FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a biotechnological production of bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and other macrocyclic N-hydroxy-N-succinyl pentanediamine-based analogs thereof. In particular, the present invention relates to recombinant cells that are capable of biotechnological production of desferrioxamine E, bisucaberin and other macrocyclic N-hydroxy-N-succinyl pentanediamine-based analogues thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Desferrioxamine E and other macrocyclic N-hydroxy-N-succinyl pentanediamine-based siderophores such as bisucaberin are produced by a dedicated biosynthetic pathway requiring four enzymatic activities and starting from L-lysine. Desferrioxamines and other macrocyclic N-hydroxy-N-succinyl pentanediamine-based siderophores such as bisucaberin are secreted into the surrounding environment by an unknown mechanism. Upon metal binding, the metal-siderophore complex is bound by a specific receptor protein (such as DesE in Streptomyces coelicolor) and subsequently thought to be taken up by dedicated uptake systems such as the ABC transporter FhuABCD in Erwinia amylovora. The release of the metal ions from the extremely stable metal-siderophore complex within the cell can occur via three different mechanisms: enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of the siderophore (such as DesF in Streptomyces coelicolor), proton-assisted dissociation of the complex, and reduction of the metal center (ko for Fe2+ only 2.85 x 10’ ⁵ ).

Bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof such as desferrioxamine E have antitumor properties that may be used for treatment of cancer. Bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof used predominantly in these pharmaceutical applications are today exclusively produced through fermentation using wildtype Streptomyces strains such as S. pilosus and S. parvulus. This method has a number of disadvantages outside of other problems.

Namely, the current method of production of bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof has low production performance characteristics, such as biomass-specific productivity q _P , volumetric productivity Q _P , product yield on substrate Yx/s, and product concentration. This results in high manufacturing costs. Further, since bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof are formed using a simple fermentation process of wildtype Streptomyces strains, there will be a lot of byproducts in the fermentation broth produced. The Streptomyces species are potent producers of many secondary metabolites including antibiotics, which need to be separated from the desired bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof by laborious and costly refinement steps. Also, the wild-type Streptomyces strains usually require complex and costly fermentation medium recipes due to complex growth requirements of the Streptomyces species, resulting in poor reproducibility due to batch-to-batch variation of complex medium components. Further the use of lysine as the main substrate for production of bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof also makes the process of forming these compounds inflexible and costly.

While for pharmaceutical applications, high manufacturing costs may be acceptable, these costs are undesirable for other applications, such as in the cosmetic and technical (e.g. rust removal) field. Therefore, the transfer of bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof biosynthesis to well-characterized microbial production strains, is highly desirable. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a more efficient and affordable means of production of bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention attempts to solve the problems above by providing a biotechnological means of producing bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof using an established microbial platform. Using an established microbial platform to produce at least one bisucaberin, desferrioxamine and analogs thereof not only increases the amount of bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof produced from the starting material but also reduces the amount of byproducts formed. Also, the genetically modified cell according to any aspect of the present invention has the advantage of being non-pathogenic and simple to culture. This enables the cell to be safer for production and also keeps the costs lower as no special safety requirements are needed in the lab during production and use of the bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and/or analogs thereof. The efficiency of production of bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and/or analogs thereof is also increased with the use of a recombinant cell according to any aspect of the present invention. Also, the use of microbial platforms capable of integrating the entire means of converting a carbon source to at least one bisucaberin, desferrioxamine and/or analogs thereof, makes the process of conversion simpler as only a small number of process steps are involved in the conversion. The reliance of Streptomyces strains for production of bisucaberins, desferrioxamines and analogs thereof is also removed. The cells according to any aspect of the present invention has the further advantage of being able to use a variety of carbon substrates to produce the bisucaberin, desferrioxamine and analogs thereof according to any aspect of the present invention. For examples simple carbons such as glucose may be used as a carbon substrate.

The cells used according to any aspect of the present invention, results in several advantages including:

Higher production performance characteristics, such as biomass-specific productivity q _p . volumetric productivity Q _p , product yield on substrate Yx/s, and product concentration, resulting in lower manufacturing costs;

Lower diversity and/or concentration or absence of by-products in the fermentation broth simplifying refinement strategies, resulting in lower manufacturing cost; and Applicability of defined minimal fermentation media resulting in lower manufacturing costs and better reproducibility.

According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a recombinant microbial cell for producing at least one compound having structural Formula III from at least one simple carbon source:

Formula III m = 1-3 wherein the simple carbon source is selected from the group consisting of glucose, sucrose, xylose, arabinose, mannose and glycerol; and wherein the cell comprises a further genetic modification to increase production of L-lysine in the cell from at least one of the simple carbon sources.

The compound having structural Formula III according to any aspect of the present invention may be a bisucaberin, desferrioxamine and/or an analogue thereof. In particular, the compound may be bisucaberin with formula III:

Formula III

Where m = 1 .

More in particular, the compound may be desferrioxamine E with formula III:

Formula III

Where m = 2.

More in particular, the compound may be desferrioxamine T with formula III:

Formula III

Where m = 3.

In one example, m is 1 or 2.

An analogue, a structural analogue, also known as a chemical analogue of bisucaberin or desferrioxamine, has a structure that falls within the Formula III and is similar to bisucaberin or desferrioxamine, but differs from bisucaberin or desferrioxamine in respect to a certain component. For example, the analogue of bisucaberin may differ in one or more atoms, functional groups, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. Structural analogues are often isoelectronic. In one example, the compound produced according to any aspect of the present invention is desferrioxamine E.

In one example, a mixture of different macrocyclic structures of bisucaberin, desferrioxamine and analogues thereof are produced by the cell at the same time from the simple carbon source. In particular, a mixture of bisucaberin and desferrioxamine E may be produced at the same time. In one example, the amount of each compound produced is about the same. In another example, there is more desferrioxamine E produced than bisucaberin. In yet another example, a mixture of macrocyclic and linear structures of bisucaberin, and desferrioxamine may be produced. In this example, a mixture of bisucaberin, desferrioxamine E, bisucaberin B, desferrioxamine D and/or H may be produced at the same time. In one example, the amount of each compound produced is about the same. In another example, there is more of bisucaberin, desferrioxamine E, bisucaberin B, desferrioxamine D or H produced compared to the other compounds.

The term ‘recombinant’ as used herein, refers to a molecule or is encoded by such a molecule, particularly a polypeptide or nucleic acid that, as such, does not occur naturally but is the result of genetic engineering or refers to a cell that comprises a recombinant molecule. For example, a nucleic acid molecule is recombinant if it comprises a promoter functionally linked to a sequence encoding a catalytically active polypeptide and the promoter has been engineered such that the catalytically active polypeptide is overexpressed relative to the level of the polypeptide in the corresponding wild-type cell that comprises the original unaltered nucleic acid molecule. Furthermore, the term “recombinant DNA” refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is not naturally occurring or has been made by the artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of nucleic acid sequence, i.e., by ligating together pieces of DNA that are not normally contiguous. By “recombinantly produced” is meant artificial combination often accomplished by either chemical synthesis means, or by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, e.g., by genetic engineering techniques using restriction enzymes, ligases, and similar recombinant techniques as described by, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, N.Y.; (1989), or Ausubel et al, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols (1989), and DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Volumes I and II (ed. D. N. Glover) IREL Press, Oxford, (1985). In another example, a cell is recombinant if the cell has been modified, particularly has undergone genetic engineering and is a non-naturally occurring cell. The term "recombinant cell" used herein refers to a cell that has been genetically modified to comprise at least one heterologous gene encoding at least one heterologous protein, for example, enzyme. The recombinant cell may express the heterologous protein. The protein may participate in a metabolic pathway for production of a desirable metabolite. In another example, the ‘recombinant cell’ refers a cell that already expresses a specific enzyme(s), and the expression of the enzyme is modified using genetic engineering. In this example, endogenously expressed genes are genetically modified to increase or decrease the expression of the gene using methods known in the art. Exemplary cells include prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Exemplary prokaryotic cells include bacteria, such as C. glutamicum, such as genetically modified C. glutamicum.

The recombinant microbial cell used according to any aspect of the present invention may be prokaryotes or eukaryotes. These cells are isolated cells. These can be mammalian cells (such as, for example, cells from man), plant cells or microorganisms such as yeasts, fungi, or bacteria, wherein microorganisms in particular bacteria and yeasts are preferred.

Suitable bacteria, yeasts or fungi are in particular those bacteria, yeasts or fungi that are deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures) GmbH (DSMZ), Brunswick, Germany, as bacterial, yeast or fungal strains. Bacteria suitable according to the invention belong to the genera that are listed under: http://www.dsmz.de/species/bacteria.htm, yeasts suitable according to the invention belong to those genera that are listed under: http://www.dsmz.de/species/yeasts.htm and fungi suitable according to the invention are those that are listed under: http://www.dsmz.de/species/fungi.htm.

