OZAWA TORU (JP)
WO2006070847A1 | 2006-07-06 |
US20090238601A1 | 2009-09-24 | |||
JP2012083595A | 2012-04-26 | |||
US20100226684A1 | 2010-09-09 | |||
JP2010224242A | 2010-10-07 |
CLAIMS 1. A charging member comprising: a conductive support; and a conductive body mounted on the conductive support, wherein the conductive body includes: an elastic layer located on the conductive support, a resin layer located on the elastic layer, and a coating layer located on the resin layer to form an outermost surface of the conductive body, wherein the coating layer contains a polysiloxane compound having a molecular structure that includes an Si-O-Zr bond. 2. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the polysiloxane compound has a cross-linking structure derived from an epoxy group. 3. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the polysiloxane compound has a perfluoroalkyl group. 4. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein the polysiloxane compound has a structure represented by Formula (9) below , wherein R14 to R18 each independently indicate an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, r indicates an integer of 10 to 100, Y indicates a divalent organic group, and ^ indicates a bonding hand with respect to Si. 5. The charging member according to claim 4, wherein Y in Formula (9) has an oxazolidone ring in a main chain. 6. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein a surface free energy of the coating layer is 35.0 mJ/m2 or less, and a sum of a dipole component and a hydrogen-bond component of the surface free energy of the coating layer is 12.0 mJ/m2 or less. 7. The charging member according to claim 1, wherein a surface frictional force of the coating layer is 0.040 N or less. 8. A manufacturing method of a charging member, the method comprising: applying a coating liquid onto a surface of a conductive base that is mountable on a conductive support, wherein the conductive base includes an elastic layer, and a resin layer that is formed on the elastic layer and includes the surface to be coated, and wherein the coating liquid includes a composition containing a hydrolyzable silane compound and a zirconium chelate compound; and curing the composition to form a coating layer over the conductive base. 9. The manufacturing method of a charging member according to claim 8, wherein the composition contains a hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group and an acid generating agent. 10. The manufacturing method of a charging member according to claim 9, wherein the acid generating agent is a photo-acid generating agent, and wherein the curing comprises irradiating the composition with light having a wavelength of 365 nm to 405 nm from a UV-LED light source. 11. The manufacturing method of a charging member according to claim 9, wherein the acid generating agent is a thermal-acid generating agent, and wherein the curing comprises heating the composition at 250qC or less. 12. The manufacturing method of a charging member according to claim 8, wherein the composition contains a hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group. 13. The manufacturing method of a charging member according to claim 8, wherein the composition contains: a one end-modified silicone compound having a structure represented by Formula (16) below , wherein, R14 to R18 each independently indicate an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, r indicates an integer of 10 to 100, A indicates a single bond or a divalent organic group, and U indicates a reactive group; and. a hydrolyzable silane compound having a functional group capable of forming a bond by reacting with a reactive group of the one end-modified silicone compound. 14. The manufacturing method of a charging member according to claim 13, wherein the reactive group is an epoxy group, and the functional group is an isocyanate group. 15. An image forming apparatus, comprising: a photoreceptor; and a charging member to charge the photoreceptor, wherein the charging member includes: a conductive support, and a conductive body mounted on the conductive support, wherein the conductive body includes: an elastic layer located on the conductive support, a resin layer located on the elastic layer, and a coating layer located on the resin layer to form an outermost surface of the conductive body, wherein the coating layer contains a polysiloxane compound having molecular structure that includes an Si-O-Zr bond. |
[0045] ^ in Formula (7) and Formula (8) has the same meaning as ^ in Formula (2). l in Formula (7) is the same as l in Formula (3), and p and q in Formula (8) have the same meaning as p and q in Formula (4). [0046] The polysiloxane compound A may have a perfluoroalkyl group, in order to further decrease surface free energy of the surface of the conductive body 5 (the surface of the coating layer 4), and to further suppress the contamination on the surface of the conductive body 5 due to the contact with the photoreceptor (for example, the contamination due to the external additive). The number of carbon atoms of the perfluoroalkyl group may be 1 or more in some example, may be 3 or more in other examples, or may be 5 or more in yet other examples. The number of carbon atoms of the perfluoroalkyl group may be 18 or less in some examples, may be 12 or less in other examples, or may be 10 or less in yet other examples. The perfluoroalkyl group may be a straight-chain perfluoroalkyl group in some examples, may be a branched-chain perfluoroalkyl group in other examples, or may be a saturated or unsaturated perfluoroalkyl group in yet other examples. [0047] The perfluoroalkyl group may be bonded to Si directly or via the divalent organic group. The details of the divalent organic group described above are the same as the details of the divalent organic group of X in Formula (1). Si may be Si configuring the Si-O-Zr bond, or may be Si configuring the Si-O-Si bond. [0048] The polysiloxane compound A may have a structure represented by Formula (9) described below, in order to further decrease a frictional coefficient of the surface of the conductive body 5 (the surface of the coating layer 4), and to further suppress the contamination on the surface of the conductive body 5 due to the contact with the photoreceptor (for example, the contamination due to the external additive). [0049] In Formula (9), R 14 to R 18 each independently indicates an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, r indicates an integer of 10 to 100, and Y indicates a divalent organic group. ^ in Formula (9) has the same meaning as ^ in Formula (1). [0050] Y in Formula (9) may have an oxazolidone ring in a main chain. Namely, Y may be a group represented by Formula (10) or (11) described below.
