleotide sequences: Forward: 5’-aatggactatcatatgcttaccgtaacttgaaagtatttcg-3’ (SEQ ID NO:4); and Reverse: 5’-actcctttcaagacctagtcgacg-3’ (SEQ ID NO:5) were used. Each round of PCR was performed using the following thermocycler conditions: 98 °C for 1 min, 25 cycles of (98 °C for 1s, 60 °C for 5 s, 72 °C for 12 s), and 72 °C for 2 min. All PCR reactions were performed using Phusion Flash High Fidelity Master Mix. The final PCR products were pooled and normalized for each biological sample before combining individual biological samples. The pooled product (150 ng per sample) was then gel purified from a 2% E-gel EX (Life Technologies) using the QiaQuick Gel Extraction kit (Qiagen). The purified, pooled library was then quantified with a gel-based method using the Low-Range Quantitative Ladder (Life Technologies), dsDNA High- Sensitivity Qubit (Life Technologies), BioAnalyzer (Agilent), and/or qPCR. Libraries were sequenced with 5-20% PhiX using an Illumina NovaSeq 4000 sequencer at the Yale Center for Genomic Analysis (YCGA). Results AAV libraries (AAV-SB-BC-6, AAV-SB-BC-7, AAV-SB-BC-8, AAV-SB-BC- 9) were generated and used to infect, NK cells, and the cells were adoptively transferred into mice. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was then extracted from spleens two days-post- injection for sequencing (Fig.1A). NGS readout data revealed the library representation of all libraries in vivo and their correlations between mice and results from barcoded library representation analyses showed that, while all libraries have substantial fractions of the barcode pools being captured in vivo, there is a clear trend of decreased representation as the library size increases (Fig.1B). All plasmid and cell samples in all four libraries have full coverage (100%). With AAV-SB-BC-6 (theoretical library size of 4,096), the vast majority (>99.9%) of barcodes can be recovered in vivo in all mice; With AAV-SB-BC-7 (size of 16,384), all barcodes were recovered in vivo in 4/8 mice, while the remaining mice had >98.6% library recovery; With AAV-SB-BC-8 (size of 65,536), the in vivo barcode recovery is high (>93.5%) in 3/8 mice, while the remaining 5/8 mice still have a substantial fraction of in vivo barcode recovery (40-80%); With AAV-SB-BC-9 (size of 262,144), all mice have relatively low in vivo barcode recovery (7/8 mice < 25%, 1/8 mouse at 78.5%) (Figs.1B-1C). Given that AAV-SB-BC-9 has lost the majority of library in all mice, an in vivo screen with this size of library is challenging. While AAV-SB-BC-6 and AAV-SB-BC-7 have good coverage, their sizes are relatively small to target a meaningful gene set, given that guide RNA redundancy needs to be factored in a CRISPR library. Although AAV- SB-BC-8 has a certain inevitable library representation loss, a library of this size can still consistently be used to recover a substantial fraction of the library without selection pressure, as in this case, of all-theoretically-neutral barcodes in primary NK cells. While a depletion screen is impractical at this recovery rate, enrichment screens should be able to identify meaningful hits with strong selection and genetic perturbation phenotypes, despite partial library loss, even though the screen is not saturated, based on library representation (Bock, C. et al., Nature Reviews Methods Primers 2, 8 (2022); Chen, S. et al., Cell 160, 1246-1260 (2015); Chow, R.D. & Chen, S. Trends Cancer 4, 349-358 (2018); Song, C.-Q. et al. Gastroenterology 152, 1161-1173. e1161 (2017)). The results demonstrate that working with this library size (8 nt), a high-density CRISPR library can be designed with extensive sgRNA redundancy (>10 sgRNA / gene) to target collections of genes belonging to certain classes or annotated pathways (e.g., all surface proteins, all kinases / phoshatases, all transcription factors, all KEGG enzymes, etc.), in a relatively unbiased manner. Therefore, this library size represents a “sweet spot” of target range and in vivo coverage. Example 2: Establishment of Multi-model, high-density in vivo perturbomics assay for tumor infiltrating NK cells A perturbomics assay was established directly in primary NK cells, to systematically map thousands of genes for their quantitative effects in tumor infiltration, with a custom-designed high-density CRISPR library, targeting the surface proteome encoding genes embedded in an AAV-SB vector, in four different in vivo tumor models. Furthermore, the transcriptomic landscapes of tumor-infiltrating NK cells were characterized through single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of tumor-infiltrating NK cells. Next, an integrated analysis of the parallel functional genomics screens were leveraged and the multi-parameter single-cell transcriptomic investigation of NK tumor- infiltration, which identified Calhm2 as a convergent hit. Further in vitro, in vivo, and differential expression characterization showed that CALHM2/Calhm2 knockout enhanced the anti-tumor function in both mouse primary NK and human CAR-NK cells. Methods Mouse models Prior to all cancer-related experiments, each mouse was determined to be in good general health (BAR: bright, alert, and responsive). Female and male mice, aged 8-12 weeks, were used for all experiments. The specific mouse strains used for this study included constitutive Cas9-expression mice, known as Rsky/Cas9β mice (Rosa26-Cas9- 2A-EGFP in C57BL/6, B6), as well as C57BL/6, B6 CD45.1, and NOD-scid IL2R- gamma-null (NSG) mice. Each mouse strain was purchased from JAX and bred in-house for in vivo tumor model experiments. Cell lines NK-92 cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). NK-92 and CAR-NK92 cells were cultured with MEM-α (no nucleosides), supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 0.2 mM myo-inositol, 0.02 mM folic acid, 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 200 IU/ml human recombinant IL-2 (Biolegend), 12.5% FBS, 12.5% horse serum, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco, Life Technologies, America).293T human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells were bought from ATCC and cultured with DMEM, supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (D10 media). Human cancer cell lines (HT-29, MCF-7, MDA- MB-231, NALM6, and MM.1R) were infected with lentivirus with firefly luciferase and either puromycin or EGFP selection genes (pXD023 and pXD024 plasmids, respectively) to generate the GFP-Luciferase (GL) and Puromycin-Luciferase (PL) cell lines, used for the in vivo tumor assays. Adherent cancer cell lines were cultured in D10 media, while the leukemia cell lines (NALM6-GL and MM.1R-PL) were cultured in RPMI medium, supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Cancer- antigen overexpression models were used for indicated experiments, and these cell lines were generated by infection with CD22-Blasticidin, BCMA-Blasticidin or HER2- Blasticidin lentiviral vectors for NALM6-CD22-GL, MM.1R-BCMA-PL, and MCF7- HER2-PL, respectively. Mouse NK cells isolation and culture Spleens were dissected from B6.Rosa26-Cas9 (also noted as Rsky/Cas9β mice) or C57BL/6J mice and placed into ice-cold PBS supplemented with 2 % FBS. Lymphocytes were released by grinding organs through a 100 mm filter, washed with 2 % FBS, treated with 1 mL ACK lysis buffer (Lonza) per 2 spleens at 1-2 min at room temperature, neutralized with 2 % FBS, filtered through 40 mm filters, and then NK cell were purified using EasySep™ Mouse NK Cell Isolation Kit (Stem Cell), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. NK cells were cultured at 5e6 cells / mL density in plates or dishes with RPMI-1640 (Gibco) media with 10 % FBS, 2 mM L-Glutamine, 200 U / mL penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco), 49 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma) (cRPMI), supplemented with 50 ng / mL IL-2 (Biolegend), and 50 ng / mL IL-15 (Biolegend). Design, synthesis and cloning of AAV-SB-Surf-v2 CRISPR library A list of proteins in the human surface proteome was obtained from Bausch- Fluck et al67. The corresponding human genes were mapped to their mouse orthologous counterparts, for a total of 2867 genes. Exonic sequences for these mouse genes were obtained through Ensembl Biomart based on the mm10 genome assembly. Candidate Cas9 sgRNAs were then identified using FlashFry68, following default settings and using the scoring metrics “deonch2014ontarget”, “rank”, “minot”, “doench2016cfd”, and “dangerous”. With the resultant scoring matrix, sgRNAs were first filtered for those that did not have high GC content, no polyT tracts, and exactly one match in the mm10 genome. The sgRNAs targeting a given gene were then ranked by using the “doench2014ontarget” and “doench2016cfd” scores, by first converting each score to nonparametric ranks where high “doench2014ontarget” scores correspond to high ranks, while low “doench2016cfd” scores correspond to high ranks. The two nonparametric ranks were then added together, weighting the “doench2014ontarget” rank twice as heavily as the “doench2016cfd” rank. For final library design, all of the sgRNAs that are contained in the Brie library69 were first selected, then the composite ranks described above were used to choose the top scoring sgRNAs, up to a total of 20 sgRNAs per gene. The final set of on-target sgRNAs was composed of 56,911 sgRNAs targeting 2863 murine genes. A set of non-targeting control sgRNAs was designed by generating 500,000 random 20 nt sequences, followed by sgRNA scoring in FlashFry. The top 5000 non-targeting control sgRNAs were selected by choosing sgRNAs with a “doench2016cfd” score < 0.2 and < 100 total potential off-targets (maximum 4 mismatches). These 5000 control sgRNAs were added to the library, for a total of 61,911 sgRNAs. The oligo spacers for the surface-targeting gRNA library (Surf-v2) were generated by oligo array synthesis (CustomArray), PCR amplified, then oligos were cloned into double BbsI restriction digest sites of custom sgRNA vector by Gibson Assembly (NEB), after which, assembly products were transformed into high-efficiency competent cells (Endura) by electroporation (estimated library coverage = 233.6 fold). The custom sgRNA vector used in this study was a hybrid AAV-SB-CRISPR plasmid for targeting primary mouse NK cells (AAV-SB100x) that was constructed by gBlock fragments (IDT) followed by Gibson Assembly (NEB). The Surf-v2 library (sgRNAs of SEQ ID NOs:1-69,747 the