In particular, the cells may be selected from the genera Aspergillus, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Lactobacillus, Paracoccus, Lactococcus, Candida, Pichia, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyces, Escherichia, Zymomonas, Yarrowia, Methylobacterium, Ralstonia, Pseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodobacter, Burkholderia, Clostridium and Cupriavidus. More in particular, the cells may be selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Alcaligenes latus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacterium flavum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Burkholderia andropogonis, B. brasilensis, B. caledonica, B. caribensis, B. caryophylli, B. fungorum, B. gladioli, B. glathei, B. glumae, B. graminis, B. hospita, B. kururiensis, B. phenazinium, B. phymatum, B. phytofirmans, B. plantarii, B. sacchari, B. singaporensis, B. sordidicola, B. terricola, B. tropica, B. tuberum, B. ubonensis, B. unamae, B. xenovorans, B. anthina, B. pyrrocinia, B. thailandensis, Candida blankii, Candida rugosa, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium efficiens, Escherichia coli, Hansenula polymorpha, Kluveromyces lactis, Methylobacterium extorquens, Paracoccus versutus, Pseudomonas argentinensis, P. borbori, P. citronellolis, P. flavescens, P. mendocina, P. nitroreducens, P. oleovorans, P. pseudoalcaligenes, P. resinovorans, P. straminea, P. aurantiaca, P. aureofaciens, P. chlororaphis, P. fragi, P. lundensis, P. taetrolens, P. antarctica, P. azotoformans, 'P. blatchfordae', P. brassicacearum, P. brenneri, P. cedrina, P. corrugata, P. fluorescens, P. gessardii, P. libanensis, P. mandelii, P. marginalis, P. mediterranea, P. meridiana, P. migulae, P. mucidolens, P. orientalis, P. panacis, P. proteolytica, P. rhodesiae, P. synxantha, P. thivervalensis, P. tolaasii, P. veronii, P. denitrificans, P. pertucinogena, P. cremoricolorata, P. fulva, P. monteilii, P. mosselii, P. parafulva, P. putida, P. balearica, P. stutzeri, P. amygdali, P. avellanae, P. caricapapayae, P. cichorii, P. coronafaciens, P. ficuserectae, 'P. helianthi', P. meliae, P. savastanoi, P. syringae, P. tomato, P. viridiflava, P. abietaniphila, P. acidophila, P. agarici, P. alcaliphila, P. alkanolytica, P. amyioderamosa, P. asplenii, P. azotifigens, P. cannabina, P. coenobios, P. congelans, P. costantinii, P. cruciviae, P. delhiensis, P. excibis, P. extremorientalis, P. frederiksbergensis, P. fuscovaginae, P. gelidicola, P. grimontii, P. indica, P. jessenii, P. jinjuensis, P. kilonensis, P. knackmussii, P. koreensis, P. lini, P. lutea, P. moraviensis, P. otitidis, P. pachastrellae, P. palleroniana, P. papaveris, P. peli, P. perolens, P. poae, P. pohangensis, P. psychrophila, P. psychrotolerans, P. rathonis, P. reptilivora, P. resiniphila, P. rhizosphaerae, P. rubescens, P. salomonii, P. segitis, P. septica, P. simiae, P. suis, P. thermotolerans, P. aeruginosa, P. tremae, P. trivialis, P. turbinellae, P. tuticorinensis, P. umsongensis, P. vancouverensis, P. vranovensis, P. xanthomarina, Ralstonia eutropha, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Vibrio natrigens, Yarrowia lipolytica and Zymomonas mobile. More in particular, the cell may be a bacterial cell selected from the genera Pseudomonas, Cyanobacteria Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Rhizobium, Vibrio, Saccharomyces, Yarrowia, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Chlorella, Nostoc and Escherichia. Even more in particular, the cells may be selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas putida, Escherichia coll, Burkholderia thailandensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Burkholderia thailandensis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Rhizobium meliloti, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio natrigens, and Corynebacterium glutamicum. More in particular, the cell may be C. glutamicum or Escherichia coll.

The terms "foreign", "exogenous", and "heterologous" are used herein interchangeably and refers to a molecule, for example, a polynucleotide (e.g., gene), a protein (e.g., enzyme), or a metabolite produced or expressed in a cell from a microorganism with genetic modification (i.e., recombinant cell) but not in a cell from the microorganism without any generic modifications (i.e. the wild-type cell).

The phrase “wild-type” as used herein in conjunction with a cell or microorganism may denote a cell with a genome make-up that is in a form as seen naturally in the wild. The term may be applicable for both the whole cell and for individual genes. The term ‘wild-type’ may thus also include cells which have been genetically modified in other aspects (i.e. with regard to one or more genes) but not in relation to the genes of interest. The term “wild-type” therefore does not include such cells where the gene sequences of the specific genes of interest have been altered at least partially by man using recombinant methods. A wild-type cell according to any aspect of the present invention thus refers to a cell that has no genetic mutation with respect to the whole genome and/or a particular gene. Therefore, in one example, a wild-type cell with respect to enzyme Ei may refer to a cell that has the natural/ non-altered expression of the enzyme Ei in the cell. The wild-type cell with respect to enzyme E2, E3, E4, Es, etc. may be interpreted the same way and may refer to a cell that has the natural/ non-altered expression of the enzyme E2, E3, E4, Es, etc. respectively in the cell.

The terms "natural", "native", "endogenous" and "homologous" are used interchangeably and refers to a molecule, for example, a polynucleotide (e.g., gene), a protein (e.g., enzyme), or a metabolite produced or expressed a cell from a microorganism without any generic modification.

The terms "production" and "expression" are used herein interchangeably and refer to transcription of a gene and/or translation of an mRNA transcript into a protein by a cell.

The term "feedstock" as used herein refers to the nutrients supplied to a recombinant cell in a culture medium for production of a desirable molecule (e.g., metabolite). For example, a carbon source such as a biomass or a carbon compound derived from a biomass is a feedstock for a microorganism in a fermentation process or in other growth contexts, such as a live vaccine vector or immunotherapy. The feedstock may contain nutrients as well as sources of energy.

The term "carbon source" as used herein refers to a substance suitable for use as a source of carbon, for the recombinant cell according to any aspect of the present invention to produce bisucaberins and/or analogues thereof. In other words, the carbon source is considered the starting material for the formation of desferrioxamine and/or an analogue thereof. Carbon sources include, but are not limited to, glucose, biomass hydrolysates, starch, sucrose, cellulose, hemicellulose, xylose, lignin, and monomer components of these substrates. Without being limitative, carbon sources may include various organic compounds in various forms including polymers, carbohydrates, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amino acids, and peptides. Examples of these include various monosaccharides, for example, glucose, dextrose (D-glucose), maltose, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, succinic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, rice bran, molasses, corn decomposition solution, cellulose decomposition solution, and mixtures of the foregoing. In particular, the carbon source may be selected from the group consisting of glucose, sucrose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, lysine and cadaverine. More in particular, the carbon source used according to any aspect of the present invention may be a simple carbon source. The term “simple carbon source” is understood to mean carbon sources wherein in the carbon skeleton at least one C-C bond has been broken. In particular, the simple carbon source may be at least one carbohydrate such as for example glucose, saccharose, arabinose, xylose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch, cellulose, glycerine, and hemicellulose, but carbon sources may also include glycerine or very simple organic molecules such as CO2, CO, or synthesis gas.

The term "substrate" used herein refers to a compound that is converted to another compound by the action of one or more enzymes, or that is intended for such conversion. The term includes not only a single type of compound but also any combination of compounds, such as a solution, mixture or other substance containing at least one substrate or its derivative. Furthermore, the term "substrate" includes not only compounds that provide a carbon source suitable for use as a starting material such as sugar, derived from a biomass, but also intermediate and final product metabolites used in pathways associated with the metabolically manipulated microorganisms described in the present specification.

The terms "polynucleotide" and "nucleic acid" are used herein interchangeably and refer to an organic polymer comprising two or more monomers including nucleotides, nucleosides, or their analogues, and include, but are not limited to, single- stranded or double-stranded sense or antisense deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of arbitrary length, and where appropriate, single-stranded, or double-stranded sense or antisense ribonucleic acid (RNA) of arbitrary length, including siRNA.

The terms "protein" and "polypeptide" are used herein interchangeably and refer to an organic polymer composed of two or more amino acid monomers and/or analogue and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.

The terms "amino acid" and "amino acid monomer" are used herein interchangeably and refer to a natural or synthetic amino acid, for example, glycine and both D- or L-optical isomers. The term "amino acid analogue" as used herein refers to an amino acid wherein one or more individual atoms has been replaced with different atoms or different functional groups.

Any of the enzymes used according to any aspect of the present invention, may be an isolated enzyme. In particular, the enzymes used according to any aspect of the present invention may be used in an active state and in the presence of all cofactors, substrates, auxiliary and/or activating polypeptides or factors essential for its activity. The term “isolated”, as used herein, means that the enzyme of interest is enriched compared to the cell in which it occurs naturally. The enzyme may be enriched by SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis and/or activity assays. For example, the enzyme of interest may constitute more than 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 99 percent of all the polypeptides present in the preparation as judged by visual inspection of a polyacrylamide gel following staining with Coomassie blue dye. The enzyme used according to any aspect of the present invention may be recombinant.

A skilled person would be able to use any method known in the art to genetically modify a cell or microorganism. According to any aspect of the present invention, the genetically modified cell may be genetically modified so that in a defined time interval, within 2 hours, in particular within 8 hours or 24 hours, it forms at least once or twice, especially at least 10 times, at least 100 times, at least 1000 times or at least 10000 times more bisucaberins and/or analogues thereof than the wild-type cell. The increase in product formation can be determined for example by cultivating the cell according to any aspect of the present invention and the wild-type cell each separately under the same conditions (same cell density, same nutrient medium, same culture conditions) for a specified time interval in a suitable nutrient medium and then determining the amount of target product (bisucaberins and/or analogues thereof) in the nutrient medium.