[0051] In Formula (10), R 19 to R 21 each independently indicates a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or an amino group. In Formula (11), R 22 to R 23 each independently indicates a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or an amino group, R 24 to R 25 each independently indicates a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and s indicates an integer of 4 to 12. In Formula (10) and Formula (11), A and B each independently indicates a single bond or a divalent organic group. The details of the divalent organic group are the same as the details of the divalent organic group of X in Formula (1) described above. ^ in Formula (10) and Formula (11) has the same meaning as ^ in Formula (9). [0052] Surface free energy J Total of the coating layer 4 (surface free energy of the outermost surface of the conductive body 5) may be 35.0 mJ/m 2 or less in some examples, may be 25.0 mJ/m 2 or less in other examples, or may be 20.0 mJ/m 2 or less in yet other examples, from the viewpoint of further suppressing the contamination on the surface of the conductive body 5 due to the contact with the photoreceptor (for example, the contamination due to the external additive). The surface free energy J Total of the coating layer 4 is measured by a method described in Test Examples described below. [0053] The surface free energy described above is a sum of a dispersion component (JS d ), a dipole component (JS p ), and a hydrogen-bond component (J S h ). In addition to the above-range of the surface free energy of the coating layer 4, a sum of the dipole component (J S p ) and the hydrogen-bond component (JS h ) may be 12.0 mJ/m 2 or less in some examples, may be 8.0 mJ/m 2 or less in other examples, or may be 5.0 mJ/m 2 or less in yet other examples, in order to further suppress the contamination on the surface of the conductive body 5 due to the contact with the photoreceptor (for example, the contamination due to the external additive). [0054] A surface frictional force of the coating layer 4 may be 0.040 N or less in some examples, may be 0.035 N or less in other examples, or may be 0.030 N or less in yet other examples, in order to further suppress the contamination on the surface of the conductive body 5 due to the contact with the photoreceptor (for example, the contamination due to the external additive). The surface frictional force described above is measured by using a surface property meter (TYPE: 38, manufactured by Shinto Scientific Co., Ltd.), and under the measurement conditions including: a continuous load type (having a maximum load of 25 g), a diamond-tip terminal R0.1, a measured length of 50.0 mm, and a data acquisition frequency of 100 Hz. [0055] The thickness of the coating layer 4, for example, may be within a range having a minimum of 30 nm, 50 nm, or 70 nm, and a maximum of 500 nm, 400 nm, or 300 nm. [0056] The charging roller 10 may have irregularities on the surface. Ten-point average roughness Rzjis of the surface of the charging roller 10 may be within a range having a minimum of 15.0 Pm, 18.0 Pm, 20.0 Pm, 22.0 Pm, 22.5 Pm, or 23.0 Pm, in order to suppress the charging unevenness, and having a maximum of 30.0 Pm, 29.0 Pm, 28.0 Pm, 27.5 Pm, 27.0 Pm, 26.5 Pm, or 26.0 Pm, in order to suppress rotation unevenness of the charging roller 10 (a circumferential speed deviation). [0057] The ten-point average roughness Rzjis of the surface of the charging roller 10 is measured based on JIS B0601-2001 by using a surface roughness meter SE-3400 manufactured by Kosaka Laboratory Ltd. The ten-point average roughness Rzjis (and other surface properties of the charging roller 10) can be adjusted by changing the size, the shape, the amount, or the like of the particles contained in the resin layer 3. [0058] The conductive body 5 may include a surface that is curved with respect to the rotation axis line L. That is, the surface of the coating layer 4 may be curved with respect to the rotation axis line L. The shortest distance (corresponding to 1/2 of an outer diameter of the conductive body 5) from the rotation axis line L to the surface of the conductive body 5 (the surface of the coating layer 4) varies along the rotation axis line L. Namely, the shortest distance from the rotation axis line L to the surface of the conductive body 5 reaches a maximum at a center point of the conductive body 5 along the rotation axis line L (a center point of the conductive body 5 in a longitudinal direction), and decreases toward the opposite end portions of the conductive body 5. [0059] A crown amount can be used as an index expressing a roller shape of the conductive body 5. The crown amount of the conductive body 5 is defined as follows. Crown Amount = D2 - (D1 + D3)/2 In the expression, D1 indicates the outer diameter of the conductive body 5 at a position that is separated from one end of the conductive body 5 by 30mm in the longitudinal direction (a rubber length) toward the center point, D2 indicates the outer diameter of the conductive body 5 at the center point of the conductive body 5 in the longitudinal direction (the rubber length), and D3 indicates the outer diameter of the conductive body 5 at a position that is separated from the other end of the conductive body 5 by 30 mm in the longitudinal direction (the rubber length) toward the center point. [0060] The crown amount of the conductive body 5 may be within a range having a minimum of 50 Pm, 60 Pm, or 70 Pm, and may have a maximum of 130 Pm, 120 Pm, or 110 Pm, in order to achieve a stable charging evenness for a relatively long period of time while allowing the charging roller 10 to suitably contact (or cohere to) the photoreceptor, and to maintain the granularity of the image quality. [0061] The charging member described above may be provided in an image forming apparatus, in order to charge the photoreceptor. Namely, the charging member may perform a uniform charging treatment to the surface of the photoreceptor that is an image carrier. Namely, an example of the image forming apparatus includes the photoreceptor, and the charging member to charge the photoreceptor. [0062] In the image forming apparatus, for example, a direct-current voltage exclusively, may be applied to the charging member. At this time, a bias voltage to be applied while an image is output may be -1000 V to -1500 V. [0063] Manufacturing Method of Charging Member Hereinafter, an example manufacturing method of the example charging member 10 will be described. [0064] The manufacturing method of the charging roller 10 includes preparing the conductive base 6 that is mountable on the conductive support 1, preparing a coating liquid containing a composition containing a hydrolyzable silane compound and a zirconium chelate compound, applying the coating liquid onto the surface of the conductive base 6, and curing the composition to form the coating layer 4 over the conductive base 6. [0065] The conductive base 6, for example, can be prepared as follows. First, a material for an elastic layer and a coating liquid for a resin layer are prepared. The material for an elastic layer can be prepared by kneading a material for the elastic layer 2 with a kneading machine such as a kneader. In addition, the coating liquid for a resin layer can be prepared by kneading a material for the resin layer 3 with a kneading machine such as a roll, by adding an organic solvent to the mixture, and by performing mixing and stirring. Next, a metal mold for injection molding, in which a core bar that is the conductive