sequence listing of WO 2020/028533 (mSurfeome2), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) was cloned into the AAV-SB- CRISPR vector by pooled cloning to generate the AAV-SB-Surf-v2 plasmid library. AAV production The AAV-SB-Surf-v2 and barcode libraries were packaged similarly to another described approach (Ye, et al. Cell Metab 34, 595-614.e514 (2022)) . Low-passage HEK293FT cells were used for AAV production. Briefly, two hrs before transfection, D10 medium (DMEM (Gibco) medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Sigma) and 200 U/mL penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco)) was replaced by pre-warmed DMEM (FBS-free). For each 15cm-plate, HEK293FT cells were transiently transfected with 5.4 μg transfer, 8.7 μg serotype (AAV6), and 10.4 μg packaging (pDF6) plasmids, using 130 μL PEI. After 6-12 hrs of transfection, DMEM was replaced with 20 mL pre-warmed D10 medium. Cells were dislodged and transferred to 50 mL Falcon tubes after 72 hr post- transfection. For AAV purification, 1/10 volume of pure chloroform was added and incubated at 37 °C with vigorously shake for 1 hr. NaCl was added to a final concentration of 1 M, shaking the mixture until all NaCl was dissolved, then pelleted at 20,000 x g at 4 °C for 15 min. The aqueous layer was gently transferred to another clean tube and discarded the chloroform layer.10% (w/v) of PEG8000 (Promega) was added and shaken the tubes until dissolved. The mixture was incubated on the ice for 1 hr followed by centrifugation at 20,000 x g at 4 °C for 15 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended with 5-15 mL PBS, 1 mM MgCl 2, and 250 U / ml Benzonase (Sigma), incubated at 37 °C for at least 30 min. One volume of chloroform was added, shaken vigorously, and spun down at 15,000 x g at 4 °C for 15 min. The aqueous layer was collected carefully and concentrated using AmiconUltra 100 kD ultracentrifugation units (Millipore). Virus was aliquoted and stored at -80 °C. To measure viral titer, RT-qPCR was performed using Taqman assays (ThermoFisher), targeted to the human EFS promoter engineered in the AAV vector. AAV-SB-Surf-v2 NK cell in vivo screen in syngeneic tumor models The AAV-CRISPR screen was performed with >400x coverage, in which > 5e7 Cas9+ NK cells were transduced with an approximate ~50% infectivity rate, using the AAV-Surf-v2 viral library (0.5 infectivity * 5e7 cells / 61,911 sgRNAs > 400-fold coverage). Naïve NK cells were isolated from the spleens of Rsky/Cas9β mice. Syngeneic mouse models of melanoma, GBM, and pancreatic cancers were setup with subcutaneous injections of 2e6 B16F10, 5e6 GL261, or 4e6 Pan02 cells, respectively. Syngeneic mouse models of breast cancer were established by fat-pad injections of 2e6 E0771 cells into C57BL/6J mice. AAV-Surf-v2-infected NK cells were adoptively transferred into tumor burden mice via i.v. tail vein injections. Four screen models were used with different endpoints: B16F10 melanoma and E0771 breast cancer models were euthanized by 20 days post tumor implantation (dpi), while GL261 GBM and Pan02 pancreatic cancer models were euthanized at 27 dpi and 24 dpi, respectively. For B16F10 melanoma and E0771 breast cancer models, 4e6 AAV-Surf-v2 infected NK cells were injected into 9 and 10 tumor-burden mice, respectively; 2e6 AAV-Surf-v2 infected NK cells were injected into 7 Pan02 pancreatic cancer and 11 GL261 GBM mouse models. Tissue processing and genomic DNA extraction Genomic DNA was extracted from spleens, dissected tumors, and pre-injected cell pellets using the methods from a previously study 82 . Briefly, each sample was put in a 15 mL Falcon tube and had 6 mL Lysis Buffer (50 mM Tris, 50 mM EDTA, 1% SDS, pH adjusted to 8.0) and 30 μL of 20 mg/mL Proteinase K (Qiagen) added, then incubated at 55 °C overnight. After tissue digestion, 30 μL of 10 mg/mL RNase A (Qiagen) was added to the lysed sample and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Digested tissues were cooled on ice before adding 2 mL cold 7.5 M ammonium acetate (Sigma) to precipitate proteins. Samples were mixed thoroughly and then centrifuged at 4,000 x g at 4 °C for 15 min. The supernatant was moved to a new 15 mL Falcon tube, 6 mL 100% isopropanol was added, and samples were centrifuged at 4,000 x g at 4 °C for 10 min. Genomic DNA pellets were washed once with 70% ethanol, and then centrifuged at 4,000 x g at 4 °C for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded, and remaining ethanol was removed using a pipette. Genomic DNA was air dried for 30-60 min, and then resuspended in 0.5-1 mL nuclease-free water overnight at room temperature. For cell pellets, 100-200 μL QuickExtract solution (Epicentre) was directly added to cells and incubated at 65 °C for 30 min. For mouse lymph nodes, QIAmp Fast DNA Tissue Kit (Qiagen) was used for gDNA extraction following the manufacturer’s protocol. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of tumor-infiltrating NK cells NK cells were isolated from the spleen C57BL/6J mice and expanded through in vitro culture. Syngeneic mouse models of melanoma and breast cancer model were set up with a subcutaneous injection of native B16F10 or a fat pad injection of E0771 cells into C57BL/6J mice. NK cells were adoptively transferred into tumor burden mice via i.v. (tail vein) injection. At 7 and 15 days after NK cells adoptively transferred, one mouse was sacrificed and the spleen and dissected tumor were collected. NKp46 and NK1.1 double positive NK cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), using FACS-Aria (BD). Sorted NK cells were counted and processed for single- cell RNA-sequencing library preparation by YCGA following manufacturer’s protocols. Lentivirus production Lentivirus was produced using low-passage HEK239FT cells. One day before transfection, HEK293FT or HEK293T cells were seeded in 15 cm-dish at 50-60 % confluency. Two hrs before transfection, D10 media was replaced with 13 mL pre- warmed Opti-MEM medium (Invitrogen). For each plate, 450 µL of Opti-MEM was mixed with 20 μg CAR containing plasmid, 15 μg psPAX2 (Addgene), 10 μg pMD2.G (Addgene) and 100 μL lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher). After a brief vortex, the mixture was incubated for 15 min at room temperature and then added dropwise to the cells. After 6 hrs of transfection, Opti-MEM media was replaced with 20 mL pre- warmed D10 media. Viral supernatant was collected at 48 hrs post-transfection, then filtered using 0.45 μm filters (Fisher / VWR) to remove cell debris, and then concentrated using AmiconUltra 100 kD ultracentrifugation units (Millipore). All virus was aliquoted and stored in -80 °C. CRISPR gene editing in NK92 cellsThe CRISPR-mediated knockout (KO) of CALHM2 and AAVS1 controls was performed by electroporation. Briefly, crRNA and tracrRNA were mixed in 1:1 ratio (final concentration 50 μM), heated at 95 °C for 5 min in a thermal cycler, then cooled to room temperature.3 μL HiFi Cas9 protein (61 μM; Invitrogen) was mixed with 2 μL Buffer R for each reaction (Neon Transfection System Kit, Invitrogen), then mixed with 5 μL annealed crRNA:tracrRNA duplex, incubated the mixture at room temperature for 15 min.3e6 of NK92 cells per reaction were resuspended in 100 μL Buffer R which included 10 μL RNP complex.100 μL of cell:RNP mixture was loaded into the Neon Pipette without bubbles. The electroporation parameter was set at 1600 V, 10 ms for 3 pulses. Cells were immediately transferred to a 24-well plate with pre-warmed media after electroporation. KO efficiency for each target was examined after 5 days with T7E1 assay. Lenti-α-BCMA-CAR and Lenti-α-HER2-CAR NK92 cell transduction Lentivirus was produced by HEK293T cells, and the supernatant was collected and precipitated using Lenti-X Concentrator (Takara). Lentiviral pellets were resuspended with NK92 complete culture media, then aliquoted and stored at -80°C. AAVS1-KO and CALHM2-KO NK92 cells were transduced with lentivirus at 1-2e6 cells / ml in a 12-well plate, which was pre-coated with Retronectin (Takara) in PBS, overnight at 4°C. The spin-infection was performed at 32°C at 900 x g for 90 min. The CAR-positive AAVS1-KO and CALHM2-KO NK92 cells were selected with 3 µg /mL puromycin for 3 days and measured at day 7, after transduction. Then CAR-NK92 cells were used for different assays. CAR-NK92 cytotoxicity assay To detect the cytotoxic capability of CALHM2-KO CAR-NK92 cells, cancer cell lines of NALM6-GL, MCF7-PL, MCF7-PL-HER2-OE, MDA-MB-231-PL, and MM.1R-PL were established as described above. The cancer cells were seeded in a 96- well plate first, then different Effector (NK92 cells): Target (cancer cells) ratio (E: T ratio) co-cultures were set up. Cytolysis was measured by adding 150 μg / mL D- Luciferin (PerkinElmer) using a multi-channel pipette. Luciferase intensity was measured by luminometer (PerkinElmer). CD107a degranulation assay CAR-NK92 cells and NK92 cells were suspended with fresh culture medium supplied with 2 nM monensin and anti-CD107a-PE antibody (BioLegend) (1:1000 dilution), and stimulated with MCF-7-PL cells with E: T ratio of 1:1 (CARNK92: MCF- 7-PL = 1:1) for 2 hrs, 4 hrs, and 6 hrs. At the end of co-culture, CARNK92 or NK92 cells were gently washed down with PBS and stained with anti-CD56-FITC for 30 min on ice, cells were analyzed using BD FACSAria. Bulk mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) library preparation The mRNA library preparations were performed using a NEBNext® Ultra™ RNA Library Prep Kit, and samples were multiplexed using barcoded primers provided by NEBNext® Multiplex Oligos for Illumina® (Index Primers Set 2). CALHM2-KO anti-HER2 CAR-NK92-hIL2 cells and AAVS1-KO anti-HER2-CAR-NK92-hIL2 cells were stimulated with HT29-PL cancer cells with 1:1 Effector (NK cells): Target (cancer cells) ratio.4 hrs later, CAR-NK92 cells were sorted out and subsequently went for RNA extraction and mRNA-seq library preparations. Libraries were sequenced using a Novaseq 4000 (Illumina). Western blot Cells were collected and washed with PBS to remove media.3e6 cells were lysed with RIPA lysis buffer and incubated on ice for 30 min, followed by centrifugation at 13,000 x g for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatant was collected for protein quantification. The total protein concentration was measured by Bradford Protein Assay (Bio-Rad), and a total of 30 μg protein per sample was loaded onto an SDS-PAGE gel (Bio-Rad). Proteins in the gel were transferred to Amersham Protran 0.45 μm NC Nitrocellulose Blotting membrane (GE Healthcare) after electrophoresis. Membranes were blocked with 5 % non-fat milk in TBS-T for 1 hr at room temperature, followed by the primary antibody incubation at 4 °C overnight, including α-CALHM2 polyclonal antibody (1:400) (Invitrogen, PA5-53219) and α-Vinculin Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal antibody (1:400) (Invitrogen, 700062). The membrane was washed with PBS-T 3 times, each for 10 min with agitation. The membrane was incubated with a goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) secondary antibody with HRP (1:2500~1:5000) (Invitrogen, 65-6120) for 1 hr at room temperature with agitation. The membrane was washed with PBS-T 3 times, each for 10 min with agitation. The membrane was treated with ECL substrate (Bio-Rad), and the relative levels of Calhm2/CALHM2 protein were quantified by greyscale analysis. In vivo animal experiments NOD-scid IL2R-gamma-null (NSG) mice were purchased from JAX and bred in- house. Eight-to-twelve-week-old male mice were inoculated with 2e6 HT29-GL cells through subcutaneous injection. After 12 days, 5e6 AAVS1-KO or CALHM2-KO anti- HER2-CAR-NK92-hIL2 were injected intravenously into tumor burden mice. In the following days, CAR-NK92 cells were treated once a week and sequentially for 3 weeks. Treatment dose and time-point were labelled in the appropriate figures (Fig.24). Tumor progression was evaluated by tumor volume measurement by caliper, calculated as the following formula: vol = pi/6 * length * width * height. All mice were sacrificed once they reached an endpoint according to the IACUC-approved protocols. In vivo tumor infiltration assay of Calhm2 KO mouse NK cells Syngeneic mouse models of breast cancer were established by injecting 1e6 E0771 cells into the fat-pads of CD45.1 mice. Tumor-bearing mice were randomly assembled into different treatment groups. At the same time, Naïve NK cells were isolated from the spleens of Cas9-expressing mice, transduced with AAV-Calhm2 and AAV-pLY017b vectors, separately, after 6 days of in vitro culture. Cells wre cultured for an additional 4 days in vitro before being adoptively transferred into tumor burden mice via tail vein injection (7e6 NK cells per mouse).2 days later, all mice were euthanized. Spleen and tumors were dissected and used for following assays. In vivo tumor infiltration assay of CALHM2 KO CAR NK cells NOD-scid IL2R-gamma-null (NSG) mice were purchased from JAX and bred in- house. Eight-to-twelve-week-old female mice were inoculated with 4e6 HT29-GL cells through subcutaneous injection. After 19 days, tumor-bearing mice were randomized into two groups that were treated with either 1e7 AAVS1-KO or CALHM2-KO anti- HER2-CAR-NK92-hIL2 intravenously. Mice were euthanized at 21 and 28 dpi, as indicated, and tumors and spleens were collected for flow cytometry analyses. All mice were sacrificed at 28 dpi. Isolation of splenocytes and TILs Mice were euthanized at indicated time point. Tumors and spleens were collected and kept in ice-cold 2% FBS. For spleens, they were placed in ice-cold 2% FBS and mashed through a 100-μm filter. Splenocytes were washed once with 2% FBS. Tumors were minced into 1- to 3-mm size pieces using a scalper and then digested using Collagenase IV for 30–60 min at 37 °C. Tumor suspensions were filtered through a 100- μm cell strainer to remove large bulk masses. Red blood cells were lysed with 1 mL ACK Lysis Buffer (Lonza) per spleen, 2 mL ACK Lysis Buffer (Lonza) per tumor sample by incubating 2–5 min at room temperature, which was followed by dilution with 10 ml 2% FBS and a pass through a 40-μm filter. Splenocytes were resuspended in 2% FBS buffer, counted for flow cytometry staining. Single-cell suspensions of tumors were used for flow cytometry staining. FACS analysis of tumor infiltrating NK cells Single tumor cell suspensions were prepared using the Collagenase IV digestion with the method described above. Tumor cells were blocked using anti-Fc receptor anti- CD16/CD32. Live cells were distinguished from dead cells in flow cytometry by staining with a LIVE/DEAD Fixable Near-IR Dead Cell Stain Kit, following the manufacturer’s instructions. For mouse NK cells, cells at a density of 107 ml –1 were stained with dimethyl sulfoxide-dissolved live/ dead staining dye and PE/Cy7 conjugated anti-CD3, FITC conjugated anti-NKp46, BV421 conjugated anti-CD45.2 antibody in MACS buffer (PBS + 0.5% BSA+2 mM EDTA) and incubated on ice for 30 min. Stained cells were washed three times before being analyzed on a BD FACSAria. For CAR NK cells, cells at a density of 107 ml –1 were stained with dimethyl sulfoxide-dissolved live/ dead staining dye and APC conjugated anti-human CD56 antibody in MACS buffer and incubated on ice for 30 min. Stained cells were washed three times, and resuspended in 200 μL MACS with 50 μL Precision Count Beads TM (Biolegend) before being analyzed on a BD FACSAria. Cell proliferation assay Cells were collected, counted, and adjusted to 1 e7 cells / ml with CellTraceTM Far Red staining (1:1000 dilution) staining solution. Cells were incubated at 37 °C for 20 mins. Complete cell culture medium was added, mixed and incubated at 37 °C for 5 mins. Cells were pelleted and resuspended in fresh, pre-warmed complete culture medium. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. CRISPR-KO screen data analyses Raw sequencing data were demultiplexed and trimmed to the spacer sequences using Cutadapt v3.2. The spacers were then aligned to the reference sgRNA library using Bowtie v1.3.0 (Langmead, et al., Genome Biology 10 (2009)) and aligned reads were compiled into a count matrix that was further processed in R using CRISPR-SAMBA, which uses a modified pipeline of the edgeR differential expression analysis (Lun, et al. Statistical Genomics: Methods and Protocols 1418, 391-416 (2016)) to calculate sgRNA enrichment, after which, sgRNA statistics are aggregated to acquire FDR-corrected p values and z-scores for each gene. For each tumor model, the CRISPR-SAMBA analysis was performed with tumor-infiltrating, splenic, and pre-injection control NK cell screen readout samples (default settings). Briefly, sample-variability of thesgRNA measurements was estimated as common and trended dispersion, representing dataset-wide variability and sgRNA mean- dispersion relationship, respectively. The estimated dispersion was used to fit to a quasi- likelihood (QL) generalized log-linear model (~ InVivo + Tumor, where InVivo is any tumor or spleen sample), and the unbiased raw dispersion was squeezed towards the estimated mean-dispersion abundance trendline to adjust for uncertainty, related to low sample numbers. The fitted QL models showed strong separation of InVivo and Tumor coefficients, based on heatmaps of the top 1000 highly-variable gRNAs (top trended dispersion). The sgRNA-level results were then determined with a QL-F test, using “Tumor” as the coefficient. Gene-level results were attained using a meta-analysis of the sgRNA-level results, including sgRNAs with log-FC values > the top 10% of non- targeting control sgRNAs, representing a 10% FDR, and a minimum of 2 sgRNAs were used per gene. The meta-analysis p values for each gene were calculated using the Fisher method (sum of logs), and the gene-level results were adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method. For subsequent analyses, enriched genes were those with an FDR-adjusted p value < 0.05 and an absolute z-score > 0.8. In addition, the enriched genes were narrowed down to include those with detectable expression in NK cells, based on 18 NK samples from the ImmGen project (GEO: GSE122597) (Aguilar, et al., Nature Immunology 21, 700-703 (2020); Benoist, et al., Nature Immunology 17, 741-741 (2016);Gal-Oz, et al. Nature Communications 10 (2019); Zemmour, et al., Nature Immunology 23, 643-644 (2022)). ImmGen NK count data were processed by calculating the log2-transformed (0.5 pseudocount) gene-averaged counts-per-million, and log-expression > 1 was considered detectable expression. Single cell profiling Splenocytes were collected from mice, and NK cells were purified by flow sorting, selecting NKp46+NK1.1+ cells with a FACSAria sorter. NK cells were then normalized to 1000 cells/μL. Standard volumes of cell suspension were loaded to achieve targeted cell recovery to 10000 cells. The samples were subjected to 14 cycles of cDNA amplification. Following this, gene expression (GEX), TCR-enriched and BCR- enriched libraries were prepared according to the manufacturer’s protocol (10x Genomics). All libraries were sequenced using a NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina) with 2x150 read length. Single cell transcriptomics data processing Single-cell RNA-seq data were pre-processed with Cell Ranger v6.0.1 (10x Genomics) pipeline, using a standard pipeline that aligned reads to the mm10 mouse reference transcriptome and aggregated multiple datasets with the “agg” function. The aggregated datasets were subsequently processed using the Seurat v4.0.5 package for the R statistical programming language (Satija, et al., Nat Biotechnol 33, 495-502 (2015)). More specifically, each dataset was filtered to include cells with (1) 200-2500 RNA features, (2) < 5% mitochondrial RNA, (3) < 0.1% expression of Kcnq1ot1 (representing low-quality cells) (Jordao, et al., Science 363, 365-+ (2019)), and (4) < 5% combined expression of Gm26917 and Gm42418 (representing rRNA contamination)(Liu, et al., Iscience 23 (2020)). Each dataset was then log-normalized, scaled, and integrated via the Stuart et al. method, using the reciprocal-PCA dimensional reduction, 2000 anchors, and k = 2080. Integrated data were rescaled, and dimensional reduction was performed by uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP)(Becht, et al., Nat Biotechnol (2018)) using the first 27 dimensions from PCA, which were chosen by the inflection point of an elbow plot. Cells were clustered in low-dimensional space by generating a shared nearest neighbor (SNN) graph (k = 20, first 27 PCs) with modularity optimized using the Louvain algorithm with multilevel refinement algorithm (resolution = 0.2), based on the best spatial separation of major immune populations cells via Cd3e, CD14, Cd19, Sdc1, Adgre1, Ncr1, Hbb-bs, Gypa, Pmel, H2-Aa, Ly6g, and Ptprc expression (>10% of cell population expresses > 1 log-scale expression). NK cells were subset, rescaled, visualized by UMAP as before (first 20 PCs used), and clustered (resolution = 0.4), based on the separation of NK subset markers (CD3e, Itgam, and CD27) and exhaustion markers (Lag3, Pdcd1, and/or Tox) via UMAP and violin plot. These same markers were also used to label the cell clusters as specific NK populations using the same method as above. The labeled NK cell populations were assessed for within-cluster homogeneity by (a) performing Wilcoxon rank sum analyses of scaled expression data in each cluster compared to all other cells, (b) selecting the top 100 DE genes for each cluster (FDR-adjusted p value < 0.01, absolute log-FC > 1, cluster detection rate > 20%), and (c) determining the presence of discreet cluster-specific transcriptional patterns by hierarchical clustering and heatmap visualization. Single-cell differential expression analyses Differential expression (DE) analyses of single-cell transcriptomics data were performed using a custom R pipeline, as previously described. Briefly, raw single-cell data were filtered to include genes with detectable expression in >= 5% of cells, and then filtered data were fit to Gamma-Poisson generalized log-linear models (GLMs) (Source Data Figs.11-13 and Source Data Figs.14A-15B) using the deconvolution method for the calculation of size factors83, 84. Differential expression analyses of fitted data were then assessed by empirical Bayes quasi-likelihood F (QLF) tests. GLM fitting and DE were performed using the glmGamPoi package for R83, assessing tumor-infiltration as the coefficients. For subsequent analyses, DE genes were those with an FDR-adjusted p value < 0.01 and an absolute log2 fold-change (log-FC) > 2. Bulk mRNA sequencing Bulk mRNA sequencing was performed in HT29-stimulated and unstimulated αHER2-CAR-NK cells, in which there were paired AAVS1-KO and CALHM2-KO samples. Raw sequencing data were filtered and had adapters removed by Trimmomatic v0.39 in paired-end mode, clipping Illumina TruSeq adapters with the following settings: LEADING:3 TRAILING:3 SLIDINGWINDOW:4:20 MINLEN:3085. Trimmed, filtered reads were then aligned to the human transcriptome (GRCh38 Gencode version 96) using Kallisto v0.45.0 with the default settings (Bray, Nat Biotechnol 34, 525-527 (2016)). Aligned reads were imported in R using the EdgeR package (Lun, et al., Statistical Genomics: Methods and Protocols 1418, 391-416 (2016)), and the data were processed by removing low-expression transcripts with the filterByExpr command (default settings), normalized by trimmed mean of M-values method87. GLM dispersions were then calculated, and the data were fit to a quasi-likelihood (QL) negative binomial GLM for paired samples (~ CALHM2-KO*Stimulation + Sample). Next, DE analyses were performed using empirical-Bayes QL F tests (Lun, et al., Statistical Genomics: Methods and Protocols 1418, 391-416 (2016)), using either CALHM2-KO, Stimulation, or CALHM2-KO:Stimulation interaction as the coefficient. For subsequent analyses, DE genes were those with an FDR-adjusted p value < 0.05 and an absolute log2 fold-change (log-FC) > 0.80. Meta-pathway analyses Meta-pathway analyses were performed using a modified pipeline of previously described strategy (Covid var paper). First, upregulated or downregulated DE genes were sorted by p-value and used as input for gene set enrichment analyses by the gProfiler2 R package with gene ontology (GO) terms for biological processes and known genes as the analysis domain (Kolberg, et al., Elife 9 (2020), Raudvere, et al., Nucleic Acids Res 47, W191-W198 (2019)). For enrichment analyses of the screen and bulk RNA-seq data, the threshold of DE was lowered to include more genes (screens: absolute z-score > 0.8, q < 0.05; bulk RNA-seq: absolute log-FC > 0.8, q < 0.01). Enrichment analysis results were filtered to keep significant GO terms (adjusted p value (gProfiler gSCS method) < 0.01), while excluding vague and poorly-matched GO terms (< 750 term genes, term overlaps >= 2 DE gene). If there were more than 2 filtered terms, analysis results were clustered into meta-pathways by generating an undirected network with (a) edges, weighted by similarity coefficients between genes of each term (coefficient = Jaccard + Overlap of genes between GO terms; coefficient threshold = 0.375), (b) a Fruchterman-Reingold layout, and (c) the terms were grouped by Leiden clustering (modularity optimization method, 500 iterations), using iGraph, network, and sna R packages. A representative “meta-pathway” was chosen from terms of each cluster, as the term with the highest precision value that was well-represented by the input gene list (term size >50 total genes, overlapping number of DE genes and terms is >10th percentile of filtered terms). The resolution for Leiden clustering was empirically optimized by the dataset type to limit the occurrence of redundant meta-pathways (resolution = 1.4 for bulk RNA-seq analyses, and 1.2 for the screen and scRNA-seq analyses). For visualization, the five most significant meta-pathways were displayed as network plots with all clustered terms shown. In addition, circular bar plots were used to display functionally relevant meta-pathways, which (a) had at least one of the selected GO ancestor terms (leukocyte proliferation, cell activation, leukocyte differentiation, cell adhesion, chemotaxis, immune effector process, leukocyte migration, transport, cell communication, response to cytokine, defense response, metabolic process, regulation of apoptotic process, cell motility, cell death, and cell population proliferation) and were (b) filtered to include only the most significant of any meta-pathways with 100% DE gene overlap. Sample size determination Sample size was determined according to the lab's prior work or from published studies of similar scope within the appropriate fields. Replication Number of biological replicates (usually n >= 3) are indicated in the figure legends. Key findings (non-NGS) were replicated in at least two independent experiments. NGS experiments were performed with biological replications as indicated in the manuscript. Randomization and blinding statements Regular in vitro experiments were not randomized or blinded. Mouse experiments were randomized by using littermates, and blinded using generic cage barcodes and eartags where applicable. High-throughput experiments and analyses were blinded by barcoded metadata. Standard statistical analysis Standard statistical analyses were performed using regular statistical methods. GraphPad Prism, Excel and R were used for all analyses. Different levels of statistical significance were accessed based on specific p values and type I error cutoffs (0.05, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001). Further details of statistical tests were provided in figure legends and/or supplemental information. Data Collection summary Flow cytometry data was collected by BD FACSAria. All deep sequencing data were collected using Illumina Sequencers at Yale Center for Genome Analysis (YCGA). Co-culture killing assay data were collected with PE Envision Plate Reader. Flow cytometry data were analyzed by FlowJo v.10.7. Results High-density in vivo perturbomics of tumor infiltrating NK cells To systematically map the quantitative contribution of factors that influence NK cell tumor infiltration, in vivo CRISPR-mediated knockout screens were performed directly in primary NK cells using a custom high-density single guide RNA (sgRNA, gRNA) library, in four different tumor models (Fig.2A). First, Surf-v2, a high-density sgRNA library targeting the mouse homologs of the human surface proteome were designed. Surf-v2 targets 2,863 genes with up to 20 sgRNAs per gene (56,911 gene- targeting sgRNAs) which were used to increase gene representation and mitigate the considerable drop-out that is expected from in vivo screening. A total of 5,000 non- targeting control (NTC) sgRNAs reverse-ranked by potential off-targets from 500,000 random 20 nt sequences were spiked into the final library, for a total of 61,911 sgRNAs. Surf-v2 was cloned into the chimeric AAV-SB-CRISPR vector, which has high gene editing efficiency in primary immune cells. The AAV-SB-Surf-v2 viral library was then produced by packaging with AAV6 serotype system and transduced primary Cas9- expressing splenic NK cells from constitutive transgenic Cas9 mice with a C57BL/6 (B6) background (Fig.2A). These donor NK cells were intravenously (i.v.) injected into syngeneic host B6 mice pre-implanted with tumors. These experiments were performed with four tumor models in parallel, B16F10 melanoma, E0771 triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), GL261 glioblastoma and Pan02 pancreatic cancer (Fig.2A; Methods). After 7 days of NK adoptive transfer, genomic DNA (gDNA) samples were extracted from pre-injection NK cells as well as tumors and spleens of tumor-bearing animals for screen readout (Fig.2A). Successful readout by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the sgRNA library representations across all samples produced a dataset of multi-model, high-density in vivo perturbomics of tumor infiltrating NK cells. With this dataset, a series of screen analyses was first performed. The overall library representation across the whole dataset showed sufficient retention of the full sgRNA library in the pre-injection primary NK cells, correlation between samples and models, as well as the dynamics of in vivo samples. The tumor-model-specific sgRNA library representations revealed overall patterns of screen selection strength, as shown by the sample read distribution, cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of samples groups, and principle component analyses (PCA). These infiltration screen perturbation maps were then analyzed using a systematic approach, CRISPR-SAMBA, Briefly, SAMBA fitted the sgRNA-level data to negative binomial generalized linear models (GLM) with quasi-likelihood statistical methods to assess sgRNA enrichmentin the tumor, independent from the effects of the in vivo model (~ intercept + in vivo samples + tumor samples, where in vivo samples = tumor or spleen samples). SAMBA then calculated a gene-level scores as a weighted sum from the coefficient-of-interest (i.e., Tumor) in a way that considers only top-performing guides, removing the effect of poorly detected sgRNAs that can adversely affect gene scores in