The genetically modified cell or microorganism may be genetically different from the wild-type cell or microorganism. The genetic difference between the genetically modified microorganism according to any aspect of the present invention and the wild-type microorganism may be in the presence of a complete gene, amino acid, nucleotide etc. in the genetically modified microorganism that may be absent in the wild-type microorganism. In one example, the genetically modified microorganism according to any aspect of the present invention may comprise enzymes that enable the microorganism to produce more bisucaberins and/or analogues thereof compared to the wild-type cells. The wild-type microorganism relative to the genetically modified microorganism of the present invention may have none or no detectable activity of the enzymes that enable the genetically modified microorganism to produce bisucaberins and/or analogues thereof. As used herein, the term ‘genetically modified microorganism’ may be used interchangeably with the term ‘genetically modified cell’. The genetic modification according to any aspect of the present invention is carried out on the cell of the microorganism.

The cells according to any aspect of the present invention are genetically transformed according to any method known in the art. In particular, the cells may be produced according to the method disclosed in WO2013024114.

The phrase ‘the genetically modified cell has an increased activity and/or expression, in comparison with its wild-type, in enzymes’ as used herein refers to the activity of the respective enzyme that is increased by a factor of at least 2, in particular of at least 10, more in particular of at least 100, yet more in particular of at least 1000 and even more in particular of at least 10000.

The phrase "increased activity and/or expression of an enzyme", as used herein is to be understood as increased intracellular activity. Basically, an increase in enzymatic activity can be achieved by increasing the copy number of the gene sequence or gene sequences that code for the enzyme, using a strong promoter or employing a gene or allele that codes for a corresponding enzyme with increased activity, altering the codon utilization of the gene, increasing the half-life of the mRNA or of the enzyme in various ways, modifying the regulation of the expression of the gene and optionally by combining these measures. Genetically modified cells used according to any aspect of the present invention are for example produced by transformation, transduction, conjugation, or a combination of these methods with a vector that contains the desired gene, an allele of this gene or parts thereof and a vector that makes expression of the gene possible. Heterologous expression is in particular achieved by integration of the gene or of the alleles in the chromosome of the cell or an extrachromosomally replicating vector. In particular, activity or expression of an enzyme may be increased or enhanced in a cell by a method selected from the group consisting of a) introducing a promoter or promoters which are operably linked to the gene encoding the enzymes into the chromosome of said cell, b) increasing the copy number of the genes encoding the enzymes by introducing one or more expression vectors into said cell, and c) combinations thereof.

In particular, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention comprises a genetic modification of a) at least one promoter which is operably linked to gene(s) encoding the any one of the enzymes in a suitable chromosome of the cell, or b) at least one expression vector in the cell to increase the copy number of gene(s) encoding the enzymes, or c) combination of (a) and (b) to increase the expression of activity of the enzymes.

In one example, the enzymes are Ei, E2, Es and E4. Even more in particular, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention comprises a genetic modification of a) at least one promoter which is operably linked to gene(s) encoding the any one of the enzymes E1, E2, Es and E4 in a suitable chromosome of the cell, or b) at least one expression vector in the cell to increase the copy number of gene(s) encoding the enzymes E1, E2, Es and E4, or c) combination of (a) and (b) to increase the expression of the enzymes E1, E2, Esand E4 in the cell according to any aspect of the present invention.

In another example, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention may comprise a further genetic modification to comprise a) at least one promoter which is operably linked to a gene encoding any one of the enzymes Ee- E , and E17- E19 in the suitable chromosome of the cell, or b) at least one expression vector in the cell to increase the copy number of gene(s) encoding any one of the enzymes EB- Eu, and E17- E19, or c) combination of (a) and (b) to increase the activity of any one of the enzymes EB- Eu, and E17- E19 in the cell and/or d) a foreign DNA in the gene encoding at least one of enzymes E15 and E ; e) deletion of at least one part of the gene encoding at least one of enzymes Ew and Ew _; f) at least one point mutation, RNA interference (siRNA), antisense RNA in the gene and/or regulatory sequences of the gene encoding at least one of enzymes Ew and Ew; or g) combinations of (d), (e) and/or (f) to decrease the activity of at least one of the enzymes Ew and Ew in the cell.

In one example, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention comprises a genetic modification that results in an increased activity of at least enzymes E2, E3, E4 and comprises a further genetic modification to increase production of Lysine. In this example, increased lysine production may be due to the cell have a further genetic modification that increases activity of at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of EB- E , and E17- E and/or decreases activity of at least one enzyme selected from Ew and E .

In this context, the term ‘suitable chromosome’ refers to the original chromosome to which the gene which codes for enzymes E1, E2, and/or E3 is found. Therefore, the suitable chromosome is the source of the chromosome from which the gene originates.

In the same context, the phrase “decreased activity and/or expression of an enzyme E _x ” used with reference to any aspect of the present invention may be understood as meaning an activity decreased by a factor of at least 0.5, particularly of at least 0.1 , more particularly of at least 0.01 , even more particularly of at least 0.001 and most particularly of at least 0.0001 . The phrase “decreased activity” also comprises no detectable activity (“activity of zero”). The decrease in the activity of a certain enzyme can be effected, for example, by selective mutation or by other measures known to the person skilled in the art for decreasing the activity of a certain enzyme. In particular, the person skilled in the art finds instructions for the modification and decrease of protein expression and concomitant lowering of enzyme activity by means of interrupting specific genes, for example at least in Dubeau et al. 2009. Singh & Rohm. 2008., Lee et al., 2009 and the like. The decrease in the enzymatic activity in a cell according to any aspect of the present invention may be achieved by modification of a gene comprising one of the nucleic acid sequences, wherein the modification is selected from the group comprising, consisting of, insertion of foreign DNA in the gene, deletion of at least parts of the gene, point mutations in the gene sequence, RNA interference (siRNA), antisense RNA or modification (insertion, deletion or point mutations) of regulatory sequences, such as, for example, promoters and terminators or of ribosome binding sites, which flank the gene. In particular, to decrease the activity of an enzyme in a cell, the cell may comprise d) a foreign DNA in the gene encoding the enzyme; e) a deletion of at least one part of the gene encoding the enzyme; f) at least one point mutation, RNA interference (siRNA), antisense RNA in the gene and/or regulatory sequences of the gene encoding the enzyme; or g) combinations of (d), (e) and (f)

The expression of the enzymes and genes mentioned above, and all mentioned below is determinable by means of 1- and 2-dimensional protein gel separation followed by optical identification of the protein concentration in the gel with appropriate evaluation software.

If the increasing of an enzyme activity is based exclusively on increasing the expression of the corresponding gene, then the quantification of the increasing of the enzyme activity can be simply determined by a comparison of the 1- or 2-dimensional protein separations between wild-type and genetically modified cell. A common method for the preparation of the protein gels with bacteria and for identification of the proteins is the procedure described by Hermann et al. (Electrophoresis, 22: 1712-23 (2001). The protein concentration can also be analysed by Western blot hybridization with an antibody specific for the protein to be determined (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. USA, 1989) followed by optical evaluation with appropriate software for concentration determination (Lohaus and Meyer (1989) Biospektrum, 5: 32-39; Lottspeich (1999), Angewandte Chemie 111 : 2630-2647). This method is also always an option, when possible, products of the reaction to be catalysed by the enzyme activity to be determined may be rapidly metabolized in the microorganism or else the activity in the wild-type is itself too low for it to be possible adequately to determine the enzyme activity to be determined on the basis of the production formation.

The cell according to any aspect of the present invention is genetically modified or may comprise a genetic modification that increases activity relative to its wild-type cell of at least two enzymes selected from Ei, E2, E3, and E4 wherein:

E1 is a lysine decarboxylase (EC: 4.1 .1.18) capable of converting lysine to cadaverine;

E2 is a cadaverine N5-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.-) capable of converting cadaverine to N5-hydroxy-cadaverine;

E3 is a N5-Aminopentyl-N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid synthase (EC: 2.3.-.-) capable of converting N5-hydroxy-cadaverine and succinyl-coenzyme A to N5-aminopentyl- N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid; and

E4 is a

Bisucaberin synthetase (EC 6.3.-.-) (E4iv) capable of converting N5- aminopentyl-N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid to bisucaberin; or Desferrioxamine synthetase (EC 6.3.-.-) (E4H) capable of converting N5- aminopentyl-N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid to desferrioxamine.

In one example, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention may comprise a genetic modification that increases activity relative to its wild-type cell of at least E2, E3 and E4 In another example, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention may comprise a genetic modification that increases activity relative to its wild-type cell of Ei, E2, E3 and E4.

In particular, the desferrioxamine is desferrioxamine E or any other macrocyclic desferrioxamine. Examples of macrocyclic desferrioxamines include desferrioxamine X1 and desferrioxamine X2 at least.

Lysine decarboxylase (E1) is capable of converting lysine to cadaverine. In particular, E1 converts lysine to cadaverine also known as 1 ,5-pentanediamine. Suitable polynucleotides which code for lysine decarboxylase (E1) may be obtained from strains of, for example, Escherichia coli, Bacillus halodurans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringensis, Burkholderia ambifaria, Burkholderia vietnamensia, Burkholderia cenocepatia, Chromobacterium violaceum, Corynebacterium xerosis, Selenomonas ruminantium, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces pilosus, Streptomyces violaceoruber, Eikenalla corrodens, Eubacterium acidaminophilum, Francisella tulariensis, Geobacillus kaustophilus, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Hafnia alvei, Neisseria meningitidis, Thermoplasma acidophilum, Plasmodium falciparum, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Oceanobacillus iheyensis, Pyrococcus abyss!, Porochlorococcus marinus, Proteus vulgaris, Rhodoferax ferrireducens, Saccharophagus degradans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Synechococcus sp.. The amino acid sequences of these lysine decarboxylases are registered in a database (GenBank).