support 1 is set, is filled with the material for an elastic layer, and is thermally crosslinked under a predetermined condition. After that, demolding is performed, and thus, a base roll is manufactured in which the elastic layer is formed along the outer circumferential surface of the conductive support 1. Next, the coating liquid for a resin layer is applied onto an outer circumferential surface of the base roll described above, so as to form the resin layer 3. At this time, in a case where of a solution containing an isocyanate compound is used, the elastic layer of the base roll is impregnated with the solution, and then, the solution is cured, so as to form the resin layer 3. Namely, a cured portion on the surface side elastic layer of the base roll forms the resin layer 3, and an uncured portion forms the elastic layer 2. As described above, it is possible to prepare the conductive base 6 including the elastic layer 2 formed on the outer circumferential surface of the conductive support 1, and the resin layer 3 formed on the outer circumferential surface of the elastic layer 2. [0066] The formation method of the elastic layer is not limited to an injection molding method, and in other examples, a cast molding method, or a method in which press molding and grinding are combined, may be adopted. In addition, the coating method of the coating liquid for a resin layer is not particularly limited, and in other examples, a dipping method, a roll coating method, and the like may be adopted. [0067] The coating liquid, for example, may contain a composition containing a hydrolyzable silane compound and a zirconium chelate compound (a curable composition) that is a curable component, and a solvent in which the components of the composition are dissolved or dispersed. Here, the curable component indicates a component to be incorporated in the structure of a polysiloxane compound that is generated at the time of curing the coating liquid. For this reason, an acid generating agent described below is not contained in the curable component. [0068] The hydrolyzable silane compound has a hydrolyzable silyl group represented by Formula (12) described below. [0069] In Formula (12), R 31 to R 33 each independently indicates a hydrocarbon group. The hydrocarbon group, for example, is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. One type of the hydrolyzable silane compound may be independently used in some examples, or a plurality of types of the hydrolyzable silane compounds may be used in combination in other examples. [0070] The content of the hydrolyzable silane compound may be 84.0 mol% or more, may be 88.0 mol% or more, or may be 90.0 mol% or more, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, in order to achieve a suitable condensation efficiency. The content of the hydrolyzable silane compound may be 98.0 mol% or less, may be 97.0 mol% or less, or may be 96.0 mol% or less, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, in order to achieve a suitable condensation efficiency. [0071] The zirconium chelate compound has a zirconium atom (Zr) that is a central metal, and 1 to 4 chelate ligands (polydendate ligands) that are coordinated to the zirconium atom. The zirconium chelate compound accelerates a polymerization (self-condensation) reaction of the hydrolyzable silane compound, and contributes to the formation of a coating layer having low surface free energy. [0072] The chelate ligand, for example, may be a bidentate ligand or a tridentate ligand. A ligand atom of the chelate ligand may be an oxygen atom, for example. Namely, the chelate ligand may be an acetylacetonate group or an alkyl acetoacetate group. The alkyl of the alkyl acetoacetate group, for example, may be an alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. [0073] The zirconium chelate compound has a monodentate ligand. The monodentate ligand, for example, may be an alkoxy group. The number of carbon atoms of the alkoxy group, for example, may be 1 to 10. [0074] The zirconium chelate compound, for example, may be zirconium tributoxymonoacetylacetonate, zirconium dibutoxybis(acetylacetonate), zirconium dibutoxybis(ethyl acetoacetate), or the like. One type of zirconium chelate compound may be independently used in some examples, or a plurality of types of the zirconium chelate compounds may be used in combination in other examples. [0075] The content of the zirconium chelate compound may be 2.0 mol% or more, may be 3.0 mol% or more, or may be 4.0 mol% or more, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, to reduce a reaction time. The content of the zirconium chelate compound may be 10.0 mol% or less, may be 8.0 mol% or less, or may be 6.0 mol% or less, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, to achieve a suitable condensation rate. [0076] The composition may contain a hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group, as the curable component. That is, at least a part of the hydrolyzable silane compound may be the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group. According to the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group, it is possible to use photocationic polymerization and thermal curing in combination. The hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group, for example, may have a structure represented by Formula (13) or (14) described below, to suppress the occurrence of polymerization inhibition due to oxygen and to achieve more suitable surface curing properties. [0077] In Formula (13), R 1 to R 3 and X have the same meaning as R 1 to R 3 and X in Formula (1). In Formula (14), R 4 to R 7 , and m and X have the same meaning as R 4 to R 7 , and m and X in Formula (2). Q in Formula (13) and Formula (14) indicates the hydrolyzable silyl group represented by Formula (12) described above. [0078] The hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group, for example, may be (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl) triethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl) ethyl trimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl) ethyl triethoxysilane, or the like. One type of the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group may be independently used in some examples, or a plurality of types of the hydrolyzable silane compounds having an epoxy group may be used in combination in other examples. [0079] The content of the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group may be 80.0 mol% or more, may be 85.0 mol% or more, or may be 90.0 mol% or more, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, to further suppress the polymerization inhibition due to the oxygen and to achieve further suitable surface curing properties. The content of the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group may be 97.5 mol% or less, may be 96.0 mol% or less, or may be 95.0 mol% or less, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, to reduce cure shrinkage and to achieve a suitable adhesiveness (or cohesiveness) with a surface layer resin. [0080] The composition containing the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group may further contain an acid generating agent. The acid generating agent may be a photo-acid generating agent, or may be a thermal-acid generating agent. One type of the acid generating agent may be independently used according to some examples, or a plurality of types of the acid generating agents may be used in combination according to other examples. [0081] The photo-acid generating agent may be a photo-acid