other algorithms, such as MAGeCK-RRA (Li, et al. Genome Biol 15, 554 (2014)). The data showed that the effective library gene detection was 92.6%, 88.9%, 65.1%, and 20.9% in the B16F10, E0771, GL261, and Pan02 models, respectively (>= 4 gRNA/gene that are detected in at least half in vivo samples). The sgRNA-level statistics demonstrated strong overall enrichment in tumor samples from the E0771 and B16F10 models, with moderate enrichment observed in GL261 and Pan02 models. Greater similarity between the overall log-fold changes of the B16F10 and E0771, as well as between GL261 and Pan02 models was observed The sgRNA statistics were then aggregated into gene-level results, and subsequently filtered include those with detectable expression in primary NK cells, based on ImmGen project data 32, 33, 34, 35, to identify enrichment in 327, 336, 54, and 10 genes in the B16F10, E0771, GL261, and Pan02 models, respectively (z-score > 1, q value < 0.01) (Figs.2B-2E). In support of the screen analysis, screen results from the SAMBA and MAGeCK-RRA methods were compared, and 22, 28, 5, and 0 genes in the B16F10 and, E0771, as well as between GL261, and Pan02 models, were identified, respectively (MAGeCK p value < 0.05). However, interpretation of these results are limited by the fact that MAGeCK could not accommodate the statistical model used by SAMBA.. Next, enriched screen results were used to determine relevant pathways of tumor infiltration across models. Gene enrichment was analyzed using gProfiler2, a rank-based statistical approach that allows gene significance to be incorporated into the analysis, and aggregated enriched GO terms into meta-pathways (Figs.4A-4D). Pathway analysis results showed that anion transport was the only term common among the four models; However, there is also at least one meta-pathway for each model that relates to the regulation of cell adhesion. In addition, “cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules” and “inflammatory response” meta-pathways are shared among B16F10, GL261, and Pan02 models. The biological processes of genes enriched in NK tumor-infiltration screens include include (1) “cell adhesion”, as well as (2) “leukocyte proliferation” and (3) “positive regulation of apoptotic processes”, as a respective increase in NK cell expansion or survival could also result in increased numbers of NK cells within tumors (Fig.5). Several representative genes include markers of exhaustion, such as Tigit, Pdcd1/PD-1, and Lag3 (Judge, et al. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 10 (2020)). (Figs.6A-6C). Other notable hits include the Klrk1/NKG2D, an NK cell activation receptor and marker of different NK cell developmental phases; CD27 of immature NK cells (iNK); as well as Itga1/Cd49a, Itga2/Cd49b, Itga3/Cd49c, and Spn/Cd43 of mature NK (mNK) (Figs.6A-6C). Noted that since the library started with a defined set of surface / membrane genes, there is natural limitation of these pathway analyses. Taken together, this in vivo primary NK cell AAV-CRISPR screen dataset provided an overall quantitative perturbomics of surfaceome encoding genes in tumor infiltrating NK cells in four syngeneic tumor models, revealing a diverse collection of enriched hits. Several screen hits were then assessed by generating individual gene knockouts in primary Cas9+ NK cells, using the same AAV-SB-CRISPR vector expressing individual gene-targeting sgRNAs. These individual gene knockout NK cells were tested for their cancer lysis ability with in vitro co-culture assays using different cancer cell lines. The results showed that deficiency of Vnn3, Ccr2, Slc2a8, Prnp, Ceacam14, and Calhm2 (Figs.3A-3F) genes in NK cells, as compared to control NK cells, significantly enhanced their cytolysis of both B16F10-PL and E0771-mCh-OVA-GL cells. Knockout of Cd59b, enriched in the B16F10 cancer model alone, demonstrated greater cytolysis toward B16F10-PL cells but not E0771-mCh-OVA-GL cells (Figs.3C-3D). Example 3: Single-cell transcriptomic investigation of tumor-infiltrating NK cells Results To further understand the tumor infiltration and behaviors of NK cell subsets, and to gain independent global functional maps of the NK cells in the tumor micro- environment, single-cell RNA-seq analyses were performed. Due to the strength of overall selection in the in vivo CRISPR screens above, two tumor models, B16F10 and E0771 were chosen for single cell analysis of primary tumor infiltrating NK cells. Again, these orthotopic syngeneic tumor models were established by subcutaneous transplantation of B16F10 cells, and mammary fat pad transplantation of E0771 cells, into B6 mice. donor splenic NK cells were then isolated, also from B6 mice, without perturbations, and adoptively transferred them into tumor-bearing mice. After 7 days, NK cells were isolated from tumors and spleens at 7 and 15 days-post-injection by fluorescence assisted cell sorting (FACS) and subjected them to single-cell transcriptomics profiling using the 10X Genomics platform (Fig.7). Pre-transfer donor NK cells were also sequenced in parallel to serve as a control/baseline while exploring the effects of (1) time, (2) tumor type, and (3) tissue localization on NK cell phenotype . A total of nine different scRNA-seq datasets were generated, represented by the various factors of time, tumor type, and tissue/localization (Fig.7). All single cell data were integrated together based on dataset “anchors” that were identified using a reciprocal principal components analysis approach (Stuart, et al., Cell 177, 1888-1902 e1821 (2019)). The integrated dataset was processed (Methods), and cell populations were visualized in reduced dimensional space using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (Becht, et al., Nature Biotechnology 37, 38-+ (2019)). The cell populations were clustered by shared nearest neighbors (SNN) modularity optimization (Luvain algorithm with multilevel refinement) with the resolution optimized to ensure a unique transcriptional pattern between clusters, using highly variable genes (Stuart, et al., Cell 177, 1888-1902 e1821 (2019), Satija, et al., Nat Biotechnol 33, 495-502 (2015)). Cell populations were classified by the expression of known cell type-specific markers (Figs.8D-8E), leading to the identification of various immune cell subtypes that were excluded from further analysis. The remaining Ncr1+ cells were re-processed, visualized, and unbiasedly clustered. Next, the NK sub-populations were broadly classified using relatively conservative definitions for murine NK cells, based on the expression of Cd27, Itgam, and Cd3e. This resulted in the detection of 5 groups of immature NK cells (iNK; Ncr1+Cd27+Itgam-), 1 group of NK-T cells (Ncr1+Cd3e+), 1 group of transitional NK (tNK; Ncr1+Cd27+Itgam+), 2 groups of mature NK cells (mNK; Ncr1+Cd27-Itgam+), ILC1 (Ncr1+CD160+ Eomes+) and NCR+ ILC3 (Ncr1+Il7r+Kit+Rora+Gpr183+) (Figs 8A-C, Fig 10). It should also be noted, as Itgam was barely detectable in most cells, tNK and mNK populations were considered to be Itgam+, if more than 10% of the population had detectable expression. Unexpectedly, all of the iNK cells express some level of granzyme b gene (GzmB), while Ifng expression is only high in the tNK and iNK4 cells (Figs.8A-8C), which is the only iNK subset with significantly increased Cxcr4 expression, as well as no detectable expression of the Spn (Cd43) adhesion gene (Figs. 8F-8I). The differences between the five iNK subpopulations were further explored by DE analyses, which revealed that iNK2 and iNK4 have effector phenotypes marked by upregulation of cytotoxic genes (Gzmc in iNK2; Gzmb and Ifng in iNK4) and effector function pathways. The iNK1 cells display reduced effector phenotype among the iNK subpopulations, and iNK5 displays a proliferative phenotype with upregulated Top2a gene expression and related pathways, including mitotic cell process and cell division. There are two ILC cell populations, each expressing Lag3 and the Tox exhaustion TF, but Tox expression higher in ILC1 cells (Figs.8A-8C). The ILC1 cells also express Ctla4 and higher levels of Pdcd1. Both exhausted populations express at similar levels of activating and inhibitory receptors, yet there are distinguishable differences in chemokine receptor expression, whereby ILC1 favors Cxcr3 and ILC3 favors Cxcr6. Single-cell analysis also revealed an mNK cell population that, uniquely among all other NK populations, expressed high levels of Sirpa, a gene recently identified as an NK immune checkpoint molecule (Deuse, et al., J Exp Med 218 (2021)). The Sirpa-mNK cells are also marked by reduced detection of nearly all activating, inhibitory, chemokine, and adhesion receptors (Figs.8F-8I). Example 4: NK tumor population changes in progressing tumor models Methods NK cell population levels were quantified by single-cell transcriptomics across tumor progression at day 0, 7, and 15, in both melanoma and breast cancer models (B16F10 and E0771), and from different tissues. Results The results indicated that the vast majority of NK cell subsets were highly stable across all conditions, allowing straight-forward detection of specific population shifts. In particular, data showed that iNK4 cells (Figs.9A-9C) are also the only iNK subset specifically localized within the tumor (Figs.9A-9C). The iNK2 cell population also exhibited tumor-specific trends with its presence significantly associated with the pre- injection in vitro cell culture conditions, given the decreased presence in (1) each tumor model, (2) over time, and (3) in the spleen/tumor extracts (Figs.9A-9C). Each of these associations were observed along with an increasing abundance of mNK cells, except in tissue localization, where the significant loss of iNK2 is matched with an increase in only the splenic mNK (Figs.9A-9C). Example 5: Expression patterns of tumor infiltration among NK populations Methods The transcriptional programs of tumor infiltration were explored in all NK cell populations by differential expression (DE) analyses using a Gamma-Poisson GLM to account for celltype, in vivo status, tumor infiltration, and the scaled RNA molecule detection rate of single cells. Results The DE analysis showed top upregulation in the early activation gene Ly6a/Sca- 136, and upregulation of the senescence-related Litaf gene (Fig.11). The top downregulated genes include mNK cell markers and genes involved in terminal NK differentiation, such