Suitable lysine decarboxylases which can be employed in the process according to any aspect of the present invention are understood to be enzymes and their alleles or mutants which are capable of decarboxylating lysine, particularly L-lysine.

In particular, the lysine decarboxylase (E1) is selected from the group consisting of E. coli, Corynebacterium xerosis, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces violaceoruber and Streptomyces pilosus from whose safety has been confirmed. More in particular, E1 may be selected from the group consisting of Streptomyces violaceoruber, Streptomyces pilosus and E. coli. Even more in particular, E1 comprises at least 70% sequence identity relative to SEQ ID NO:15 (Eia), SEQ ID NO:25 (E ) or SEQ ID NO:50 (Eic). These sequences are available freely in internationally accessible databases such as, for example, that of the National Library of Medicine and the National Institute of Health (NIH) of the United States of America. The same sequence is also available freely at the Institute Pasteur (France) on the colibri web server under the gene name cadA. The same sequence is also available free through the web server ExPasy, which is maintained by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, under the gene name cadA.

E2 is a cadaverine N5-monooxygenase capable of converting cadaverine to N5-hydroxy- cadaverine. In particular, E2 converts cadaverine to N5-hydroxy-cadaverine. E2 may also be called DesB, or lysine N(6)-hydroxylase/L-ornithine N(5)-oxygenase family protein or L-lysine 6- monooxygenase (dfoA). More in particular, E2 may be from Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii (CQR63915.1 GI:822880125), Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10712 (CCA55857.1 Gl:328882618), Streptomyces fulvissimus DSM 40593 (AGK77332.1 GL485094149), Streptomyces scabiei 87.22 (CBG72818.1 GI:260649703), Streptomyces sp. PAMC 26508 (AGJ55094.1 GL478746514), Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) (CAB87220.1 GL7544047), Streptomyces coelicolor CAI-140, Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877 (AKZ55867.1 Gl:917649198), Streptomyces ambofaciens (CAL18383.1 Gl:115501977), Streptomyces sp. (QTK16919.1 G 1:2021361636), Streptomyces sp. OM5714 (KAF2779951 .1 GI:1812043702), Streptomyces sp. CBMAI 2042 (RLV66814.1 Gl:1495247117), Nocardiopsis sp. JB363 (SIG88001.1 Gl:1143070536), Streptomyces venezuelae (ALO08592.1 GI:952470254), Streptomyces venezuelae (CUM41036.1 GI:932870025), Streptomyces formicae (ATL27940.1 Gl: 1259310059), Streptomyces violaceoruber, Streptomyces pilosus, Orrella dioscoreae (SOE50134.1 Gl:1253556185), Orrella dioscoreae (SBT27311.1 GI:1037119819), Streptomyces sp. NL15-2K (GCB49137.1 GI:1493708164), Micromonospora sp. B006 (AXO35035.1 GI:1450456451), Streptomyces bottropensis ATCC 25435 (EMF50428.1 GI:456384850), Actinobacteria bacterium OV450 (KPI33963.1 GI:930403533), Micromonospora saelicesensis (RAN96846.1 GI:1408858225) or a plant metagenome with accession number VGO10077.1 Gl:1613564795, VFR50302.1 Gl:1591769534, VFR49623.1 Gl:1591759477, VFR70778.1 Gl:1591736834, VFR85324.1 GI:1591730130, VFR90816.1 Gl:1591727176, VFR74009.1 Gl:1591713764, VFR35744.1 GI:1591707917, VFR18051.1 Gl:1591706292, VFR25000.1 GI:1591690076, or VFR75029.1 Gl:1591683182.

E2 may also be called Siderophore biosynthesis protein, monooxygenase and may also be selected from Corynebacterium xerosis (SLM95113.1), Brachybacterium tyrofermentans (WP_193116041 .1), Brachybacterium ginsengisoli (WP_096799042.1), Brachybacterium sp. HMSC06H03 (WP_070499498.1), Actinomycetales bacterium (NMA75681 .1), Candidatus Brachybacterium intestinipullorum (HJC70675.1), Brachybacterium sp. AG952 (WP_133677657.1), Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum (WP_010552292.1), Brachybacterium sp. SW0106-09 (WP_053916852.1), Brachybacterium sp. Sponge (WP_062950357.1), Brachybacterium sp. SGAirO954 (WP_137770520.1), Brachybacterium phenoliresistens (WP_038369982.1), Brachybacterium subflavum (WP_152352729.1), Brachybacterium endophyticum

(WP_109276394.1), Brachybacterium sacelli (WP_209904120.1), Brachybacterium halotolerans (WP_200500938.1), Brachybacterium sp. CBA3105 (WP_228358231 .1), Brachybacterium sp. P6- 10-X1 (WP_083713362.1), Brachybacterium sp. P6-10-X1 (APX34711 .1), Brachybacterium sp. FME24 (WP_193105844.1), Brachybacterium sp. YJGR34 (WP_114855299.1), Isoptericola Cucumis (WP_188524545.1), Microbacterium marinilacus (WP_221859754.1), Agreia bicolorata (WP_044440800.1), Isoptericola variabilis (WP_144881770.1), Isoptericola variabilis

(WP_013837804.1), Xylanimonas oleitrophica (WP_111251928.1), Brevibacterium (WP_113902445.1), Antribacter sp. KLBMP9083 (WP_236088632.1), Isoptericola (WP_106267363.1), Xylanimonas cellulosilytica (WP_012878564.1), Isoptericola chiayiensis (WP_172152929.1), Promicromonospora citrea (WP_171102616.1), Isoptericola jiangsuensis (WP_098462726.1), Brevibacterium renqingii (WP_209323545.1), Brevibacterium renqingii (WP_209371577.1), Brevibacterium sp. W7.2 (WP_211978854.1), Brevibacterium easel (WP_198499439.1), Brevibacterium sandarakinum (WP_092106697.1), Brevibacterium linens (WP_052239998.1), Brevibacterium sp. RIT 803 (WP_204232889.1), Brevibacterium sp. VCM10 (WP_025776857.1), Brevibacterium iodinum (WP_101543359.1), Brevibacterium

(WP_137827005.1), Brevibacterium sp. CFH 10365 (WP_152347365.1), Brevibacterium pigmentatum (WP_167198402.1), Brevibacterium siliguriense (WP_092011613.1), Brevibacterium limosum (WP_166822890.1), Brevibacterium sediminis (WP_181272454.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096178869.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_114384950.1), Brevibacterium sp. UCMA 11754 (WP_235346449.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_143924264.1), Brevibacterium antiquum (WP_198396798.1), Brevibacterium sp. CCUG 69071 (WP_230744765.1), Brevibacterium marinum (WP_167950433.1), Brevibacterium sp. HY170 (WP_231442298.1), Brevibacterium sp. S22 (WP_135810285.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_193102124.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_193086562.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_101639104.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_125178290.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_135446719.1), Brevibacterium epidermidis (WP_098731558.1), Brevibacterium linens (WP_062862175.1), Brevibacterium epidermidis (WP_062243347.1), Brevibacterium linens (WP_139908726.1), Brevibacterium epidermidis (HJE77366.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096157398.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_193084517.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_101584429.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096167625.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096145959.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096160423.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_069600710.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_009883551 .1), Brevibacterium sp. UCMA 11752 (WP_235350997.1), Brevibacterium sp. MG-1 (WP_139468396.1), Candidatus Brevibacterium intestinavium (HJA61508.1), Brevibacterium sp. SMBL_HHYL_HB1

(WP_212129584.1), Brevibacterium atlanticum (WP_166973261 .1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_193078848.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096163051 .1), Brevibacterium sp. CT2-23B (WP_172170764.1), Brevibacterium linens (HJF75769.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum

(WP_101598305.1), Brevibacterium sp. 'Marine' (WP_169252964.1), Brevibacterium sp. S111 (WP_135540314.1), Brevibacterium ocean! (WP_210602990.1), Brevibacterium ocean!

(WP_181273084.1), Brevibacterium antiquum (WP_101620895.1), Brevibacterium sp. 239c (WP_101574167.1), Brevibacterium sp. FME17 (WP_193096434.1), Brevibacterium sp. FME37 (WP_193073001.1), Brevibacterium (WP_009376218.1), Brevibacterium permense (WP_173151746.1), Brevibacterium case! (WP_095376411 .1), Brevibacterium case!

(WP_119296730.1), Brevibacterium case! (WP_063249380.1), or Brevibacterium case! (WP_144588713.1).

