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Patent Searching and Data


Title:
CARBON AND METAL OXIDE COMPOSITE CATHODE FOR BATTERIES
Document Type and Number:
WIPO Patent Application WO/2024/081819
Kind Code:
A2
Abstract:
A cathode material for a lithium-sulfur battery is disclosed. The cathode material includes an active material comprising a host. The host includes resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon (RFC) and one or both of a metal and metal oxide. Elemental sulfur is coupled to the host. The cathode material may further include a conductive material (e.g., carbon) and a binder material.

Inventors:
WU QINGLIU (US)
MUNOZ EDUARDO JAVIER (US)
Application Number:
PCT/US2023/076746
Publication Date:
April 18, 2024
Filing Date:
October 12, 2023
Export Citation:
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Assignee:
THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIV (US)
XBM USA LLC (US)
International Classes:
H01M4/133
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
JOHNSON, David (US)
Download PDF:
Claims:
as cames: a ca.oe couume-suou ararer ce, comrsn: an acve msa ceurraren com corecor,e caoe comrsn: a mea aosncunsn a:orous caronavn one oro o a mea an a conuc oxve on a surace an eemena suur coueoeos an aner maee ara.ve an . ane anouem c-osuuuerao ae srec coen o cu crraemn c,ouercoerr, coem anrosne c: a searaor oerasoseeweene anoe ane coamrsn um mea an eecroeserseeweene anoe ane caoe.oe an . eeorouums- csauruornsa reesror cceno o-o crammae, weere canron . . a meassouam-suuraer ce o cam, weren: aroxmae.-n. o m-e cacm2o.e oners curren coecorsn a rane o . ee oneu om-seu mueraa aer ce o cam, weren: ano. n mea oxencue an one or more o,n,e,a,r, . ee cauome-s cuomurrsaese ar creox om caaem, w weeren: aroxmae we oe conucve ave, an a oe caoe acve maera, maera. roxmae oener . eum-suuraer ce o cam, weren: coueoeoesoass a a seromne araunres oo ae sruoxumra weere °en e aem nernoaen su aumro rsemaernes. . e um-suu aroxmeaeum--suurr maaeerr c c uee rn e ox cam avasn a, os c w aarer cee c an cn: n uscnaerr ae c sonescanc c cauac o o aroxmae . an a voae wnow o aroxmae .-. or aurrraenens care an scarerocesses. o . an ca acovee m maaeerraor aaer ce,e caoe maera comrsn: oxe a anos enca emunc ennun a su a: uro croouus cearoon aeno osne a onro o a mea an a mea a a conneurc mvaee craar.on maera an . ee coaroouse ca mraoenrsa r oeso cracmno-,o wrmeareen e caron . . e cao an o.e one oe me maeeraa a on c maema, o wxeerencn:ue an one or more o ,n,e,a,r, . ee c caaooee maera o cam, weren: aroxmae we maer oa coem crses aroxmae we o e acve maera, o ener maera. onucve caron maera, an aroxmae we . e caoe coueoeoesoass a a m sa ereor mna e a o raun cam res oo, we se °ureun nr: a w nerroeen aem eoesmeenrea. suur remans a.ore szee casroueo mna oer aa oro cxammae, w nemrenoe nomro.us caronas aore szerovn . r meearon ao sroureoanr on a a mne acavere mcaureraor a caoe, comrsn e ses o: erormn ars er sor an aorous caron caron mareamen one souon o mearecursor an orous w on oe ora mnonr aos maera comrsn aower comoseorous caronecorae mrene mea oxes an maera. an eos maera w eemena suuro sneszee acve rs. ermea mereaomeonrsre conarunc aen anc aveu meauerrnaacor a caoe o cam , werene urer weren aareemeraure o aroxmaee uner °es acroeevcon oronas, o aroxmae °mn an eareemeraurese or areox wmae a rawmo roauers. com.rsne meoorrearn an acve maeraor a caoe o cam ,urer more meer: ao orxmnes, a w seecroennermareamen oneorous caronecorae w one or unereroecon o a mxuere se oco anrermareamens conucen aueurnace weren aareemeraure o aroxmoaxmeae °s arconev aen w a2 raas,urer aroxmae °mn an eareemerau m rae o an rese or aroxmaeourours w on oe ora mnonre a meosas m.aera comrsn aower comoseorous caronecorae o.rous care monesoo.rrearn an acve maeraor a caoe o cam , werene me.areceu mrseoros aoerasre onaern o an ac4,ven mae3r2a,eor3 a, caao3e3, or cam34, a,n weroen3e3. su.urase a m meassooaornr oe saurnur a on a acvreox mmaaeerao.r m a cacmo2.e o cam , werene ex. s ae carum-suuraer ce o cam, werene um-suuraer ce urn aavanoe an scare secc caac o aroxmae m orreaer an a voae wnsaowc c oc anroexsm uaneer a. c-on.sanor cu crraerne aennssc oa areroxromceassees..