as Zeb2, Spn, S1pr5, Itgam, Prdm138 (Fig.11). Although there were significantly more mNK in the spleen than tumor and more intratumor iNK than mNK, this finding was still unexpected, given that the tumor-infiltrating NK population was comprised of ~20% mNK (Figs.9A-9C), and the GLM should accounts for cell type. Therefore, tumor-infiltration was explored in only mNK cells populations via DE analysis and found a similar downregulation of terminally differentiated NK cell genes: Zeb2, S1pr5, Spn, Ly6c2, Cx3cr1, Prdm1 genes (Figs.14A-14C). The same trend was found in tumor-infiltrating iNK cells. The Itgam marker of the mNK subset was decreased in both iNK and mNK tumor-infiltrating cells, yet it was only significantly downregulated in the iNK. Among all tumor NK subtypes, there were also a consistent upregulation of the senescence-related Litaf gene (Pfefferle, et al., Cell Rep 29, 2284- 2294 e2284 (2019)), and a consistent downregulation of Calhm2, a calcium-modulating enzyme gene (Choi, et al., Nature 576, 163-+ (2019)) that was also found as a hit in the in vivo AAV-CRISPR screens. Tumor-infiltration by NK cells were then further investigated with a meta- pathway analysis. The results showed that upregulated genes were significantly enriched in meta-pathways involved in cytokine production, leukocyte differentiation and the positive regulation of cell death, as well as tissue localization (chemotaxis and regulation of cell adhesion pathways) (Fig.12). Among these tumor-specific meta-pathways, there were consistent DE signatures of NK stimulation, such as Junb, Cebpb, and Nr4a1/Nur77, while there was a relatively consistent decrease in the meta-pathway expression signature of tumor Sirpa-mNK cells and increased expression signature in tNK cells (Fig.13A). There were also clear NK population-specific differences across the meta-pathways, notably, a uniquely high expression of Rora and Gpr183 in the ILC3. In addition, the tNK cells had distinctly higher expression Nr4a1/Nur77, strongly upregulated upon stimulation of NK activating receptors (Marcais, et al., Elife 6 (2017)). The iNK4 tumor cells also exhibited a distinct upregulation of Cxcl10, encoding a ligand of CXCR3 that has been shown to be upregulated in NK and NKT in a model of mycoplasma-enhanced colitis (Singh, et al., BMC Immunol 9, 25 (2008)). Next, more specific behavioral differences among the major NK cell types were investigated. Meta-pathway analyses in both tumor iNK and mNK subsets showed positive enrichment of pathways for differentiation, inflammatory response, and the negative regulation of cell proliferation, while the mNK also had enrichment for the positive regulation of programmed cell death (Figs.15A-15B). One contrast between the two NK classes was migration pathways, for which, tumor iNKs had positive enrichment for chemotaxis, whereas the mNKs showed negative regulation of leukocyte migration pathways. Taken together, these data indicate that the terminally differentiated mNK phenotype is negatively selected by the tumor microenvironment, even though the proportion of intra-tumor mNK cells increases over time. Example 6: Single cell and gene expression signatures of tNK and iNK4 subsets with unique tumor functions Methods DE analyses of tumor infiltrating tNK and iNK4 were performed, as each of these NK subsets seemed to have distinct expression signatures with exploring tumor NK cells as a whole. Results Although either DE analysis shared many of the top DE genes with tumor iNK/mNK, such as downregulated mNK markers (S1pr5, Zeb2, and Spn), and increased common activation genes (Crem and Litaf), there were unexpected changes in top upregulated genes, such as Hspa1a/Hspa1b heat shock protein genes in tNK (Figs.15C- 15D). The tumor iNK4 cells express high levels of the Ctla4 checkpoint receptor, and Spp1, critical for long-lasting NK immune responses (Leavenworth, et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, 494-499 (2015)), yet high expression is correlated with immunosuppression(Zheng, et al., Frontiers in Oncology 11 (2021)) (Figs.15C-15D). Meta-pathway analyses identified that tumor tNK cells had negative enrichment for activation and positive enrichment for the regulation of defense response, leukocyte differentiation, and the regulation of cytokine production (Figs.15E-15F), for which tumor tNK had the highest expression of Ifng and Ikbiz, required for NK IFN-γ production in response to Il-12/Il-18 stimulation (Miyake, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, 17680-17685 (2010)). In addition, the splenic tNK still expressed Ifng, as well as high expression of Egr3, important for T and B cell activation, yet less is known for its role in NK cells (Li, et al., Immunity 37, 685- 696 (2012)). In the tumor iNK4 cells, there is a positive enrichment for the inflammatory response differentiation, and regulation of adhesion and cell activation (Figs.15E-15F). Within the meta-pathways, tumor iNK4 cells show a prominent upregulation of Ifi204 and Isg15 interferon response genes and of Irf7, the primary regulator of the type-I interferon response (Honda, et al., Nature 434, 772-777 (2005)). Example 7: Calhm2-knockout enhanced anti-tumor infiltration of primary mouse NK cells The intersection between the CRISPR screen hits, single cell profiling differentially expressed genes, and a collection of critical pathways were analyzed. CALHM2/Calhm2 and Spn/Cd43 are the only two genes that emerged as the common hits (Fig.13B). Given the known function of Spn/Cd43 in NK92 and CAR-NK92 cellsNK cells, it was decided to focus on Calhm2/CALHM2, whose role in NK cells is unclear. Results Although the effects of in vitro assay are modest for Calhm2-KO, it is one of few hits that scored firstly in the screen, survived in vitro validation, and scored again in tumor-infiltration single cell DE analysis. The role of Calhm2/CALHM2 in NK cells is unclear, although it was found to regulate proinflammatory activity of microglial cells and is a potential therapeutic target for diseases related to microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Calhm2 mutant mouse NK cells were first generated, using the AAV-SB- CRISPR vector same as in the screen, and verified gene editing by reduced protein levels via Immunoblot (Fig.13C). Proliferation was quantified by cell-trace dye assays and found that Calhm2-KO did not influence primary mouse NK proliferation during multiple timepoints, ranging from 24-168 hours (Fig.13D). Whether Calhm2 influences tumor infiltration was then investigated by tracking the numbers of Calhm2-KO CD45.2 donor NK cells in CD45.1 host mice with orthotopic E0771 tumors (Figs.13E-13N). At 48 hrs post-transfer, there was a significant increase in the absolute numbers of total tumor-infiltrating NK cells, as well as CD45.2+ donor-specific tumor-infiltrating NK cells, in Calhm2-KO group vs control group, while there was no difference in tumor size, tumor weight, or spleen weight at the time of isolation (d13 post injection) (Figs.13K- 13N). These data together demonstrated that Calhm2 deletion enhanced the tumor infiltration of mouse primary NK cells. Example 8: CALHM2 perturbation enhanced anti-tumor function in NK92 and CAR-NK92 cells in vitro and in vivo The effect of CALHM2 deficiency in a clinically applicable human NK cell line: NK9249, which has been widely utilized for CAR-NK studies and has entered clinical trial stage was then further characterized. Results CALHM2 mutant NK92 cells were first generated via Cas9/gRNA RNP electroporation and verified gene editing in the CALHM2 locus by T7EI assay (Fig. 16A) and protein level knock down of CALHM2 by western blot (Figs.16B-16C) . NK92 cells with CALHM2-KO showed significantly increased killing of both MDA- MB-231 (breast cancer cell line) and NALM6-GL-CD22S cells (leukemia cancer cell line) in co-culture assays (Figs.16D-16E). To further investigate whether CALHM2 can serve as an endogenous gene target to enhance CAR-NK function, two different CALHM2-KO CAR-NK92 systems were established: α-BCMA-CAR and α-HER2-CAR separately (Figs.17A-17B) by lentiviral delivery. Puromycin selection was used to achieve near-complete (97.6% ~ 99.8% purity) α-BCMA-CAR (Figs.18A-18C) and α-HER2-CAR NK92 cells (Figs.18D-18F). Co-culture assays showed that CALHM2-KO α-BCMA-CAR-NK92 cells significantly kill more MM.1R-PL cells with BCMA overexpression (OE) at different effector : target cell (E:T) ratios (Figs.19A-19B), while CALHM2-KO α-HER2-CAR NK92 cells displayed a higher killing capability toward different breast cancer cell lines (MDA- MB231-PL, MCF-7-PL, and MCF-7-PL-HER2-OE) (Figs.19C-19E). In addition, degranulation assays showed that CALHM2-KO α-HER2-CAR NK92 cells expressed more CD107a after stimulation by cognate cancer cells (Figs.20A-20I). As NK92 cells are human interleukin 2 (hIL2)-dependent, α-HER2-CAR-NK92- hIL2 cells were established via lentiviral delivery to assess in vivo efficacy (Figs.21-22A). First, it was found that CALHM2-KO does not influence proliferation via CellTrace assay (Fig.22B). Co-culture assay showed that CALHM2-KO significantly enhances α-HER2- CAR-NK92 cell’s cytotoxicity against HER2+ HT29-GL cancer cells at four different E : T ratios (Fig. 23). CALHM2-KO α-HER2-CAR-NK92-hIL2 cells’ effect was then tested in vivo using a solid tumor model, induced by subcutaneous injection of an established human colon cancer cell line (HT29-GL) (Fig. 24A). Tumor infiltration and persistence were evaluated in the model and showed that CALHM2-KO increases CAR-NK infiltration at 21 dpi, and the data demonstrated that the tumor CAR-NK levels persisted at 28 dpi (Figs. 24B-24E).. Tumor growth kinetics showed that CALHM2-KO significantly enhanced in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of α-HER2-CAR-NK92-hIL2 cells, compared to AAVS1-KO controls, which showed limited to no efficacy compared with no treatment (Fig. 24F). Together, these in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that CALHM2 perturbation significantly enhanced the (a) anti-cancer cell cytotoxicity across different E : T ratios, (b) tumor infiltration at two time points, and (c) in vivo efficacy of human CAR- NK92 cells. Example 9: CALHM2-knockout downregulates immune response pathways in unstimulated CAR-NK cells Methods To unbiasedly reveal how CALHM2 perturbation changes CAR-NK function, bulk mRNA-seq in CALHM2-KO (CALHM2-gRNA) and control (AAVS1-gRNA) human