In another example, E2 may also be called lysine N(6)-hydroxylase/L-ornithine N(5)-oxygenase family protein or L-lysine 6-monooxygenase (dfoA) and may be from Actinospica acidiphila (WP_163087763.1), Streptomyces sp. GESEQ-13 (WP_210633992.1), Streptomyces althioticus (GGQ52599.1), Streptomyces sp. XHT-2 (WP_161107407.1), Streptomyces (WP_028959209.1), Streptomyces albogriseolus (GHC05278.1), Streptomyces sp. McG8 (MBT2905834.1), Streptomyces (WP_086020175.1), Streptomyces sp. DH-12 (WP_106414114.1), Streptomyces (WP_093767215.1), Streptomyces sp. DH20 (WP_228916768.1), Streptomyces tendae

(WP_150156576.1), Streptomyces sp. T12 (WP_145827643.1), Streptomyces (WP_215209974.1), Streptomyces (WP_006131547.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-5527 (WP_031060218.1), Streptomyces pseudogriseolus (WP_225654116.1), Streptomyces pilosus (WP_189555971 .1), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (WP_190164278.1), Streptomyces griseoloalbus (GGV56407.1), Streptomyces (WP_125506339.1), Streptomyces albaduncus (WP_184760471 .1), Streptomyces (WP_161176537.1), Streptomyces calvus (WP_142232871 .1), Streptomyces calvus

(WP_142195206.1), Streptomyces viridosporus (WP_081236127.1), Streptomyces marokkonensis (WP_149548377.1), Streptomyces (WP_040907108.1), Streptomyces sp. NWU49

(WP_109540000.1), Streptomyces viridosporus (WP_004987747.1), Streptomyces fungicidicus (WP_121546080.1), Streptomyces sp. DH5 (WP_228966784.1), Streptomyces viridosporus (WP_016826156.1), Streptomyces sp. NA02536 (WP_176117311 .1), Streptomyces sp. AC558_RSS880 (WP_217127653.1), Streptomyces sp. 13-12-16 (WP_085570641 .1), Streptomyces sp. Tu 3180 (WP_159533060.1), Streptomyces sp. CB02400 (WP_073931738.1), Streptomyces griseoflavus (WP_190095098.1), Streptomyces capillispiralis (WP_145869103.1), Streptomyces (WP_184825089.1), Streptomyces sp. CHD11 (WP_215205176.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-37 (WP_030869334.1), Streptomyces sp. SM1 (WP_103541522.1), Streptomyces toyocaensis (WP_037931691 .1), Streptomyces poonensis (WP_189862605.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL WC-3626 (WP_030217203.1), Streptomyces rubradiris (WP_189995711.1), Streptomyces (WP_086696892.1), Streptomyces corchorusii (WP_059261504.1), Streptomyces sp. EAS-AB2608 (WP_059249696.1), Streptomyces sp. FBKL.4005 (WP_094373911 .1), Streptomyces hygroscopicus (WP_014672887.1), Streptomyces populi (WP_103552166.1), Streptomyces spongiae (WP_152774423.1), Streptomyces aurantiogriseus (WP_189941416.1), Streptomyces (WP_030825112.1), Streptomyces cyanogenus (WP_208032394.1), Streptomyces hygroscopicus (WP_058080637.1), Streptomyces griseoflavus Tu4000 (EFL41232.1), Streptomyces

(WP_030782431 .1), Streptomyces sp. Ru62 (WP_103810221 .1), Streptomyces ferrugineus (WP_194045781.1), Streptomyces sp. M2CJ-2 (WP_202277307.1), Streptomyces hirsutus (WP_055628641 .1), Streptomyces triticiradicis (WP_151470815.1), Streptomyces

(WP_189754126.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL WC-3725 (WP_031028778.1), Streptomyces phyllanthi (WP_152789148.1), Streptomyces hirsutus (WP_055595050.1), Streptomyces achromogenes (WP_030618669.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL B-3648 (WP_053710495.1), Streptomyces (WP_031094998.1), Streptomyces sp. IMTB 2501 (WP_076088759.1), Pantoea (WP_010247061 .1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_158132335.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163641339.1), Pantoea (WP_039389956.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191924047.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_111534207.1 ), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_172608646.1 ), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_060679206.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_201500585.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_187500285.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_033787054.1), Pantoea

(WP_124890595.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163852070.1), Pantoea (WP_154210120.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_187506787.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_010670383.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_143789438.1), Pantoea sp. (RZK07466.1), Pantoea agglomerans (MBS7708199.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_089414761 .1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_182500641.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_193585707.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191921679.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163794175.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_208003523.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_064690801 .1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_069026760.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_033768947.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_086906736.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_062758876.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191938763.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163658683.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163845107.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163638697.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_115765005.1), Pantoea sp. WMus005 (WP_179898292.1), Pantoea (WP_039661441 .1), Pantoea eucalypti (AWD37912.1), Pantoea (WP_105099754.1), Pantoea vagans (WP_095707818.1), Pantoea (WP_008924643.1), Pantoea vagans (WP_135910763.1), Pantoea sp. S62 (WP_201251339.1), Pantoea vagans (WP_107320322.1), Pantoea eucalypti

(WP_187513086.1), Pantoea agglomerans (PEI06058.1), Pantoea sp. PNT01 (WP_192377898.1), Pantoea eucalypti (AWD37907.1), Pantoea eucalypti (AWD37904.1), Pantoea jilinensis (QXG56954.1), Pantoea sp. OV426 (WP_090965310.1), Pantoea vagans (WP_161736341 .1), Pantoea vagans (WP_061060758.1), Pantoea vagans (WP_033735770.1), Pantoea vagans (WP_013196309.1), Pantoea (WP_150011557.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_222925733.1), Pantoea (WP_046102688.1), Siphoviridae sp. (DAL43156.1), Type-F symbiont of Plautia stall (WP_058958199.1), Pantoea (WP_009092930.1), Pantoea sp. EKM101V (WP_167428608.1), Pantoea deleyi (WP_140917098.1), Pantoea sp. ARC607 (WP_111138385.1), Timema californicum (CAD7569022.1), Enterobacter soli (WP_014063925.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_233988771 .1), Erwinia sp. 198 (WP_125287552.1), Erwinia sp. (HBV39119.1), Pantoea allii (WP_218994922.1), Pantoea sp. 3_1284 (WP_113655326.1), Pantoea sp. ICBG 1758

(WP_104085642.1), Pantoea (WP_063878329.1), Pantoea sp. PSNIH1 (WP_145339666.1), Pantoea sp. Ae16 (WP_071668352.1), Pantoea (WP_040113515.1), Pantoea sp. RIT 413 (WP_108569844.1), Pantoea eucrina (WP_065647647.1), Pantoea sp. Acro-807

(WP_166714195.1), Pantoea (WP_094111611 .1), Pantoea allii (WP_096011383.1), Erwinia sp. 9145 (WP_034916568.1), Erwinia sp. ErVvl (WP_067700592.1), Erwinia oleae (WP_034947936.1), Serratia sp. M24T3 (WP_009636530.1), Pantoea stewartia (WP_039338790.1), Rouxiella badensis (WP_165429960.1), Rouxiella badensis

(WP_084912800.1), Pantoea (WP_110267872.1), Pantoea stewartia (WP_054634525.1), Rouxiella badensis (WP_227989822.1), Pantoea (WP_033740201 .1), Pantoea stewartia (WP_058702088.1), Pantoea stewartia (WP_185199936.1), Erwinia tasmaniensis (WP_012442726.1), Erwinia piriHorinigrans (WP_023656444.1), Pantoea ananatis

(WP_019106389.1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_03024531 .1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_194761606.1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_064352874.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_004160307.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_099350830.1), Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430 (5O8P_A), Erwinia amylovora (WP_168394395.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_168415207.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_004171022.1), Erwinia pyrifoliae DSM 12163 (CAY75870.1), Erwinia pyrifoliae (WP_012669440.1), Erwinia sp. Ejp617 (WP_014542490.1), Erwinia typographi (WP_034899164.1), Erwinia (WP_013202517.1), Erwinia billingiae (WP_053142707.1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_210512032.1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_161611345.1), Pantoea ananatis

(AWD37900.1), Pantoea (WP_014606631 .1), Pantoea sp. BAV 3049 (WP_158784840.1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_029568444.1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_110956821 .1), Pantoea ananatis

(WP_1050771 10.1), Mixta mediterraneensis (WP_193405262.1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_210451676.1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_028724620.1), Erwinia psidii (WP_124232197.1), Pantoea ananatis (WP_058705541 .1), Erwinia iniecta (WP_052902396.1), Pantoea sp. IMH (WP_024968324.1), Erwinia (WP_099707479.1), or Pantoea agglomerans (WP_1 11534207.1).

In particular, E2 may be from Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces violaceoruber, Streptomyces pilosus, Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans, or Corynebacterium xerosis. More in particular, E2 may be selected from the group consisting of Streptomyces coelicolor (NUV53723.1), Streptomyces violaceoruber, Streptomyces pilosus (WP_189555971 .1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_004160307.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_010247061 .1), or Corynebacterium xerosis (SLM951 13.1). Even more in particular, E2 may comprise at least 70% sequence identity relative to SEQ ID NO:4 (E _2a ), SEQ ID NO:16 (E ₂ b), SEQ ID NO:26 (E _2c ), SEQ ID NO:33 (E ₂ d), SEQ ID NO:39 (E _2e ) or SEQ ID NO:45 (E _2f ).