Description:
tt.oceto. -- ,e,reesenc aoercaon camseene o rovsonaaen caono. eren reerence. , e enrescosure oa acaonsncororae arcuare,os ac coasruroen a rnea meesao ox ae ca comooeseor ca aoeuomr- asuurum-asueurr aane,r m.ore aer ssumem-ssu.urowaeveerr,esnowsn are csan maaesor-ener-ens recareae erorman no manan sae eecrocemca care ance asnca mrae exroceersencean o caac w eecrocemca ccn.urn rouc o suc, massoves aense.u.,se c acwanosues, wc are annermeae e anoe,eosues mae reucreomoe s suoru-cr caanooe,souwaree anoe. usnacoe caoeon-canosue s an aer eec ma resu s maeorme aan.s "sue" e.., a reuconnn aena enaeer o aecnsve m anae rreacarromeae ca ooe c aens m.a causeeraaon an anoecc aoracneno a anrs as cuercre on coeecreosre.nes acnoosuere c,o amrsuems-suuumr maeear. ce cncues coueo a secon curren coecor.e caoencues an acve maera.aeo acevs maerancues aos, wcncues resor e mea an m cno-ormaee caron an one o a ner maereaa. ox seea.raeomena suurs coueoeos, a conucve ave, an asserseeweene anrose asnosee caewoeeen.e anoe ane caoe.n eecroe um-scucourrnaeor a cneonecru asese acn a ocvee mareesreanascosure, a caoe maeraor a resorcno-ormaee caro ncues aos.eosncuess coueoeo n an one o a mea an mea oxe.emena suur aner m s.e caoe maera asoncues a conucve caron maera, an caoec aca corer vena. maoerea anoorer asec oeresenscosure, a meoorrearn a souon o a m aum-suuraer cencuese ses orearn ancueserormena arerscursoerrm aanr reeasomrcenno o-normea soeuoen c oaroen me.e meo , anen oann aos maera.eos maer arecursor an ecorae w one or more mea o ancues aower comose maera w eemen xes.en,e meoncuesmrenaneos ese an oaer sueauro sneszee caoe acve maera. urcer ures, avanaes, an oecs oeresenevce we seca unone,rs caooms, a ann a areecnaeerawnosse. sene ar uon suneoown n asecses.er csa aw sncse:mac, exoe vew o an exameaer, accorno varous comose,.r accse or a sncereeomn vaacow car sownrearaon o a mea, caron an suur .s ara sroouwsn ase-crasescrraceone sren caron an mea oxe c ecra o varous caron an mea or caron an. meas a oxrao e co sm moo ows snes, es,- a arc cacorn cornraco oo v vnar ar sou ouecs a srsa oec vsareosucsr caeroenr aenn mea or .s ara sown-raracon sec arsa oecsescreeren caron an mea oxe comos varous caron an mea or .s ara soes, accorno varous asecsescreeren caron an mea oxe comowsnes,- arcacornracoo vnar souesc arsa oec vsarous caron an mea or . s ara sownermoravmerc anassescre seeren caoe acve maeraossmrenae w suur cra o varous caoe ac.ve msa aeraraos ssomwrnenaeerm worav sumerc anass secra o varous caoe ac.ve msa aeraraos ssomwrnenaeerm worav smeurrc anass secra o varous caoe ac.ve msa aeraraos ssomwrnenaeermoravumuerrc anass secra o varous ormaon c.ce os a varroaus souwmn- avan wosa scu curare-scareroesor a seece ormaon c.ce os a varra sownsuuarvaanoesra cce csare-scareroesor a seece . s aroaus souwmn-suuarvaanoesr ces ormaon cc ac care-scareroesor a seece maon c. e os a varroaus souwmn-suuaraer ces or vanosac care-scareroesor a seece ormaon c.ce o ce os a var varro oaus us sou uwm mn-suu -suuar rvaa anoe esr ra c cce e csare-scareroesor a seece ormaon c.ce os a varroaus souwmn-suuavanosac csare-scareroesor a seece ormaon c.ce os a varroaus souwn arvaanoesra cce csare-scareroesor a seece ormaon c.ce os