generating agent that is capable of performing activation with light having a wavelength of 365 nm to 405 nm from a UV-LED light source, in order to suppress a damage on the base material due to heat from a light source and oxidation degradation of the coating layer. The photo-acid generating agent, for example, may be a triarylsulfonium salt-based photo-acid generating agent or the like. [0082] The thermal-acid generating agent may be a thermal-acid generating agent that is capable of performing activation at a low temperature (for example, 250qC or less), in order to suppressing the damage on the base material due to heat and the oxidation degradation of the coating layer. The thermal-acid generating agent, for example, may be a quaternary ammonium trifluoromethane sulfonic acid or the like. [0083] The content of the acid generating agent may be 0.01 parts by mass or more, may be 0.03 parts by mass or more, or may be 0.05 parts by mass or more, with respect to 100 parts by mass of a compound having an epoxy group (for example, the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group), in order to improve the condensation rate. The content of the acid generating agent may be 1.00 parts by mass or less, may be 0.08 parts by mass or less, or may be 0.07 parts by mass or less, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the compound having an epoxy group (for example, the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group), to reduce a synthesis time. [0084] The composition may contain a hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group, as the curable component, in order to further decrease the surface free energy of the surface of the coating layer 4. For example, at least a part of the hydrolyzable silane compound may be the hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group. The hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group, for example, may have a structure represented by Formula (15) described below. [0085] In Formula (15), Z indicates a single bond or a divalent organic group, and t indicates an integer of 0 to 17. A hydrocarbon group, for example, may be an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The value t may be within a range having a minimum of 2, or 4, and having a maximum of 11, or 9. The details of the divalent organic group are the same as the details of the divalent organic group of X in Formula (1) described above. Q indicates the hydrolyzable silyl group represented by Formula (12) described above. [0086] The hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group, for example, may be (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl) trimethoxysilane, (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl) triethoxysilane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl) trimethoxysilane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl) triethoxysilane, or the like. One type of the hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group may be independently used in some examples, or a plurality of types of the hydrolyzable silane compounds having a perfluoroalkyl group may be used in combination in other examples. [0087] The content of the hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group may be 1.0 mol% or more, may be 2.0 mol% or more, or may be 3.0 mol% or more, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, from the viewpoint of further decreasing the surface free energy. The content of the hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group may be 10.0 mol% or less, may be 9.0 mol% or less, or may be 8.0 mol% or less, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, in order to achieve suitable orientation properties (flip properties) of the perfluoroalkyl group. [0088] The composition may contain a one end-modified silicone compound having a structure represented by Formula (16) described below (a silicone compound having a reactive group on one terminal), and a hydrolyzable silane compound having a functional group capable of forming a bond by reacting with a reactive group of the silicone compound (hereinafter, also referred to as a "bonding functional group"), as the curable component, in order to reduce the frictional coefficient of the surface of the coating layer 4. [0089] In Formula (16), U indicates a reactive group. R 14 to R 18 and r have the same meaning as R 14 to R 18 and r in Formula (9), and A has the same meaning as A in Formulas (10) and (11). [0090] The one end-modified silicone compound reacts with the hydrolyzable silane compound having a bonding functional group, so as to generate a silicone compound having excellent compatibility with respect to other components in the coating liquid (for example, hydrolyzable silane having an epoxy group). Accordingly, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of phase separation in the coating layer 4, and to reduce the frictional coefficient over the entire surface of the coating layer 4. [0091] The reactive group, for example, may be an epoxy group. Namely, the reactive group may be a group represented by Formula (17) or (18) described below. [0092] In Formula (17), R 19 to R 21 have the same meaning as R 19 to R 21 in Formula (10). In Formula (18), R 22 to R 25 and s have the same meaning as R 22 to R 25 and s in Formula (11). [0093] A functional group equivalent (a reactive group equivalent) of the one end-modified silicone compound, for example, may be 1000 g/mol to 5000 g/mol. [0094] The viscosity of the one end-modified silicone compound at 25qC may be 10 mm 2 /s to 120 mm 2 /s, for example. [0095] One type of the one end-modified silicone compound may be independently used in some examples, or a plurality of types of the one end-modified silicone compounds may be used in combination in other examples. [0096] The content of the one end-modified silicone compound may be 0.1 mol% or more, may be 0.2 mol% or more, or may be 0.3 mol% or more, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, in order to further reduce the frictional coefficient. The content of the one end-modified silicone compound may be 1.0 mol% or less, may be 0.9 mol% or less, or may be 0.8 mol% or less, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, in order to suppress the phase separation. [0097] The hydrolyzable silane compound having a bonding functional group, for example, may have a structure represented by Formula (19) described below. [0098] In Formula (19), L indicates a bonding functional group, and Q indicates a hydrolyzable silyl group represented by Formula (12) described above. B has the same meaning as B in Formulas (10) and (11). [0099] The bonding functional group indicated by L, for example, may be a functional group capable of forming a bond by reacting with an epoxy group (an amino group, an isocyanate group, or the like), or may be an isocyanate group, in order to further reduce the frictional coefficient of the surface of the coating layer 4. [0100] The hydrolyzable silane compound having a bonding functional group, for example, may be 3-isocyanate propyl trimethoxysilane, 3-isocyanate propyl triethoxysilane, or the like. One type of the hydrolyzable silane compound having a bonding functional group may be independently used in some examples, or a plurality of types of the hydrolyzable silane compounds having a bonding functional group may be used in combination in other examples. [0101] The content of the hydrolyzable silane compound having a bonding functional group may be 1.0 mol% or more, may be 1.5 mol% or more, or may be 