E3 is a N5-Aminopentyl-N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid synthase (EC: 2.3.-.-) capable of converting N5-hydroxy-cadaverine and succinyl-coenzyme A to N5-aminopentyl-N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid. In particular, enzyme E3 converts N5-hydroxy-cadaverine and succinyl-coenzyme A to N5- aminopentyl-N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid. E3 may be an acetyltransferase or a GNAT family N- acetyltransferase or also called a desferrioxamine E biosynthesis protein DesD of siderophore synthetase superfamily, group C, or siderophore synthetase component, ligase. More in particular, E3 may be from Streptomyces (WP_048457762.1), Streptomyces sp. 14(2020) (WP_199206419.1), Streptomyces sp. I5 (WP_199217165.1), Streptomyces sp. Z38 (WP_156699445.1), Streptomyces sp. RK31 (WP_210906077.1), Actinospica acidiphila (WP_163087761 .1), Streptomyces (WP_102641627.1), Streptomyces sp. di50b (SCD87678.1), Streptomyces werraensis (WP_190000756.1), Streptomyces griseorubens (GGQ93417.1), Streptomyces sp. MNU103 (WP_230228100.1), Streptomyces matensis (GGT60873.1), Streptomyces griseorubens (WP_033274713.1), Streptomyces (WP_136238514.1), Actinospica acidiphila (WP_203550772.1), Streptomyces (WP_215209975.1), Streptomyces cellulosae (GHE36667.1), Streptomyces (WP_019525183.1), Streptomyces tendae (WP_150156577.1), Streptomyces althioticus (GGQ52607.1), Streptomyces sp. GESEQ-13 (WP_210633991 .1), Streptomyces sp. F-7 (WP_093767214.1), Streptomyces rubiginosus (WP_189480783.1), Streptomyces sp. T12 (WP_145827642.1), Streptomyces sp. DH20 (WP_228916770.1), Streptomyces viridodiastaticus (WP_189909874.1), Streptomyces (WP_006131548.1), Streptomyces sp. 2BBP-J2

(WP_167741843.1), Streptomyces pseudogriseolus (WP_225654117.1), Streptomyces sp. DH-12 (WP_1064141 13.1), Streptomyces pilosus (WP_189555972.1), Streptomyces marokkonensis (WP_149548376.1), Streptomyces sp. CB02400 (WP_073931737.1), Streptomyces

(WP_164333385.1), Streptomyces sp. SM1 (WP_103541521 .1), Streptomyces (WP_192229625.1), Streptomyces sp. CHD11 (WP_215205175.1), Streptomyces sp. AC558_RSS880 (WP_217127652.1), Streptomyces (WP_171113987.1), Streptomyces spinoverrucosus (WP_141313135.1), Streptomyces toyocaensis (WP_037931694.1), Streptomyces sp. 13-12-16 (WP_085570642.1), Streptomyces sp. DH5 (WP_228966783.1), Streptomyces griseoflavus (WP_004931114.1), Streptomyces sp. NA02536 (WP_176117312.1), Streptomyces (WP_142195205.1), Streptomyces spinoverrucosus (WP_196462535.1), Streptomyces sp. SLBN-134 (WP_142170642.1), Streptomyces lomondensis (WP_190048216.1), Streptomyces sp. JCM17656 (QWA22516.1), Streptomyces capillispiralis (WP_145869102.1), Streptomyces (WP_215154691.1), Streptomyces viridochromogenes (WP_004001040.1), Streptomyces (WP_125510363.1), Streptomyces chromofuscus (WP_189699031 .1), Streptomyces griseoflavus (WP_190095097.1), Streptomyces (WP_126900012.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL WC- 3626 (WP_030217191 .1), Streptomyces curacoi (WP_062155922.1), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (GGX09391 .1), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (WP_190164476.1), Streptomyces afghaniensis 772 (EPJ38539.1), Streptomyces fungicidicus (WP_121546081 .1), Streptomyces chartreusis (WP_107905561 .1), Streptomyces sp. WAC 05379 (WP_125529404.1), Streptomyces wuyuanensis (WP_093654151 .1), Streptomyces swartbergensis (WP_086603880.1), Streptomyces chartreusis (WP_176577002.1), Streptomyces bellus (WP_193505879.1), Streptomyces coeruleorubidus (WP_150481012.1), Streptomyces dysideae (WP_067021295.1), Streptomyces africanus (WP_086560822.1), Streptomyces iakyrus (WP_033308050.1), Streptomyces djakartensis (WP_190197820.1), Streptomyces sp. XY152 (WP_053636056.1), Streptomyces (WP_030825115.1), Streptomyces sp. SID5643 (WP_161369364.1), Streptomyces caelestis (WP_184984045.1), Streptomyces qaidamensis (WP_062927006.1), Streptomyces regalis (WP_062703120.1), Streptomyces umbrinus (WP_190227783.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-146 (WP_031102640.1), Streptomyces umbrinus (WP_189843349.1), Streptomyces collinus (MBB5811277.1), Streptomyces sp. WAC04114 (WP_221757552.1), Streptomyces indiaensis (WP_234847835.1), Streptomyces massasporeus (WP_189588732.1), Streptomyces (WP_104779799.1), Streptomyces violaceochromogenes (WP_191845917.1), Streptomyces montanus (WP_138046192.1), Streptomyces sp. A244 (WP_107455124.1), Streptomyces (WP_031130500.1), Streptomyces paradoxus (WP_184558435.1), Streptomyces tuirus (WP_190899118.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-475 (WP_030838074.1), Streptomyces hawaiiensis (WP_175432717.1), Streptomyces purpurascens (WP_189723836.1), Streptomyces janthinus (WP_193478232.1), Streptomyces sp. AK010 (WP_185013999.1), Streptomyces luteogriseus (WP_184910807.1), or Streptomyces pilosus (WP_189555972.1).

In one example, E3 may be an acetyltransferase from Streptomyces sp. (QTK16920.1 GI:2021361637), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR67244.1 GL2039686980), Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii (CQR63914.1 GI:822880124), Streptomyces sp. PAMC 26508 (AGJ55095.1 GL478746515), Streptomyces scabiei 87.22 (CBG72817.1 GL260649702), Streptomyces Achromobacter xylosoxidans NBRC 15126 = ATCC 27061 (AHC47452.1 GI:566051779), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR65358.1 GI:2039688767), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR65683.1 GI:2039688264), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR64064.1 GI:2039690162), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR64557.1 GI:2039689733), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR64494.1 GI:2039689672), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR65495.1 GI:2039688584), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR65880.1 GI:2039688461), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR65802.1 GI:2039688383), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR67337.1 GI:2039686714), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR67722.1 GI:2039686548), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR67458.1 GI:2039686284), Desulfosarcina cetonica (TR67453.1 GI:2039686279), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR68479.1 GI:2039685800), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR68453.1 GI:2039685774), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR69949.1 GI:2039683894), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR70394.1 GI:2039683642), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR70461.1 GI:2039683453), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR70443.1 GI:2039683435), Pimelobacter simplex (AIY15770.1 Gl:723622294), Streptomyces sp. NL15-2K (CB49136.1 GI:1493708163), Aquitalea magnusonii (BBF86346.1 Gl:1435241518), Micromonospora sp. B006 (AXO35036.1 GI:1450456452), Streptomyces venezuelae (ALO08593.1 GI:952470255), Streptomyces bottropensis ATCC 25435 (EMF50429.1 Gl:456384851), Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10712 (CCA55858.1 Gl:328882619), Drosophila melanogaster (CAA17683.1 Gl:2924547), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR64151.1 GI:2039689961), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR64706.1 GI:2039689502), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR65910.1 GI:2039688142), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR65903.1 GI:2039688135), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR68069.1 GI:2039685916), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR69458.1 GI:2039684725), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR63766.1 GI:2039690355), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR64871.1 GI:2039689205), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR64990.1 GI:2039688983), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR65346.1 GI:2039688755), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR65983.1 GI:2039688006), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR66132.1 GI:2039687832), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR67865.1 GI:2039686223), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR67945.1 GI:2039686120), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR68557.1 G 1:2039685499), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR69047.1 GI:2039685372), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR68952.1 GI:2039685277), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR69234.1 GI:2039684917), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR69164.1 GI:2039684847), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR69124.1 GI:2039684807), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR69451.1 GI:2039684718), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR69548.1 GI:2039684504), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR70126.1 GI:2039684068), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR70315.1 GI:2039683696), Desulfosarcina cetonica (VTR70566.1 G 1:2039683558), Streptomyces malaysiensis (ATL84885.1 Gl:1266921847), Streptomyces fulvissimus DSM 40593 (AGK77333.1 GI:485094150), Brevibacterium ocean! (WP_181273085.1), Brevibacterium sp. HY170 (WP_231442296.1), Brevibacterium sp. FME17 (WP_193096435.1), Brevibacterium casei (WP_009376215.1), Brevibacterium pigmentatum (WP_167198399.1), Brevibacterium atlanticum (WP_166973259.1), Brevibacterium (WP_137827008.1), Brevibacterium sp. S22 (TGD29889.1), Brevibacterium epidermidis (WP_098731557.1), Brevibacterium linens (HJF75768.1), Brevibacterium sp. LS14 (WP_131248027.1), Brevibacterium sp. VCM10 (WP_025776856.1), Brevibacterium sp. UCMA 11752 (WP_235350998.1), Brevibacterium permense

(WP_173151748.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_125240720.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_193078849.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096145960.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_114384949.1), Brevibacterium siliguriense (WP_092011616.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096160424.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_193086563.1), Brevibacterium sp. 'Marine' (WP_169252963.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_135446718.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_193084516.1), Brevibacterium marinum (WP_167950434.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_101639105.1), Brevibacterium limosum (WP_166822893.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096167624.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_143924263.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096178868.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096157397.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_096163052.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_009883550.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_069600709.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_101557621 .1), Brevibacterium casei (WP_119296729.1), Brevibacterium sp. CFH 10365 (WP_152347364.1), Brevibacterium aurantiacum (WP_101598306.1), Brevibacterium casei (WP_082834881 .1), Brevibacterium casei (WP_144588711 .1), Agreia bicolorata (WP_078715081 .1), Brevibacterium sp. SMBL_HHYL_HB1 (WP_212129586.1), Brevibacterium casei (KZE22294.1), Brevibacterium casei (WP_232623671 .1), Brevibacterium casei (QQB16215.1), Agreia bicolorata (WP_044440798.1), Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. Abscessus (SIH96297.1), Brevibacterium casei (WP_101624625.1), Brevibacterium casei (WP_190247010.1), Brevibacterium sp. S111 (WP_135540312.1), Brevibacterium sp. W7.2 (WP_211979250.1), Corynebacterium xerosis (SLM95104.1 Gl:1188028261), or from a plant metagenome with accession number GO10018.1 Gl:1613564736, VFR50243.1 Gl:1591769475, VFR49444.1 Gl:1591759418, VFR42273.1 Gl:1591739264, VFR87867.1 Gl:1591734832, VFR79172.1 Gl:1591731713, VFR90674.1 Gl:1591727121 , VFR73697.1 GI:1591713709, VFR35670.1 GI:1591707861 , VFR17966.1 Gl:1591706236, VFR24793.1 GI:1591690017, or VFR74915.1 Gl:1591683123.