a vra sowmn-suuarvaanoesra cce csare-scareroesor a seece . s aarroaus souwmn-suuarvaanoer ces ormaon c sac care-scareroesor a seece .ce os a varroaus souwm-suuraer ces ormaon c n avanosac care-scareroesor a seece .ce os v aarous um-suuraer ces caoe w varous craaron s aonwn me cac onxeeroosrsma ance o a um-suuraer avn a caoe w. varsou as craaron s aonwn me cacnoss.erormannce o a um-suuraer avn a “ron,” “ovrerurcao,s”e “s oorzeosncra,”o annereernvaveeserms “uer,” “ower,” “r,” “e,” “rear,” as orenen..owever,so ereo sa reaeoeevcescosure varous aernave o e unersooaeevcenvenon ma assume conrar.s asooreen uanoenrsso ano sea seeu seneccesc, execveces w anerer eoxcersessess susecreoe aacerawns, anescreneoown seccaon are sma exeene emomens oenvenve concesenene aene cams.encemar mensons an oersca caracerscs reanoe emomen , secc are nooe consere asmn, unesse cams exr sscoseeren eerrno.-, reerence numera eneesrsa saee oerwse. aer ce.e ce ncues an anoe aacen asrsna ces aum-suur e anoencuesum mea. caoes coueo a securren coecor. .e caoencues an acve maera, a conu on curren coecor maera.e acve maera . comrses a suurcve ave, an aner os maera ma comrse resorcno-ormae nraeos maera.e mea an a mea oxe.emena suure..,e caron an one oro o a moreeaeow, caoe maearcae 8 s m coueoeos.sscussen orm w caronac an aner souonoorxne acve maeranower ene coae w e surr.e surrsem a surr, an a mea susrae ma comrse aou we acve maera,nre weoo crmon a caoe wc ma we ner. we unersooaeresenscosureucsve caron, an we ercenaes, ane caoe maave vrua an sua noe wmeoosenvua maeras.susrae, a searaorssoseeweenee an oe oen caaneor oer cas.en. eec wroee unesrsosoer oe an c sea aenoweeen, cea anooee, a ann seea craaooren eosone rome anornna ma eereorae ur.n,a a cnees sm. ccaarerocreoscseesssn aen rev cee ncueumssouon urn a carerocess.ne , ener marsee sourmeanoe anoe urnescarerocess,umonsne eecroe mrnaeeo caeoe. r wneree ceares rreocuecseso.uomu su some caoe u 8 e as 2 e.cse o sueurnsco 2 sures r aer-eoxeszcereon 8 c coannoeceon woe useum w-sunur ana suera cee e,s wne scoe oescosureore ers curre ecrocemca ce. e e n coecor,e secon curren coecor,e searaor, an uncoencrno coe mae mae o an suae maeraor usene , wc ers currennu cnoceocno wr mae cancuoee san oesse serees wenesceos suerceo.nn c suormre exames, mancue aumnum, suc aso.owever, we une en coecor coecors are nomeoese exames.e sea rsooae curren memranee.., ,ue searaor mara cor ma comrseooen aneresenscosures nomeo a s omrse oer suae maeras or exame, a souon o um ecc maera.ecroe ma comrse, n , vv.owesverr,u eoreocmreoaenesu moname an w. com 3 oson ann an suaeasee..,u, so comrse an suae n some exames,e caoenc . caoe acv ues aroxmae we oe aroxmaee m waeera o, aroxmae we oe conucve ave an maera mae an maerener maera.e conucve ave anener maera oeresea suaeor usen conuncon w e caoe acve conucv nscosure.n secc exames,e conucve aves a ovneen caerounore.e., caro.naocrou asn carener maeras a souon conann oxe ons emee w mea anor mea .s anseosore caoe acve maera oe caoeore ce an avann secc exames, resorcno-ormaee caron owers use, wcs accevaoornou.s caorroouns caar mona sroevrese m coanroeareeaorere voumre anore szee.., oass 2 um sa o resorcno-ormaee res ec caronzaon o reare caron maeras ma ma n