α-HER2 CAR-NK92-hIL2 cells were performed, with and without stimulation. Results The transcriptome patterns across the CALHM2-KO-CAR-NK dataset showed that the stimulated and unstimulated samples grouped separately by correlation analysis, while MDS visualization clustered samples according to stimulation and genotype. The DE genes using the edgeR pipeline with a GLM for paired sample analysis were then identified along with CALHM2-KO, stimulation, and an interaction term between the two (Fig.25), allowing for the effect of CALHM2-KO to be explored independent of stimulation. The CALHM2-KO effect in CAR-NK cells revealed 49 upregulated genes and 211 downregulated genes (FDR adjusted p < 0.05). Notable highly significant upregulated genes upon CALHM2-KO include FCRL4, an IgA-specific Fc receptor-like protein (Wilson, et al., J Immunol 188, 4741-4745 (2012)), and NCR2 (NKp44), an NK activating receptor that senses platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-DD isoform) from tumor cells (Barrow, et al., Cell 172, 534-548 e519 (2018)). Highly significant downregulated genes include IRF4, a key factor in exhaustion and differentiation in cytotoxic T cells (Man, et al., Immunity 47, 1129-1141 e1125 (2017)), and RUNX3, which regulates IL-15-dependent activation and differentiation in NK cells (Levanon, et al., Mol Cell Biol 34, 1158-1169 (2014)). Meta-pathway analysis of CALHM2-KO showed negative expression of chemotaxis, cell activation, as well as the regulation of MAPK, cell adhesion, and cytokine production pathways (Fig.26). Further inspection of the meta-pathway genes revealed an unexpected observation, whereby unstimulated CALHM2-KO samples had distinct downregulated expression patterns that separated these samples from all others via unsupervised hierarchical clustering (Figs.27A-27B). This downregulation was consistent among all relevant functional and signaling meta-pathways. Next, how the NK phenotype was affected by these transcriptional alterations was assessed, and it was identified that CALHM2-KO decreased overall effector and exhaustion molecule transcription in the unstimulated CAR-NK (Fig.27C); However, CALHM2-KO in the stimulated samples led to a slight decrease or negligible change on effector transcription, while it significantly decreased expression of PDCD1/PD-1 and HAVCR2/TIM3 exhaustion genes. DE analyses of the interaction term between CALHM2-KO and stimulation showed few significant genes, indicating that the effect of CALHM2-KO and that of cancer stimulation in CAR-NK cells are largely orthogonal and independent of each other. As expected, DE analyses of the cancer stimulation itself showed a substantial change of gene expression. These data together revealed that CALHM2- knockout leads to a number of immune response pathways in CAR-NK cells at the baseline, in line with its effect in anti-tumor function. Discussion NK-based cell therapy is a promising emerging branch of cancer immunotherapies. NK cell therapy leverages the advantages of rapid cytotoxic anti-tumor immune responses, TCR-independence, enhanced safety, simplicity in generating off- the-shelf allogeneic products, reduced off-target immune responses (Zhang, et al., Immunology 121, 258-265 (2007)), and reduced production of molecules associated with cytokine release syndrome (CRS) relative to other cell types (Chou & Turtle, Bone Marrow Transplant 54, 780-784 (2019), Hunter & Jacobson, J Natl Cancer Inst 111, 646-654 (2019), Xie, et al., EBioMedicine 59, 102975 (2020)). Furthermore, the development of CAR-NK cells has increased the therapeutic potential of CAR- reprogramming by adding a reduced risk for alloreactivity and Graft-vs-Host Disease, potentially allowing for CAR-NK to be mass produced in a more cost-effective manner than CAR-T cells. Despite these promising attributes, NK cell-based immunotherapies still have many obstacles to overcome, including effective anti-tumor function, exhaustion, durable immune responses (persistence), and tumor infiltration. This requires rational engineering of substantially enhanced NK cells, particularly by modification of endogenous genes. A small number of genes have been shown where the knockout or perturbations have strong effects in NK cell’s anti-tumor efficacy, such as CISH26. Such endogenous inhibitors (or cellular checkpoints) can have fundamental implications on NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. In order to systematically identify genes that can serve as endogenous targets to enhance NK function and thereby CAR-NK cell therapy, in this study, tumor infiltrating NK cells were functionally mapped with two independent, massive-scale investigations. First, high-throughput, in vivo pooled AAV-SB-CRISPR knockout screens with a customized high-density sgRNA library, four separate in vivo tumor models, and functional genomics screen readout in tumor and spleen samples was leveraged to quantitatively identify genes involved in NK tumor infiltration. The scope of these screens allowed the results to be robust across different cancer types, while the GLM-based analysis design enabled gene detection to be assessed independent of in vivo status. One important consideration for in vivo screens is the potential immunogenicity of Cas9 or CRISPR components because of the introduction of Cas9+ NK cells into B6 mice. Another consideration is the isolation and culture of NK cells in the presence of cytokine, which is necessary for CRISPR library transduction, yet could affect the NK cell phenotype. These considerations are addressed by two means: (1) NTC control: the screen has a large pool of NTCs serving as internal controls, so any phenotypic shifts would be similarly present in NK cells transfected with NTC or gene-targeting sgRNAs; Therefore, a phenotypic effect would be cancelled out in the data analysis. (2) Statistical control: the screen analysis strategy includes “in vivo” as a cofactor in both the full and reduced statistical model, so the initial NK phenotype and graft-host immunogenicity would not impact the results of the regression analysis. (3) Validation: In the in vivo validation experiments of tumor infiltration, both human and mouse NK cells demonstrated that the Calhm2 / CALHM2-KO phenotype is robust. Another important consideration in the design of the screening platform was the readout. Specifically, tumor NK abundance as sampled at different time points might be a compound effect of infiltration, survival and/or proliferation. Therefore, validation experiments were needed to confirm that CALHM2/Calhm2 deficiency increases tumor infiltration and cytotoxicity, without affecting proliferation. The in vivo screens unveiled a perturbation map of thousands of surface protein encoding genes, and identified significant hits, including the immune checkpoints and NK exhaustion markers (Tigit, Lag3 and Pdcd1), as analysis references (although it is challenging to have positive control benchmarks because the number of genes where the KOs are known to have strong effects, or NK cell checkpoints, are scarce), along with a large collection of previously unknown / under-studied genes in NK cells. The screen results also showed tumor type-specific differences, based on the lack of strong correlation between log-FC values of sgRNA-level results from different tumors and differences between top hits of each cancer model. These differences may be due to distinct features in the TME of the tumor models chosen, as well as the sgRNA dynamics and clonal drop out for in vivo screens. Context specific roles and cancer type dependent selection pressures might contribute to the differences of enriched genes between screens among the four tumor models. The in vivo screens identified a list of targets that could be potential regulators of NK cell tumor infiltration. Many other hits from this screen could be biologically or therapeutically important regulators of NK cell tumor infiltration, even if they do not directly influence NK cell cytotoxic properties. In addition, although this screen investigated only membrane-bound cell-surface genes to decrease library- complexity, future studies could benefit from exploring other categories of molecules in the context of tumor infiltration, such as members of signaling cascades, kinases, phoshotases, epigenetic regulators, and/or transcription factors, using respective customed CRISPR libraries. The screen analysis revealed functionally relevant genes at the top of the list of candidate knockout genes. The enrichment of mNK cell markers in the screen is interesting, given that the terminally differentiated NK cells have much slower proliferation, which would impact the readout of the screen. Knocking these genes out might potentially impede the differentiation of the NK cells. it is intriguing how Cd27 as an enriched hit, as it is both a costimulatory receptor and a marker for the more proliferative iNK cell population. Certain annotated “positive regulators” could occasionally show up as hits in a CRISPR “knockout” screen, because of two plausible reasons: (1) sgRNAs / Cas9 don’t always simply “knockout” a gene, instead, it creates double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and the NHEJ repair mechanism kicks in that resulted in insertions and deletions (indels). These mutations are frequently loss-of-function, while they can also be of other nature, such as gain-of-function, hypomorph, or amorph. (2) Additionally, protein functions are complex, especially those involving multiple domains. The domain-specific CRISPR targeting showed that targeting different domains with can have different, sometimes opposite, effects. This is because different domains of the same protein can carry different roles and their sgRNA-targeted mutations can lead to divergent outcomes. Integrins can have cell type specific roles, for example, integrin α2 promotes melanoma metastasis, but is considered a metastasis suppressor in breast cancer. A context specific role might also explain why integrin gene KOs could improve infiltration (Pickar-Oliver, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 20, 490-507 (2019); Shi, J. et al. Nature Biotechnology 33, 661-667 (2015); Adorno-Cruz, V. & Liu, H. Genes Dis 6, 16-24 (2019)). Using single-cell transcriptomics, this study also performed an orthogonal, unbiased investigation of NK cell population structure and behaviors within the tumor microenvironment. The