2.0 mol% or more, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, from the viewpoint of suppressing the phase separation. The content of the hydrolyzable silane compound having a bonding functional group may be 5.0 mol% or less, may be 4.5 mol% or less, or may be 4.0 mol% or less, with respect to the total amount of the curable component, from the viewpoint of further reducing the frictional coefficient. [0102] The composition may further contain a reaction product between the one end-modified silicone compound and the hydrolyzable silane compound having a bonding functional group. The reaction product may be synthesized in advance before the coating liquid is prepared, or may be generated in the coating liquid. In a case where the composition contains the reaction product, the content of the one end-modified silicone compound and the hydrolyzable silane compound having a bonding functional group is calculated by considering that the one end-modified silicone compound and the hydrolyzable silane compound having a bonding functional group are respectively compounded. [0103] The composition may contain the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group, the hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group, the zirconium chelate compound, and the acid generating agent, in order to enable the coating layer 4 in which surface free energy of 35.0 mJ/m 2 or less and a sum of a dipole component and a hydrogen-bond component of the surface free energy is 12.0 mJ/m 2 or less to be easily formed. [0104] The composition may contain the hydrolyzable silane compound having an epoxy group, the one end-modified silicone compound having an epoxy group as the reactive group, the hydrolyzable silane compound having an isocyanate group as the bonding functional group, the zirconium chelate compound, and the acid generating agent, in order to enable the coating layer 4 having a surface frictional force of 0.040 N or less to be easily formed. [0105] The solvent, for example, may contain water. The solvent may further contain an alcohol solvent. That is, the solvent may be a mixed solvent of water and the alcohol solvent. In this case, the content of water in the solvent may be 10.0 mass% or more, and may be 60.0 mass% or less, based on the total mass of the solvent. Methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or the like, may be used as the alcohol solvent. [0106] The content of the solvent, for example, may be adjusted to achieve a suitable viscosity of the coating liquid. The content of the solvent, for example, may be 95.0 mass% to 99.9 mass%, based on the total mass of the coating liquid. [0107] A coating method of the coating liquid may include a dipping method, a spray coating method, a roll coating method, and the like, depending on examples. [0108] Drying or the like may be performed after the coating liquid is applied and before the composition is cured so that the solvent in the formed coating may be removed. The drying may be performed at 130qC to 220qC. [0109] A curing method of the composition is not particularly limited. In a case where the composition contains the acid generating agent, suitable curing methods (e.g., heating, light irradiation, or the like) may be adopted, in accordance with the type of acid generating agent. The heating and the light irradiation may be used in combination as the curing method. In a case of using the photo-acid generating agent, the composition may be cured by being irradiated with light having a wavelength of 365 nm to 405 nm from the UV-LED light source, in order to suppress the damage on the base due to heat generated from the light source and the oxidation degradation of the coating layer. The UV-LED light source, for example, may be a UV-LED light source manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., a UV-LED light source manufactured by HOYA Corporation, a UV-LED light source manufactured by Iwasaki Electric Co., Ltd., a UV-LED light source manufactured by Ushio Inc., a UV-LED light source manufactured by Heraeus K.K., a UV-LED light source manufactured by AITEC SYSTEM Co., Ltd., a UV-LED light source manufactured by Micro-Sphere S.A., and the like. In addition, in a case of using the acid generating agent, the composition may be cured by being heated at 250qC or less, in order to suppress the damage on the base due to heat and the oxidation degradation of the coating layer. Test Examples [0110] Hereinafter, Test Examples relating to the charging member will be described. [0111] Manufacturing of Conductive Base A Preparation of Material for Forming Elastic Layer 100.00 parts by mass of epichlorohydrin rubber ("EPICHLOMER CG-102", manufactured by DAISO CHEMICAL CO., LTD.) as a rubber component, 5.00 parts by mass of sorbitan fatty acid ester ("SPLENDER R-300", manufactured by Kao Corporation) as a lubricant, 5.00 parts by mass of a ricinoleic acid as a softener, 0.50 part by mass of a hydrotalcites compound ("DHT-4A", manufactured by Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as an acid acceptor, 1.00 part by mass of tetrabutyl ammonium chloride ("tetrabutyl ammonium chloride", manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as a conductive agent (an ion conductive agent), 50.00 parts by mass of silica ("Nipsil ER", manufactured by Tosoh Silica Corporation) as a filler, 5.00 parts by mass of zinc oxide as a cross-linking promoter, 1.50 parts by mass of dibenzothiazole sulfide, 0.50 part by mass of tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide, and 1.05 parts by mass of sulfur as a cross-linking agent were compounded, and were kneaded by using a predetermined roll, and thus, a material for forming an elastic layer was prepared. [0112] Preparation of Coating Liquid for Forming Resin Layer In tetrahydrofuran (THF), 100.00 parts by mass of thermoplastic N-methoxy methylated 6-nylon ("Toresin F-30K", manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) as a polymer component, 5.00 parts by mass of methylene bisethyl methyl aniline ("CUREHARD-MED", manufactured by Ihara Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as a curing agent, and 18.00 parts by mass of carbon black ("Denka Black HS100", manufactured by Denka Company Limited) as a conductive agent (an electroconductive agent) were mixed. In such a mixed liquid, two types of amorphous nylon resin particles having different average particle diameters (25.0 Pm and 5.0 Pm) ("Orgasol Series", manufactured by Arkema S.A.) were added as the first particles 31 and the second particles 32, and were sufficiently stirred until the solution became uniform. An additive amount was adjusted based on the total amount of the resin layer 3 to be obtained such that the content of the first particles 31 was 25 mass% and the content of the second particles 32 was 5 mass%. After that, each component in the solution was dispersed by using a double roll. Accordingly, a coating liquid for forming a resin layer was prepared. [0113] The average particle diameter of the first particles 31 and the second particles 32 was measured as follows. That is, arbitrary 100 particles were extracted from a population of a plurality of particles with SEM observation, and an average value of particle diameters was set to the average particle diameter of the resin particles. A particle shape of the used resin particles was an amorphous shape, and thus, a simple average value of the longest diameter and the shortest diameter of the observed particles was set to the particle diameter of the respective