seres, an 2 asorens.ese ave eveoe ura nane serca saes aer acvaon an ma aso suc aso -mcrooros w un 3 ormore sze.eorousroeres con urore voume.e.,e em sacecm ueoores an rao mae ee unnerocessarameers as reureor-aer acaons. w ernenersooroesoaeeoreas vo aumoeree smzes sracueosn oereenno an euae. coonrr exaumone,rom maave an em sace o cm 3 , aneore sze maesruerom nmo cm 3 nms.e em saceenerae ores w aameer o acenoerrsaear com nmores.e rao soue cm 3 nmcms 3 = cm 3 ., an , an aeceroeres, suc asore voume, sze, an unorm o anenmcuerea,uorre e oxamerme,arerecaurmsoern co, anncenrea moens, caase an concenraon,me n ,e,a ,r , ano caon oe mrean.renc some exames, 4 , ore 32 os ma 3 era. 3 cc 3 orn 3 , 4 e one 33 ursors . use o, or emeen,eorous caro oro oe mea an mea oxe coue ano. n canncue an one or more o,n,e,a,r, caron aener srunuro., aaram o an exemar meo orearn a mea, meo ma comoseor use ase caoe acve maerasusrae.e an resorcno-eormna a seee ca,r woncnvoves.reexa,rner am saoureoanm oen a m oeaer seocuursoor mearecursor an occurs nncues a se .e soowe se , wc o coone maera resunromeermareamen, anen oanne mase mraae oraa,n wec a sse a como msaeeneceoraorem o w a oonwe oerr m.oerex m, aea se oxes.,eeoos maerasmrenae w suuro sneszee caoe acve maera. s exames, se s conuce usn a me-usonrocess.e n some mancue mxn eemena suurowers ane c meusonrocess more mea oxes,rnne mxure, a omose ecorae w one or vesse.e vesse maene nenranserrne mxureo a seae e aeareemeraureaeo aareemeraure o aroxmae ° an caoe acve maera eor aroxmae ourso comee sness oe seconeorna, a se.,e meo mancue arsermareamen an a mmaareea smen oe mearecursor. mea oxeecorae maen sneszee aerersermareamen, an a meaecorae reamen mae c sze aere seconermareamen.erserma er onucen aueurnace unereroecon oronas.urer, rams raee orm aarroeaxmmaene ma u °mzen a.anrcee aemeeraaruree oem aerroaxumrea oe aro °xm wae a ma °e,ee s aoueona ore meeamerreacuurrseoror a anrox remsoarecnow-oormaee caron oane .e seconermareamen m oursoowe coono unereroecon o a mxur ae conucen aueurnace ermareamen m e o aroxmae ron an 2 as.e secon rae o a a uze aareemeraure o aroxmae ° w a ram e roxm caaneee °m an.encaer aeeemarereaueremoerra aurero oxm aaeroxmoaureou °r, oowe coono oane .eareemeraures anuraon s e vareeenn oneesre amoun o reucon o mea s ma exame,erserma rerseuamsennu re rseuuscn oxeo mea.or seconermareamen onaro mae rea.ucono mea oxe, wee seenrm aaroraec,o amns evnova wnera as eer mee ooarsa eoonn: o oreea mreea meraecursorecooraoewe awo- ormaeeer resorcno- ea oxeveorous caron . ca,. ecoowraeers w : sames were sneszers. conann m mea eresersen m-waer anen a souon connuous srrn.erreceur asorosnso oveen mea mrecu wrsaoerr so wuaso sno,we ae uner srre a roomemeraureor aou sx our mxure was overn.eee rae oe mearecurs s anenre a aou ° o.