In another example, E3 may be desferrioxamine siderophore biosynthesis protein dfoC from Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191914122.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_045140091 .1), Pantoea sp. EKM20T (WP_167433056.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_187501430.1), Pantoea (WP_167423161 .1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191921680.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163658684.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_172608645.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_192073070.1), Pantoea sp. CFSAN033090 (WP_052270704.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_187511066.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_158149880.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_132499089.1), Pantoea agglomerans (MBT8497800.1), Curtobacterium plantarum (WP_122889392.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_192033741 .1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_033768945.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_187515506.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_182505410.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_182500640.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_158132336.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_010670384.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_187506786.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_179256483.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_115765004.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191922816.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191914536.1), Pantoea agglomerans (AWD37885.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_033780267.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_062758877.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_115388310.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_089414760.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191918109.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_137228077.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_039389954.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191924048.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191920726.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163845109.1), Pantoea sp. paga

(WP_143990819.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_031590726.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_143789436.1), Pantoea vagans (WP_083069696.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_033787056.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_208003520.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_235765353.1), Pantoea pleuroti (WP_182686862.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_069026761 .1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163638696.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_208442935.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_207091826.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_064702866.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_086906737.1), Pantoea agglomerans (KEY40395.1), Pantoea sp. OV426 (WP_090965308.1), Pantoea (WP_150037408.1), Pantoea eucalypti (AWD37908.1), Pantoea (WP_150011559.1), Pantoea sp. WMus005

(WP_179898291.1), Pantoea eucalypti (AWD37911 .1), Pantoea vagans (WP_161736340.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_004160308.1), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ67970.1 Gl:1839296356), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ64271.1 Gl:1839292579), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ60469.1 Gl:1839288766), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ56770.1 Gl:1839285065), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ53072.1

Gl:1839281365), Xenorhabdus cabanillasii JM26 (PHM78217.1 Gl:1269095937), Xenorhabdus cabanillasii JM26 (PHM78208.1 Gl: 1269095928), Xenorhabdus hominickii (PHM56127.1 GI:1269072847), Xenorhabdus mauleonii (PHM37952.1 GI:1269054189), Xenorhabdus mauleonii (PHM37944.1 GI:1269054181), Xenorhabdus budapestensis (PHM29821.1 GI:1269045843), Xenorhabdus budapestensis (PHM29812.1 GI:1269045834), Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430 (CBA23308.1 GI:291555140), Erwinia pyrifoliae DSM 12163 (CAY75871.1 Gl:283479955), Erwinia amylovora LA637 (CDK23310.1 GI:566688504), Erwinia amylovora LA636 (CDK19939.1 GI:565455063), Erwinia amylovora LA635 (CDK16572.1 Gl:565423714), Erwinia piriflorinigrans CFBP 5888 (CCG88689.1 GI:560105768), Erwinia amylovora MR1 (CCP08595.1 Gl:478726734), Erwinia amylovora Ea644 (CCP04532.1 Gl:478723237), Erwinia amylovora UPN527 (CCP00585.1 GL478719346), Erwinia amylovora NBRC 12687 = CFBP 1232 (CCO95265.1 GI:478715307), Erwinia amylovora 01 SFR-BQ (CCO91470.1 Gl:478711918), Erwinia amylovora CFBP 2585 (CCO87679.1 GL478708144), Erwinia amylovora Ea266 (CCO83917.1 GI:478703932), Erwinia amylovora Ea356 (CCQ80113.1 GI:478700098), Erwinia amylovora ACW56400 (EKV52685.1 G 1:426274945), or Erwinia amylovora ATCC BAA-2158 (CBX82136.1 Gl:312173882).

In particular, E3 is selected from the group consisting of DesC from Streptomyces coelicolor, DesC from Streptomyces pilosus, S. violaceorube, N-terminal domains of the DesC proteins from Corynebacterium xerosis, Pantoea agglomerans, or Erwinia amylovora. More in particular, the E3 is selected from the group consisting of Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces violaceorube, Streptomyces pilosus (WP_189555972.1), Corynebacterium xerosis (SLM95104.1

Gl:1188028261), Pantoea agglomerans (AWD37890.1) and Erwinia amylovora (WP_004160308.1). Even more in particular, E3 comprises at least 70% sequence identity relative to SEQ ID NO:5 (E _3a ), SEQ ID NO:17 (E ₃ b), SEQ ID NO:27 (Esc), N-terminal domain of SEQ ID NO:46 (E ₃ d), or SEQ ID NO:40 (E _3e ) or SEQ ID NO:34 (E _3f ).

E4 is a desferrioxamine synthetase (EC 6.3.-.-) (E4H), or a bisucaberin synthetase (EC 6.3.-.-) (E4iv) capable of converting N5-aminopentyl-N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid to desferrioxamine E or any other macrocyclic desferrioxamine, and/or bisucaberin respectively.

In particular, E4H, or E4iv, may also be called desferrioxamine E biosynthesis protein (DesD) which is usually from the siderophore synthetase superfamily, group C, siderophore synthetase component, ligase. E4u or E4iv may also be called lucA/lucC family siderophore biosynthesis protein. In particular, E4H, or E4iv, may be DesD from Streptomyces coelicolor (NUV53721 .1), Streptomyces sp. I5 (WP_199217166.1), Streptomyces sp. PAM3C (WP_216716553.1), Streptomyces sp. ZS0098 (WP_122217405.1), Streptomyces vinaceus (MQL65620.1), Streptomyces sp. RK31 (WP_210906076.1), Streptomyces sp. E1 N211 (WP_114873828.1), Streptomyces variabilis (WP_189366531 .1), Streptomyces sp. HNS054 (WP_048457761 .1), Actinospica acidiphil (NEA78436.1), Streptomyces sp. E2N171 (WP_121720278.1), Streptomyces sp. Z38 (WP_156699444.1), Streptomyces sp. 14(2020) (WP_199206418.1), Streptomyces sp. BSE7-9 (WP_199215200.1), Streptomyces sp. SMS_SU21 (WP_102641628.1), Streptomyces sp. MNU103 (WP_230228103.1), Streptomyces matensis (GGT60866.1), Streptomyces griseorubens (GGQ93410.1), Streptomyces althioticus (GGQ52613.1), Actinospica acidiphila

(WP_203550771 .1), Streptomyces sp. 4F (ALV50330.1), Actinospica acidiphila (WP_163087759.1), Streptomyces griseorubens (WP_037639707.1), Streptomyces sp. di50b (SCD87662.1), Streptomyces (WP_167741844.1), Streptomyces sp. F-7 (WP_093767213.1), Streptomyces albogriseolus (GHC05289.1), Streptomyces cellulosae (GHE36661 .1), Streptomyces werraensis (GHE82670.1), Streptomyces sp. DH20 (WP_228916771 .1), Streptomyces werraensis (WP_225641487.1), Streptomyces werraensis (WP_225629337.1), Streptomyces tendae (WP_150156578.1), Streptomyces pseudogriseolus (WP_225654118.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-5527 (WP_031060221.1), Streptomyces sp. T12 (WP_145827641 .1), Streptomyces sp. GESEQ- 13 (WP_210633990.1), Streptomyces gancidicus (WP_006131549.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL S- 1314 (WP_031017402.1), Streptomyces (WP_215209976.1), Streptomyces pseudogriseolus group 8WP_189406281.19, Streptomyces (WP_028959208.1), Streptomyces sp. S-9 (WP_203350072.1), Streptomyces sp. McG8 (WP_215188574.1), Streptomyces (WP_019525182.1), Streptomyces sp. DH-12 (WP_106414112.1), Streptomyces marokkonensis (WP_149548375.1), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (WP_190164277.1), Streptomyces (WP_142195204.1), Streptomyces calvus (WP_142232870.1), Streptomyces sp. SM1

(WP_103541520.1), Streptomyces toyocaensis (WP_037931697.1), Streptomyces sp. CHD11 (WP_215205174.1), Streptomyces (WP_030825118.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-37 (WP_030869328.1), Streptomyces sp. AC558_RSS880 (WP_217127651 .1), Streptomyces sp. DH5 (WP_228966782.1), Streptomyces pilosus (WP_189555973.1), Streptomyces pilosus (WP_189595561 .1), Streptomyces griseoflavus (WP_190095096.1), Streptomyces sp. NRRL