particles. [0114] Preparation of Conductive Base A A roll molding metal mold including a cylindrical roll molding space was prepared, and a core bar having a diameter of 8 mm (the conductive support 1) was set to be coaxial with the roll molding space. The material for forming an elastic layer prepared as described above was injected into the roll molding space in which the core bar was set, was heated at 170qC for 30 minutes, and then, was cooled, and was demolded. Accordingly, a base roll including the conductive support 1 as a conductive axis body, and the elastic layer 2 having a thickness of 2 mm (a thickness in the central position in the rotation axis line L direction) that was formed along the outer circumferential surface of the conductive support 1 was obtained. [0115] Next, the coating liquid for forming a resin layer prepared as described above, was applied onto the surface of the elastic layer 2 of the base roll by a roll coating method. At this time, the coating was performed while an excess coating liquid was scraped with a scraper to have a targeted film thickness. After a coated film was formed, the film was heated at 150qC for 30 minutes, so as to form the resin layer 3 having a layer thickness A of 5.0 Pm. Accordingly, a conductive base A including elastic layer 2 formed along the outer circumferential surface of the axis body (the conductive support 1), and the resin layer 3 formed along the outer circumferential surface of the elastic layer 2 was prepared. [0116] Manufacturing of Conductive Base B As with the manufacturing of the conductive base A, a base roll including the conductive support 1 as a conductive axis body, and an elastic layer having a thickness of 3 mm (a thickness in the central position in the rotation axis line L direction) that was formed along the outer circumferential surface of the conductive support 1 was obtained. Next, 20 parts by mass of an isocyanate compound (MDI: manufactured by DIC Corporation) was added to 100 parts by mass of ethyl acetate, and was mixed and dissolved, in order to obtain an isocyanate solution. Next, the isocyanate solution was applied onto the surface of the elastic layer of the base roll, then, a portion impregnated with the isocyanate solution was cured, to form the resin layer 3 having a thickness of 50 Pm. Specifically, the base roll was immersed in the isocyanate solution for 30 seconds while the temperature of the isocyanate solution was retained at 23qC, and then, the base roll was taken out, and the base roll that was taken out (the base roll of which the surface was impregnated with the isocyanate solution) was heated for 1 hour in an oven that was retained at 120qC, to form the resin layer 3. Accordingly, a conductive base B including the elastic layer 2 formed along the outer circumferential surface the axis body (the conductive support 1), and the resin layer 3 formed along the outer circumferential surface of the elastic layer 2 was prepared. [0117] Examples 1-1 to 1-17 and Comparative Examples (Comp. Examples) 1-1 to 1-2 Preparation of Coating Liquid A hydrolyzable silane compound containing epoxy (hydrolyzable silane E), a hydrolyzable silane compound having a perfluoroalkyl group (hydrolyzable silane F), a zirconium chelate compound in accordance with a case, and a solvent (water and ethanol), shown in Table 1, were mixed, and then, were stirred at a room temperature, and then, were heated to reflux for 24 hours, in order to obtain a condensate of hydrolyzable silane. The condensate was added to a mixed solvent of 2-butanol/ethanol, and thus, a condensate-containing alcohol solution having a solid content shown in Table 1 was prepared. At this time, curable components (the hydrolyzable silane E, the hydrolyzable silane F, and the zirconium chelate compound) were compounded at a compounding ratio shown in Table 1 such that the total amount was 100 mol%. In addition, a compounding amount of water was adjusted such that ROR had a value shown in Table 1. Here, ROR indicates a molar number ratio of water with respect to a condensation point of the silane compound to be used. For example, the minimum number of water molecules for condensing one molecule of the silane compound having a trimethoxy group is 3. Such a relationship is set to ROR = 1.0. An optimal range of ROR is set to 1.0 d ROR d 2.0. [0118] Next, an acid generating agent was dissolved in methanol, acetone, or the like, and was adjusted to be 10 mass%, and 0.35 g of the acid generating agent of 10 mass%, shown in Table 1, was added to 100 g of the condensate-containing alcohol solution, and thus, a coating liquid was prepared. The details of the compound shown in Table 1 are as follows. ^ KBM-403: Product Name (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), (3-Glycidoxypropyl) Trimethoxysilane ^ KBM-303: Product Name (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), 2-(3,4-Epoxy Cyclohexyl) Ethyl Trimethoxysilane ^ SIT8176.0: Product Name (Manufactured by Gelest, Inc.), (Heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-Tetrahydrodecyl) Trimethoxysilane ^ SIH5841.5: Product Name (Manufactured by Gelest, Inc.), (Tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-Tetrahydrooctyl) Trimethoxysilane ^ AKZ947: Product Name (Manufactured by Gelest, Inc.), Solution of Zirconium Dibutoxybis(Acetylacetonate) (Solid Content of 25 mass%) ^ ZC-580: Product Name (manufactured by Matsumoto Fine Chemical Co. Ltd.), Solution of Zirconium Dibutoxybis(Ethyl Acetoacetate) (Solid Content of 70 mass%) ^ ZC-540: Product Name (manufactured by Matsumoto Fine Chemical Co. Ltd.), Solution of Zirconium Tributoxymonoacetylacetonate (Solid Content of 70 mass%) ^ CPI-410S: Product Name (manufactured by San-Apro Ltd.), Triarylsulfonium Salt-Based Photo-Acid Generating Agent ^ CPI-310S: Product Name (manufactured by San-Apro Ltd.), Triarylsulfonium Salt-Based Photo-Acid Generating Agent ^ CXC-2689: Product Name (manufactured by Kusumoto Chemicals, Ltd.), Quaternary Ammonium Salt-Based Thermal-Acid Generating Agent ^ CXC-1614: Product Name (manufactured by Kusumoto Chemicals, Ltd.), Quaternary Ammonium Salt-Based Thermal-Acid Generating Agent HP Record ID 85913003 Acid generating Hydrolyzable silane E Hydrolyzable silane F Zr chelate compound Conductive Solid KBM-403 R base KBM-303 SIT8176.0 SIH5841.5 AKZ947 ZC-580 ZC-540 OR agent content m l% m l% m l% m l% m l% m l% mol%] Light Heat [mass%] 1 .5 CPI-410S 0.5 1.5 CPI-410S 1.0 1.5 CPI-410S 3.0 1.5 CPI-410S 5.0 1.2 CPI-310S 0.5 1.2 CPI-310S 1.0 1.2 CPI-310S 3.0 1.2 CPI-310S 5.0 1.2 CXC-2689 0.5 1.2 CXC-2689 1.0 1.2 CXC-2689 3.0 1.2 CXC-2689 0.5 HP Record ID 85913003 Example 1 -13 A 90.2 5.0 4.8 1.2 CXC-2689 1.0 Example 1 14 B 90.2 5.0 4.8 1.2 CXC-2689 3.0 3.2 1.0 CXC-1614 0.5 3.2 1.0 CXC-1614 1.0 3.2 1.0 CXC-1614 3.0 0.8 CXC-1614 0.5 0.8 CXC-1614 7.0 42
[0120] Manufacturing of Charging Roller 10 The prepared coating liquid was applied onto the surface of the conductive base A or the conductive base B by a roll coating method, to form a coated film. After the coated film was formed, the coated film was cured either by being heated under a condition shown in Table 2 in a case of using the thermal-acid generating agent as the acid generating agent, or by being irradiated with light under a condition shown in Table 2 with a UV irradiation device including a UV-LED light source (manufactured by Heraeus K.K.) in a case of using the photo-acid generating agent as the acid generating agent. Accordingly, the coating layer 4 having a layer thickness shown in Table 2 was formed.