- mmnn oreroavee mearoercu sorsuoro unn woarsm caresuru aeus aeen surea rcaen oe emeorwauerress..eereermowaerrse waemreenac weasn c aon cruuceoreermareamen a roecon oronas.eueur cen aueurnace unere w e ram o °mn a nace waseaeoeareemeraure o ° cooeowno ne aeareeemeraureorwo ours.er r roomemeraure, owers were oane.eren mea reecuarrseors, suecco arsae w 4 , vnarou 3 s 2 m,eea 3 o,xaes. 33 ,r 34 , ano 33 , were useo oaneeaecoraoewersoarca:ee sam.eecrmaa,reeamarenee wasem aereaureo ae uraonmeore seconarermareamen were n resecve. mxure oron w was u ° anour ours, emeraure anuraonme were ause 2 oruse or asarear roeeuccoonn oas m.eae oaree mea. xeo maraeerrrnacoo,ar meer.ace usn-rza a,o-n uras oo raras acooa nnerar =.asaeronsa re wse ve:re coece on aau oe snesze an .eea anc eae crsa srucures cacuaece crsann errer euaons were useo , rese ex an crsanmensons oerenanes o an .ve. an sows-ra snracesonz secra o , , comarave.susrae, e accornoxame aon w a resen.eos maerasn mse exaam ane m coemar osxeereaeaers caonrresonno nce are an aou mea oxe or mea.us,eeas aou aness eseeas soueresen rom ave sronnens, an aonaeas conrmse enxsencea oers m oeaan oexero omr a me saamnes.eoesresence o owever,enens oeseeass reave maeras. maerasne sames. weaueoeow amoun oese s menae osxze. e acecaor s s cnows orreosox-r naamner o aac anonon an w se um a ac r cr eoam o resaravea.sus anrae, meaa an . sows-ra racon en. snesze secra o r an r mea oxe acecaors cnorreosoxnamneo z arocnon wum a ar comarave.susrae, mea an esze. accor sonwso-xraamer eresen. sn a acoonn w sec ar caom oaraven.su asnr n mea oxeeas corresonno manan ae, mea an ,rearaon oaoeecsev aereareesreans.: maerasem snreensazee w an su vuarr.ouasc acve m anaera was werree uasre asoss o acve uson aroac.ca,. commerca eemen erou a me- maeraone oe snesze an varo suurowers an. os enroun ann an aae moraroursr an were mxe an ranserreno aass ve ee mnues.e mxureen was eaeo aemeraures ose an ° se aane.een a,ee seaaree veesmsee wraasureacoern an oven an coono roomemeraure,e suurnraeo ours.er acve maeraor eec s maera was oaneor use ase ,arraoceerarcaon anurer caracerzaons. eerrno .-za,onse ormoaraovmeecveaeras: ermoravmercnazer rc anass waserorme on ane caoe ac ,nsrumensoeermnee conen o suur c nonrouecne a wn aveem maerearuares ran sen oes-ze^ a °cco ar aneaonxa rmaee o. °emn un waesr .mos seorew. os masera secra o , , an , ea s snesze accornoxame, aon w a comaravencaecsmare a wnaee woss s ouccuurr arecco.rnnso wxaam,e..,eesmceonnsn erma curve suur remane coueoe sneszeos raesa eemena aroxmae °n a nroen amo maeras aemeraures o ave a sron an sere.semonsraesaeos maeras er en o suur.n aon,os maeras w meacemonsrae os maerans wem mereaaurecs, co mmaaraeve w a sronoser m aaenraso w suur...s-ncaesa sameren sowe snesze.. acco sronwsoxam seecr,a a oon w aa comar aanve, eaacmos maeras suur accornoxame.ssemonsraen., renae w coueoeos maeras aemer eemena suur remane amosere.semons aures o aroxmae °n a nroen suur. raesae sneszeos maerasave a sron ano snesze. acco srows secra o r an r os maeras suu noxame, aon w a comarave, eacmrenae w coure accoorneoosxa mmaeera.s assememeoransurrease on ar., eemena suur remane amosere.semonsraesaes oxmae °n a nroen o suur. e sneszeos maerasave a sron an snesze. acco sronwsox secra o n an n os maeras suur acc ame, aon w a comarave, eacmrenae w coueoorneoosxa mmaeera.s assememeoransurrease on aro.xm, eemena suur remane amosere.semonsraesaese sn ae °n a nroen o suur. eszeos maerasave a sron an ,rearao souone co ancavnen maeoravsn wne oreen ea eaco uo mes rx:ee w c,aroonacsuer anner rronone oreare a surr.ca, va ssoven-e-- mxer anen wasan-case on e surr was mxen an - o wasenre a °orou arus,m unnuemr vaocu.ume. reseu reasnu cnoanre on eecer aumnum comose o acve maera, conucve car oes wereoan o aroun,.r me-cm 2 . on, an ner ana a mass ere eecroarea oon oxameum- wuauraeres: . mmameer an asse sunceno ascavn a nc.e., cou soner eecroe, an aomoeen mneom coranne ces.u wmas m useea a wsase us seea arsaore. assem 3 uo esnso c nvo senan e ann um,s vrvu woarosm uesean aessueon emeceroe.e an ces w w.ere ,ovaeracoxerzaeo wns oron. eerrn nowo.