scope, resolution, and applicability of the single-cell analysis were refined by including two different tumor models, two timepoints, two tissues, and pre-transfer NK cells as a reference point in the analysis. These data have shown that there is a shift from iNK to mNK cells within the TME, despite decreased expression levels for key mNK marker genes in mNK cells. The analyses identified previously unexplored sub-populations of NK cells, such as the iNK4 cells with distinct expression profiles of Cxcr4 chemokine receptor and Cxcr10, which could have a supportive role in the control of tumors and infection through the recruitment of Cxcr3+ T cells and dendritic cells (Singh, et al., BMC Immunol 9, 25 (2008)). Tumor-infiltrating NK cells have significantly increased regulation of cytokine production with genes related to TGF-β-signaling (Tgfb1 and Smad7), which has a major immunosuppressive effect in NK cells (Ghiringhelli, et al., J Exp Med 202, 1075-1085 (2005), Smyth, et al., J Immunol 176, 1582-1587 (2006)); However, the specific molecules involved in the TGF- β-signaling and interactions with other signaling pathways is incompletely understood in NK cell populations (Slattery, & Gardiner, Front Immunol 10, 2915 (2019)). CALHM2/Calhm2 emerged as both an enriched hit in the in vivo AAV-CRISPR infiltration screens, and as a consistently downregulated gene among tumor infiltrating NK cells from single cell sequencing, and CALHM2/Calhm2 disruption enhanced in NK cell’s anti-cancer function in vitro and in vivo., CALHM2 has previously been studied in the context of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)(Choi, et al., Nature 576, 163-+ (2019), Shibata, et al., J Alzheimers Dis 20, 417-421 (2010), Dreses-Werringloer, et al., Cell 133, 1149- 1161 (2008), Jun, et al., Mol Psychiatry 23, 1091 (2018)), and the known function is context-specific, as the protein is a Ca2+-inhibited nonselective ion channel involved in calcium homeostasis and ATP release in depolarized cells (Choi, et al., Nature 576, 163- + (2019)); However, a recent study in microglial cells began to reveal a new facet of CALHM2 function in immune cells, in which, its conditional knock-out decreased ATP- induced influx of calcium to the cytoplasm (Cheng, et al., Sci Adv 7 (2021)). In turn, this inhibited activation of JNK, ERK1/2, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling, resulting in the decrease of IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 production in AD but not WT microglia (Cheng, et al., Sci Adv 7 (2021)). Given the strong relevance of these pathways in NK effector function, CALHM2 might has a similar role in unstimulated CAR-NK cells. This concept is supported by the consistent increase of effector transcripts in the control CAR- NK across condition and donor samples. CAR-NK cells also have tonic signaling, the continuous antigen-independent CAR signaling that promotes lymphocyte exhaustion (Weber, et al., Science 372 (2021)), which involves intracellular Ca2+ flux (Shao, et al., Adv Sci (Weinh) 9, e2103508 (2022)). The functional and RNA-seq data revealed that (1) these transcription signals are downregulated in unstimulated CAR-NK upon CALHM2-deficiency, (2) CALHM2-deficiency has little effect on stimulated CAR-NK, and (3) CALHM2-KO CAR-NK cells had significantly decreased exhaustion. CALHM2- targeting may therefore decrease the unwanted activation in unstimulated CAR-NK cells without impacting effector function in stimulated cells, which is in line with the combination of data in in vitro cytotoxicity, degranulation, infiltration at different time points, changes in the transcriptome, and in vivo efficacy. In this study, tumor infiltrating NK cells were functionally mapped with two independent, massive-scale investigations. Thes ingle cell transcriptomics analyses identified previously unexplored sub-populations of NK cells, as well as a dynamic shift from iNK to mNK cells within the TME, despite decreased expression of key mNK marker genes in mNK cells. The in vivo pooled AAV-SB-CRISPR knockout screens mapped multiple potential regulatory genes involved in NK tumor infiltration, including Calhm2, which were validated in mouse and human NK models to improve tumor infiltration and cytotoxicity, independent of proliferation. Moreover, CALHM2-KO was demonstrated to achieve drastically improved tumor remission in clinically relevant α- HER2-CAR-NK92 immunotherapy in vivo. Peng, et al., “Perturbomics of tumor-infiltrating NK cells.” bioRxiv.2023 Mar 15:2023.03.14.532653. doi: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532653. PMID: 36993337; PMCID: PMC10055047, 62 pages, and all supplemental materials associated therewith are specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. It is understood that the disclosed method and compositions are not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described as these can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims. Disclosed are materials, compositions, and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed method and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a nucleic acid sequence is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including the nucleic acid sequence are discussed, each and every combination and permutation of the nucleic acid sequence and the modifications that are possible are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each is individually and collectively contemplated. Thus, is this example, each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Further, each of the materials, compositions, components, etc. contemplated and disclosed as above can also be specifically and independently included or excluded from any group, subgroup, list, set, etc. of such materials. These concepts apply to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed. It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a ", "an", and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a nucleic acid sequence" includes a plurality of such nucleic acids, reference to "the nucleic acids" is a reference to one or more nucleic acid and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event, circumstance, or material may or may not occur or be present, and that the description includes instances where the event, circumstance, or material occurs or is present and instances where it does not occur or is not present. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, use of the word “can” indicates an option or capability of the object or condition referred to. Generally, use of “can” in this way is meant to positively state the option or capability while also leaving open that the option or capability could be absent in other forms or embodiments of the object or condition referred to. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, use of the word “may” indicate an option or capability of the object or condition referred to. Generally, use of “may” in this way is meant to positively state the option or capability while also leaving open that the option or capability could be absent in other forms or embodiments of the object or condition referred to. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, use of “may” herein does not refer to an unknown or doubtful feature of an object or condition. Ranges can be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, also specifically contemplated, and considered disclosed is the range from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the value forms another, specifically contemplated embodiment that should be considered disclosed unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. All of the individual values and sub-ranges of values contained within an explicitly disclosed range are also specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. Finally, all ranges refer both to the recited range as a range and as a collection of individual numbers from and including the first endpoint to and including the second endpoint. In the latter case, any of the individual numbers can be selected as one form of the quantity, value, or feature to which the range refers. In this way, a range describes a set of numbers or values from and including the first endpoint to and including the second endpoint from which a single member of the set (i.e. a single number) can be selected as the quantity, value, or feature to which the range refers. The foregoing applies regardless of whether in particular cases some or all of these embodiments are explicitly disclosed. Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present disclosure as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application. Throughout this specification the word “comprise,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the disclosed method and compositions belong. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present method and compositions, the particularly useful methods, devices, and materials are as described. Publications cited herein and the material for which they are cited are hereby specifically incorporated by reference. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of references states what their authors assert, and applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of publications are referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art. Although the description of materials, compositions, components, steps, techniques, etc. can include numerous options and alternatives, this should not be construed as, and is not an admission that, such options and alternatives are equivalent to each other or, in particular, are obvious alternatives. Thus, for example, a list of different gene targets does not indicate that the listed gene targets are obvious one to the other, nor is it an admission of equivalence or obviousness. Every component disclosed herein is intended to be and should be considered to be specifically disclosed herein. Further, every subgroup that can be identified within this disclosure is intended to be and should be considered to be specifically disclosed herein. As a result, it is specifically contemplated that any component, or subgroup of components can be either specifically included for or excluded from use or included in or excluded from a list of components. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the method and compositions described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.