HP Record ID 85913003 Curing method CT layer U V-LED Thermal curing Wavelength Cumulative light amount Temperature Time Layer thickness [qC] [min] [Pm] 30 70 140 250 50 90 150 250 200 5 50 200 3 90 200 2 150 160 30 50 160 10 90 160 5 150 130 30 50 130 10 90 130 5 150 130 5 30 130 5 350 [0122] By the operation described above, the charging roller 10 including the axis body (the conductive support 1), the elastic layer 2 formed along the outer circumferential surface of the axis body, the resin layer 3 formed along the outer circumferential surface of the elastic layer 2, and the coating layer 4 formed along the outer circumferential surface of the resin layer 3 was prepared. In Examples 1-1 to 1-17, the coating liquid contains the hydrolyzable silane and the zirconium chelate compound, and thus, the coating layer 4 of Examples 1-1 to 1-17 contains a polysiloxane compound having an Si-O-Zr bond in the molecular structure. [0123] Measurement of Surface Free Energy A contact angle T of the outermost surface of the charging roller 10 (the surface of the coating layer 4) with respect to three types of probe liquids shown in Table 3 below was measured by using a contact angle meter (Product Name: CA-X ROLL Type, manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science, Inc.). Measurement conditions of the contact angle were as follows. Measurement Conditions: ^ Measurement: Liquid Droplet Method (True Circle Fitting) ^ Flow Rate: 1 PL ^ Droplet Landing Recognition: Automatic ^ Image Treatment: Algorithm - No Reflection ^ Image Mode: Frame ^ Threshold Level: Automatic HP Record ID 85913003 Surface free energy value at 20qC Probe liquid (mJ/m 2 ) JL d JL p JL h JL Total 42.4 72.8 0 50.8 17.6 47.7 46
[0125] In Table 3 above, J L d , J L p , and J L h respectively indicate a dispersion component, a dipole component, and a hydrogen-bond component in a probe liquid. Each of components (J L d , J L p , and J L h ) of three types of probe liquids in Table 3, and a contact angle T with respect to each of the probe liquids obtained by measurement were assigned to the following theoretical equation (Calculation Formula (1)) of Kitazaki and Hata, three equations with respect to each of the probe liquids were created, and such simultaneous equations with 3 variables were resolved, in order to calculate the dispersion component (JS d ), the dipole component (JS p ), and the hydrogen-bond component (J S h ) in the coating layer 4. Then, a sum of J S d , J S p , and J S h was set to surface free energy (JS Total ). The results are shown in Table 4. [Expression 1] Calculation Formula (1) [0126] Evaluation of Surface Contamination The charging member obtained as described above was incorporated in Multixpress C8640 ND manufactured by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., to obtain an image forming apparatus, and an image was formed in accordance with the following conditions. Imaging Conditions: ^ Printing Environment: in Low Temperature Low Humidity Environment (15qC/10%RH) ^ Printing Condition: General Printing Speed of 305 mm/sec and Half Speed thereof, Number of Printed Sheets (80 kPV), Type of Sheet (Office Paper EC) ● Load with respect to Conductive Support End Portion: 5.88 N on One Side ● Applied Bias: Suitably adjusted and Determined such that Photoreceptor Surface Potential Reaches -600 V [0127] Next, a surface contamination of the charging roller 10 after the image was formed was evaluated. The surface contamination of the charging roller 10 was mainly derived from silica of an external additive to be used in a toner, and thus, the degree of contamination was evaluated by quantifying an element Si on the surface of the charging roller 10 with a fluorescence X-ray measurement device (EDXL300: manufactured by Rigaku Corporation). Specifically, in a chamber of the fluorescence X-ray measurement device, the charging roller 10 was arranged such that the center of the charging roller 10 was aligned with a detector, and the element Si on the surface of the charging roller 10 was quantified. Such measurement was performed with respect to each of the charging roller 10 before the image was formed and the charging roller 10 after the image was formed (for each 20 kPV), to obtain a difference 'Si [cps/mA] in the amount of Si (e.g., 'Si = Amount of Si [cps/mA] after Endurance Test - Amount of Si [cps/mA] before Endurance Test). Next, the difference 'Si was plotted on a vertical axis, the total number of rotations of the photoreceptor was plotted on a horizontal axis, and the surface contamination was evaluated by using the slope of the obtained graph as an index. The difference 'Si decreases in proportion to the number of rotations of the photoreceptor as the slope decreases, and the contamination due to the external additive is less likely to occur. The results are shown in Table 4. HP Record ID 85913003 Surface free energy Endurability J S Total J S p +J S h [mJ/m 2 ] [mJ/m 2 ] Slope 0.0 1.34 4.0 2.68 8.0 3.23 12.0 3.66 0.0 1.74 2.0 2.69 8.0 3.63 10.0 3.85 0.0 1.89 7.0 3.66 10.0 4.00 0.0 2.09 5.0 3.59 8.0 3.98 0.0 2.41 2.0 3.36 5.0 3.91 15.0 4.47 15.0 5.00 [0129] As described above, in the charging roller 10 of Example 1-1 to Example 1-17, the surface free energy (JS Total ) of the coating layer 4 is 35.0 mJ/m 2 or less, and a sum of the dipole component (J S p ) and the hydrogen-bond component (J S h ) of the surface free energy of the coating layer 4 is 12.0 mJ/m 2 or less. It is observed that in the charging roller 10 of Example 1-1 to Example 1-17, the slope of the graph to be obtained from 'Si and the total number of rotations of the photoreceptor is relatively low, and the surface contamination due to the external additive is suppressed, compared to Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-3. [0130] Examples 2-1 to 1-17 and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-3 A hydrolyzable silane compound containing epoxy (hydrolyzable silane E), a one end-modified silicone compound (silicone E), a hydrolyzable silane compound having an isocyanate group (hydrolyzable silane I), a zirconium chelate compound in accordance with a case, and a solvent (water and ethanol), shown in Table 5, were mixed, and then, were stirred at a room temperature, and then, were heated to reflux for 24 hours, in order to obtain a condensate of hydrolyzable silane