-,avaunmos-aucur ccaneres: xame were conuce on a ae ess oe asseme ces o curren a roomemeraure.n reser an a consan curren were aeo oanea exa,c craeeacorm oaoen c cecsesor woo awnn a raroex amnae ccn eesnss. oer.e aormeaoonr coces c,aree c acnnsecsar waes croonuce w a consan curren . was aeurno oeormao cesses. voae wnow o.- -, aum-suuraer ce a n an ccness.semonsrae . ex a care ccorno an asec oeresenscosure ma urn aa anscare secc caac o aroxmae m orreaer an a voavea wnonsaowc o c acnroxesma uneer. a- co.nsaonr c cuarrrene anens o aroxmae. . an areras sownavanosac scarerocesses. anrormaon cces, res care-scareroesorrs accornoxame aon wecve a c,o omar or snesze asseme accornoxames a ave num-suuraer ces avne sne n.nese cces,ereare resecve caoeoan o. msczme 2 .e ce, , or os maerancue a suur aroxmae,- s exe care anscare secc caaces o aroxmae -,, m muurners cces an secc caaces o anr.orma anon c acrees,ra ressr e sn covwene ,arva cnocsesa.c care-scareroesorrs accornoxame aon w a co omarave n oru snesze asseme accornoxames an.nes m-suuraer ces avne snesze , e c,ces,ereare resecve caoeoan o. mcm 2 .e ces exe c or os maerancue a suur aroxmae,-, m urn are anscare secc caaces o aroxmae -, m urnere crs cces an secc caaces o rorma.on- cce arse, rersaecs sveow, onavanaosacces o c. rare-sacare snroesorrs an oxame aon w a comarave num-suu esze accorn accornoxames an.nese cces raer ces asseme snesze a , a, or,eoreare resecve caoeavne . mcm 2 .e ces exe cares maerancue a suuroan o aroxmae -, m urner asn cscare secc caaces o aroxmae -, m urner cces.ces an secc caaces o rorma.on- cc aerse, rersaecs sveow, onavanrosac c orare-srcare snroesezseor acrs an oxame aon w a comarave num-suuraer cescorn accornoxames an.nese cces,ereare r asseme snesze r , r, or os maeraesncecuve caoeavne . mcm 2 .e ces exe care anscare seec a suuroan o aroxmae -, m urners cces an seccc c caaaaces o aroxmae -, m urne ces o .- areras sownar cces. rormaon cc vanosac care-scareroesorrs an accornoxamees, r aesonec wve, o n or n snesze asseme accornox a comarave num-suuraer ces avne ames an.nese cces,ereare resecve caoe suuroan s one.sz mec 2 n , n, or os maerancue a o aroxma m.e ces exe care anscare secc caaces aroxmaee-,,-, m urners cces an secc caaces o ces assem.e ascc aorra m no soxwamnurn e as cce annre c wrocrems. vaarncera oum-suuraer . emonsraesaeum-su ous caron an mea oxeoss. varous caron an mea ox uraer cesa ne eanor a oe owever, eossor over cces, exce moenum oxeo. aernae c cacaec o reerence ces w rorom ~ m o ~ m ces a. s as.ra sown a ccnerormancera oum-suuraer esmseomnserae asccoraneoxaumm-seusur anaer w ce vsaraous n cearone ana meaoss.. varous meaoss nor a oe e or over cces, exceo. mea ne oe caoencune acve maerancun a caron an are no, orm meea oox,me croomveo eseec,r aocccoermncaoe varous