having a silicone skeleton. The condensate was added to a mixed solvent of 2-butanol/ethanol, and thus, a condensate-containing alcohol solution having a solid content shown in Table 5 was prepared. At this time, curable components (the hydrolyzable silane E, the silicone E, the hydrolyzable silane I, and the zirconium chelate compound) were compounded at a compounding ratio shown in Table 5 such that the total amount was 100 mol%. In addition, a compounding amount of water was adjusted such that R OR had a value shown in Table 5. Next, 0.35 g of an acid generating agent shown in Table 5 was added to 100 g of the condensate-containing alcohol solution, and thus, a coating liquid was prepared. The details of the compounds not shown in Table 1 but shown in Table 5 are as follows. ● MCR-E11: Product Name (Manufactured by Gelest, Inc.), One End-Modified Silicone (Viscosity of 10 mm 2 /s(25qC) to 15 mm 2 /s(25qC), Functional Group Equivalent of 1000 g/mol) ● X-22-173BX: Product Name (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), One End-Modified Silicone (Viscosity of 30 mm 2 /s(25qC), Functional Group Equivalent of 2500 g/mol) ● X-22-173DX: Product Name (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), One End-Modified Silicone (Viscosity of 60 mm 2 /s(25qC), Functional Group Equivalent of 4600 g/mol) ● KBE-9007N: Product Name (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), 3-Isocyanate Propyl Triethoxysilane ● TAG-2700: Product Name (manufactured by Kusumoto Chemicals, Ltd.), Quaternary Ammonium Salt-Based Thermal-Acid Generating Agent ● TAG-2690: Product Name (manufactured by Kusumoto Chemicals, Ltd.), Quaternary Ammonium Salt-Based Thermal-Acid Generating Agent ● TAG-2689: Product Name (manufactured by Kusumoto Chemicals, Ltd.), Quaternary Ammonium Salt-Based Thermal-Acid Generating Agent
HP Record ID 85913003 Hydrolyzable S ilicone E Hydrolyzable Z r chelate co Acid generating Conductive silane E silane I mpound agent Solid base KBM-403 KBM-303 MCR-E11 X-22-173 X-22-173 R KBE-9007N AKZ947 ZC-580 ZC-540 OR content l%] [mol%] Light Heat [mass%] 1.5 TAG- 2 700 0.5 1.5 TAG- 2 700 3.0 1.5 TAG- 2 700 5.0 8 1.5 CPI-310S 1.0 8 1.5 CPI-310S 4.0 3.2 1.2 CPI-410S 2.0 3.2 1.2 CPI-410S 4.0 6.0 1.2 TAG- 2 690 0.5 3.2 1.2 CPI-410S 3.0 6.0 1.2 TAG- 2 690 5.0 3.2 1.2 CPI-410S 2.0 3.2 1.2 CPI-410S 4.0 HP Record ID 85913003 1 .0 CPI-310S 1.0 Exam le 8 1.0 CPI-310S 4.0 1.0 TAG- 2 689 0.5 1.0 TAG- 2 689 3.0 1.0 TAG- 2 689 5.0 0.8 TAG- 2 689 0.5 2.0 CPI-310S 7.0 2.0 TAG- 2 689 7.0 53
[0132] Manufacturing of Charging Member The coating layer 4 having a layer thickness shown in Table 6 was formed as with Example 1-1 or the like, except that the coating liquid prepared as described above was used, and the coated film was cured under a condition shown in Table 6. Accordingly, the charging roller 10 including the axis body (the conductive support 1), the elastic layer 2 formed along the outer circumferential surface of the axis body, the resin layer 3 formed along the outer circumferential surface of the elastic layer 2, and the coating layer 4 formed along the outer circumferential surface of the resin layer 3 was prepared. In Examples 2-1 to 2-17, the coating liquid contains the hydrolyzable silane and the zirconium chelate compound, and thus, the coating layer 4 of Examples 2-1 to 2-17 contains a polysiloxane compound having an Si-O-Zr bond in the molecular structure.
HP Record ID 85913003 Curing method CT layer U V-LED Thermal curing Layer Wavelength Cumulative light amount Temperature Time thickness [qC] [min] [Pm] 130 5 40 130 10 240 130 30 400 80 320 160 320 200 3 40 240 200 5 400 160 320 80 320 160 5 40 160 10 240 160 30 400 160 30 40 560 160 30 560 [0134] Evaluation of Phase Separation The coating layer 4 was visually observed, and the degree of phase separation was evaluated based on the following standards. Results are shown in Table 7. Incidentally, the subsequent evaluation was not performed for example evaluated as D. Evaluation A: Uniform Dispersion Was Performed without Phase Separation Evaluation B: Stable Dispersion Was Performed in Emulsion State Even after Still Standing for 24 h. Evaluation C: Emulsion State Was Obtained Immediately after Still Standing, but Phase Separation was Checked after Still Standing for 24 h Evaluation D: Phase Separation Occurred Immediately after Still Standing. [0135] Evaluation of Surface Frictional Force The coating liquid prepared as described above was applied onto an aluminum sheet having a thickness of 0.1 mm by using a spin coater (ASC150II, manufactured by ASUMI GIKEN, Limited), and then, was cured in the same condition as that of each of the Examples and Comparative Examples, so as to form a coating layer having a thickness of 30 mm to 400 mm. After that, a surface frictional force was measured in a condition of a load of 25 g and 0.1 mm/sec, by HEIDON Type-38 (manufactured by Shinto Scientific Co., Ltd.; Continuous Load Type). Results are shown in Table 7. [0136] Evaluation of Surface Contamination The surface contamination of the charging roller 10 was evaluated as with Example 1-1 or the like. Results are shown in Table 7. HP Record ID 85913003 E valuation of phase separation Surface frictional force [N] of CT Endurability l ayer at 25 g Slope Example 2-1 C 0.035 2.30 0.035 2.30 0.035 2.30 0.027 1.75 0.027 1.75 0.022 1.45 0.022 1.45 0.038 2.50 0.023 1.52 0.038 2.50 0.024 1.55 0.024 1.55 0.029 1.91 0.029 1.91 0.040 2.63 0.040 2.63 0.040 2.63 - - 0.071 4.66 0.066 4.34 [0138] As described above, in the charging roller 10 of Example 2-1 to Example 2-17, the surface frictional force of the coating layer 4 is 0.040 N or less. Then, it is found that in the charging roller 10 of Example 2-1 to Example 2-17, the slope of the graph to be obtained from 'Si and the total number of rotations of the photoreceptor is small, and the surface contamination due to the external additive is suppressed, compared to Comparative Example 2-1 to 2-3. [0139] It is to be understood that not all aspects, advantages and features described herein may necessarily be achieved by, or included in, any one particular example. Indeed, having described and illustrated various examples herein, it should be apparent that other examples may be modified in arrangement and detail is omitted.
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