asecsscoseerenncue,u um-suuraeres a rormance oum-suuraeress. ccn sa ccornoeresenscosure marovencrease osues w, wnc a c maaoee a re reosun a oneo a eecv oeeransscoosreo cnasoe.e., suour reoanns ureouoeores. enserecse onseresenscosure maacae commercazaon os c an aone oesescreeren. comrsec aonr annoeo a anac aesnec a ors ceurrerense cnoecscoor,su arne, ae aum-suuraer ce ma mea. caoes coueo a secon curren noe ma comrseum acve maera.e acve coecor, ane caoe ma comrse an resorcno- maera ma comrse aos, aneos ma comrse emena sormaee caron an oneoro o a mea an mea oxe. ave anu aur mnaer me caoeurae.o seearaoosr. mae cae ooeer maaursoesre comerwseee a conucve ane caoe, an an eecroe maeserseeweene a ne anoe ccorno anoer asec oeresenscosur noe ane caoe. ma comrse a massoan oe caoe on e,eum-suuraer ce aroxmae.-. m-c 2 e secon curren coecorn a rane o mea ancc morean oxoeenc anuoe aem nr a. osneec or o moree orese,nn,sec,osau,rer,,e oneoro oe ce mac ccoomrrnseo a srox anmoaeer as wece oe oreseen casocoes aucrev, an e meo au.m-suuraer we oe conucve ave, an aroxmae oeneera, aroxmae ccorno anoer asec oeresenscosure,e er maera. reman coueoeos aemeraures o arox emena suur ma amosere,ereemonsran a sron an oemae °n a nroen ccornoe anoer asec oeresenscoossureoe suur. ce ma ex a care anscare secc caac o ,eum-suuraer urn aavanosac ccnes uner a consan c aroxmae - m an a voae wnow o aroxmae.-. urrenens o aroxmae. ccorno s anoer asec o or care anscarerocesses. um-suuraer ce eresenscosure, a caoe maeraor ancue resorcno-orma mea ceom carrosen an ac avne m oaneeroaroan ocu ae mse aao asn. meeaos ox ma an eemena suur mae coueoeos.e caoe maera mau e, a conucve caron maera an aner maera. rer comrse um-scucourrnaeor a cneo mear asnceuce o a meassreosaenn oscoseur cea,oee ca on ao ceu maeraore a rane o ar 2 rren coecorn ccornoxmoaee.-. m-cm. mea ox anoer asec oeresenscosure,e one oe mea an cceor mannocu se a an one or more o,n,e,a,r, ano. eum-s noer asec oeresenscosure,e caoe maeraor we, oueu craer ce mancue a caoe wc comrses aroxmae maera aoe acve maera, aroxmae we oe conucve caron c acnor anroox amnaoeer as weec o oeener maera. um-suuraer ce ma resenscosure,e caoe maeraore coueoeo ncue eemena suur.e eemena suur ma reman erenc s aemeraures o aroxmae °n a nroen amosere, ccorann ao seron ano aner as oece ooseoree suur. caoe acve maeraor au senscosure, a meoorrearn a a souon o a mea m-suuraer ce ma comrsee ses orearn ason recursor an resorcno-ormaee caron .e meo ma .cuose meraoerrman m aarsenermea oraeaneme.n oenose s mouaeorna o mae m coemarsreec aursor an comose ecorae w one or more mea oxes.eos mae owermrenae w eemena suuro sneszee caoe acve ra maene ccorno s anoer asec oeresenscosure, mearesra. mae conucen aueurnace or oer suaeev ermareamen as or oer suaeas.areemerau ce unereroecon oron ram rae o aroxmae °mn anerea or aroxmae °s aceve w a wo eemeraureseor aroxmae one ococuorrs. ,nno anoer asec oeresenscosure,e mearecursors aeas cco4rno3e2, aneo3,era ase3c3, ore3r4, ano33. a caoe acve maeraor au esenscosure,e meoorrearn ermareamen o m-suuraer ce mancueerormn a secon ream ne ecorae w one or more mea oxes.e seconerma o a menxu mrea oe c aonrouxcmeaen aueurrnaocne o anr oer su 2 aaes.evcaer uneeremeerraouerceo on aeroaxrmeaeemera °ur mea mae aceeeve uor aznr aox rammae raeo our aroxoumras.ee m °emon, an urerncue oann aos maeraa comrses aower como ma w one or more m se ecorae e cao cae acovee a mcecaoars.no s anoer asec oeresenscosure ma comrse maera, ae caroxomea meaerau wrre eera croem o ars cee on a me ucroxo vem. aaeve, a we oe caoe acve o aner maer n aroxmae we massoaccnor ona suo. ure o anoer asec oere 2 senscosure,e caoe maave a ma comccorno s a anoroexrm asaeec o. mecrmese.nscosure, aum-suuraer ce erseuem c-asuoure. aroxmae ma oer ce ma ex a care anscare secc caac o currre rreaerurn aavanosac ccnes uner a consan cane anens o aroxmae. an a voae wnow o aroxmae.-.or arcuareaosc unraar e o,e r u conro mescses on oses ene.rwse sece,soe unersooascusson o a meanaeeaure or comon eexnenonowsn a o sr araon aneve onr axrescno snu,c or aereceo,no oes no on exensn sucrecon or on suc aane wou oerreco ra evaons, uness oerwse sece. we un na comonens or e ara consrucon oeescre ersoo oneavn ornar sn secc maera.er ex evce an oer comonenss nomeo an ormerom a we emar emomens oeevcescoseeren mae oruros vare o maeras, unessescre oerwseeren. coun, coue,es e oc.esnerascos mureea,nseeermon "ncou oew"on co am oonenssoremesc, coue, mecancarec ornreco one anoer.uconn mae rca or movaen naure.uconn mae aceve saonarn naure or mecanca an an aonanerm w ewo comonenseecrca or unaro w one anoereae memersenneraorme as a sne ermanenn naure or mae rem oorva we or reeeawsaoe conm naonueren usn.esusc ooernwnse s maae.e o s asomorano noeae consrucon an arranemen oe eemens eweevce as sownne exemar emomenssusrave on.ou on a sco esmuromens oeresennnovaonsaveeenescreneans man moe,caose sene ar wo revewsscosure w rea arecaea roorons ooens v aarreouoss esemeene.s,., v vaaureaso onsanra smzees,ersm,ensons, srucures, saes an maeras, coors, orenaons, ec mounn arranemens, use o an avanaes oe suec ma.e wou maeraearnrome noveeacns orme mae consru r rece.or exame, eemens sown asneraneraorme,e ocee o muears or eemens sown as muears maeen or w oeraon oeneraces mae reverse or oerwse vare,e sse srucures anor memers or connecor or oer eemens oe eememn msa mae vear vear,e.e na suoreu or neum noeer o ausmenosonsroveeweene s ae eemens anor assemes oe srseenm m oareur caonsru,cne anrom o a an w oe a w varee var oe co oor ms,aeerxausres,a anrov come sunacoenn ccsoernnnn,ov aa souncs. moerc sauosnsu ar s. re oensn, menoecaoones,n ccaunees, w ann omess socone oe maeneesn, oeran conons, an arranemen oeesre asn mae exemar emomens wouearnrome sr oeresennnovaons oer wnses w e m scae oee u o cnomers eno reeo sen wa ev o an cee.re essccr exoesmee arr roocc . roces seess rss uee css u o o rerr s s s aee nss ro w oceosrmn se serusccrurees eren areorusraveuroses an are nooe consrue a sscose aoremenso aneso soruecu urneser asnoo meao vsar waonosu ane maroncas room mns cnaen. coen mceaes o onee c oorevs eee rrenevce, wsee anoouwrner camsso unees usneersseoo camas suce corncaenusa aree enxerneses soaee e. aoveescrons conserea oeusrae emomens on. usoecaons oeevce w occuroose sene ar anoose wo mae or aneescrevece a.oveere aroere m,eres uonrerussoroaveauroes eems ano nmoennse snoewnonmerea swcones ornceesev oce,a wencaws,necuneneeocornoew on cuavmaesn ass.nerree accornoe