WC-3626 (WP_030217188.1), Streptomyces sp. 13-12-16 (WP_085570643.1), Streptomyces capillispiralis (WP_145869101.1), Streptomyces griseoflavus (WP_004931111 .1), Streptomyces sp. CB02400 (WP_073931736.1), Streptomyces sp. SLBN-134 (WP_142170640.1), Streptomyces (WP_125506338.1), Streptomyces sp. NA02536 (WP_176117313.1), Streptomyces fungicidicus

(WP_121546082.1), Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii (WP_048573206.1), Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii (WP_029382123.1), Streptomyces albaduncus (WP_184760469.1), Streptomyces viridochromogenes (WP_048584025.1), Streptomyces viridochromogenes (WP_053200122.1), Streptomyces (WP_215154693.1), Streptomyces viridochromogenes (WP_004001039.1), Streptomyces sp. ISL-14 (MBT2673677.1), Streptomyces cyaneogriseus (WP_044381715.1), Streptomyces griseomycini (WP_193473351 .1 ), Streptomyces curacoi (WP_062155921 .1 ), Streptomyces sp. uw30 (WP_147999450.1), Streptomyces caeruleatus (WP_062720821 .1), Streptomyces harenosi (WP_164393243.1), Streptomyces griseostramineus (WP_184825094.1), Streptomyces bicolor (WP_031478546.1), Streptomyces regali (WP_062703122.1), Streptomyces sp. cf386 (WP_093908265.1), Streptomyces azureus (WP_059420174.1), Streptomyces chartreusis (WP_150502416.1), Streptomyces swartbergensis (WP_086603881 .1), Streptomyces sp. CB02414 (WP_073723308.1), Streptomyces chartreusis (WP_176577001 .1), Streptomyces sp. KS_5 (WP_030944363.1), Streptomyces sp. Tu102 (WP_214335617.1), Streptomyces sp.

(NUT26959.1), Streptomyces cyaneochromogenes (WP_126392412.1), Streptomyces spinoverrucosus (WP_196462534.1), Streptomyces sp. HGB0020 (WP_016434996.1), Streptomyces coeruleorubidus (WP_150481013.1), Streptomyces sp. TRM S81-3

(WP_188181662.1), Streptomyces formicae (ATL27942.1 GI:1259310061), Micrococcus luteus Mu201 (SJN33943.1 Gl:1145375606), Tenacibaculum mesophilum (BAX07670.1 Gl:1172208181), Tenacibaculum mesophilum (BAX07668.1 Gl:1172208179), Gammaproteobacteria bacterium Streptomyces (WP_121702379.1 GL1495472518), Streptomyces sp. LBUM 1480 (QTU54121.1 GI:2025348499), Streptomyces griseofuscus (QNT95273.1 Gl:1906918764), Streptomyces (WP_106517219.1 Gl:1370674867), Streptomyces anthocyanicus (WP_191849566.1 Gl:1912958734), Streptomyces tendae (WP_189742138.1 Gl:1907050264), Streptomyces (WP_164410815.1 Gl:1817780094), Streptomyces lincolnensis (QMV07193.1 Gl:1886115140), Streptomyces coelicolor (QKN66532.1 Gl:1851833442), Streptomyces tendae (WP_164458103.1 Gl:1817832929), Streptomyces rubrogriseus (WP_164277235.1 Gl:1817618112), Streptomyces sp. SID10362 (WP_165285357.1 Gl:1819611045), Streptomyces (WP_030400073.1 GI:663404431), Streptomyces (WP_011028585.1 G 1:499338877), Streptomyces tendae (WP_159327807.1 Gl:1797887667), Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) (QFI42889.1 Gl:1759037058), Streptomyces (WP_093456207.1 GI:1225447207), Streptomyces sp. LRa12 (WP_136207792.1 Gl:1621656934), Streptomyces sp. E5N91 (WP_121709362.1 Gl: 1495480291), Streptomyces rubrogriseus (WP_109032792.1 Gl:1389010967), Streptomyces sp. MH60 (WP_104632151.1 GI:1351098821), Streptomyces diastaticus (WP_102929444.1 Gl:1332972289), Streptomyces sp. M1013 (WP_076974458.1 Gl:1141434617), Streptomyces canus (WP_059300524.1 Gl:976140927), Streptomyces violaceoruber (WP_030866491 .1 GI:664338305), Streptomyces (WP_003976015.1 G 1:490073840), Streptomyces ipomoeae (TQE33528.1 GI:1697190356), Streptomyces ipomoeae (TQE25637.1 Gl:1697182207), Streptomyces sporangiiformans (TPQ23018.1 GI:1693045467), Streptomyces sp. Akac8 (THC55740.1 Gl:1616616223), Streptomyces sp. LRa12 (THA97810.1 GI:1616076702), Streptomyces sp. H23 (WP_134652861 .1 GI:1604860203), Streptomyces griseoviridis (AZS87080.1 Gl:1547213271), Achromobacter xylosoxidans NBRC 15126 = ATCC 27061 (AHC47453.1 GI:566051780), Streptomyces lividans 1326 (EOY47845.1 GI:509518532), Streptomyces collinus (UJA16738.1 Gl:2179595515), Streptomyces collinus (UJA08397.1 Gl:2179587162), Streptomyces hyderabadensis (WP_226024665.1 Gl:2112773893), Streptomyces sp. S10(2018) (WP_127893570.1

Gl:1553510828), Streptomyces sp. NL15-2K (GCB49135.1 GI:1493708162), Streptomyces scabiei 87.22 (CBG72816.1 GI:260649701), Micromonospora sp. B006 (AXO35037.1 GI:1450456453), Streptomyces venezuelae (ALO08594.1 GI:952470256), Brachybacterium sp. SW0106-09 (GAP78407.1 Gl:926973312), Pseudoalteromonas sp. SW0106-04 (GAP73945.1 GI:924441201), Elizabethkingia anopheles (KMU63886.1 GI:874590592), or Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10712 (CCA55859.1 G 1:328882620).

In another example, E4H, or E^may also be called Chain A or B, desferrioxamine E biosynthesis protein DesD. In this example, the DesD may be the sequence with accession number 6XRCJ3 Gl:1950842083 or 6XRC_A Gl: 1950842082 or 6NL2_B Gl:179970866 or 6NL2_A Gl:1799708661 . The DesD may also be from Actinokineospora spheciospongiae (EWC61612.1 GI:583002104), Pimelobacter simplex (IY15768.1 Gl:723622292), Aquitalea magnusonii (BBF86345.1 Gl:1435241517), or Salinisphaera sp. LB1 (AWN17872.1 Gl:1393627878).

In yet another example, E4H, or E4i _V may also be called desferrioxamine E biosynthesis protein DesC at siderophore synthetase small component, acetyltransferase. The DesC may be from a plant metagenome with accession number VGG10018.1 Gl:1613564736, VFR50243.1 Gl:1591769475, VFR49444.1 Gl:1591759418, VFR42273.1 Gl:1591739264, VFR87867.1 Gl:1591734832, VFR79172.1 Gl:1591731713, VFR90674.1 Gl:1591727121 , VFR73697.1 GI:1591713709, VFR35670.1 GI:1591707861 , VFR17966.1 Gl:1591706236, VFR24793.1 GI:1591690017, or VFR74915.1 Gl:1591683123, or from Streptomyces formicae (ATL27941.1 GI:1259310060), Orrella dioscoreae (SOE50046.1 GI:1253556130), Nocardiopsis sp. JB363 (SI088002.1 Gl:1143070537), Orrella dioscoreae (SBT27366.1 GI:1037119874), Streptomyces venezuelae (CUM41035.1 GI:932870024), Elizabethkingia anophelis NUHP'i (AIL46075.1 Gl:675104782), Achromobacter xylosoxidans NBRC 15126 = ATCC 27061 (AHC47452.1 GI:566051779), Streptomyces lividans 1326 (EOY47844.1 GI:509518531), Streptomyces sp. PAMC 26508 (AGJ55095.1 Gl:478746515), Pimelobacter simplex (AIY15770.1 Gl:723622294), Streptomyces sp. NL15-2K (GCB49136.1 GI:1493708163), or Aquitalea magnusonii (BBF86346.1 Gl:1435241518).

In a further example, E4H, or E4iv may also be called Chain D, desferrioxamine siderophore biosynthesis protein dfoC with accession number 5O7O_D Gl:1351638365 or Chain C, desferrioxamine siderophore biosynthesis protein dfoC with accession number 5O7O_C Gl:1351638364 or Chain B, desferrioxamine siderophore biosynthesis protein dfoC with accession number 5O7O_B Gl:1351638363 or Chain A, desferrioxamine siderophore biosynthesis protein dfoC with accession number 5O7O_A Gl:1351638362 or desferrioxamine siderophore biosynthesis protein dfoC from Pantoea agglomerans (AWD37890.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_187515506.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_182505410.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_182500640.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_158132336.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_010670384.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_187506786.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_179256483.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_115765004.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191922816.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191914536.1), Pantoea agglomerans (AWD37885.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_033780267.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_062758877.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_115388310.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_089414760.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191918109.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_137228077.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_039389954.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191924048.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_191920726.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163845109.1), Pantoea sp. paga (WP_143990819.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_031590726.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_143789436.1), Pantoea vagans (WP_083069696.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_033787056.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_208003520.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_235765353.1), Pantoea pleuroti (WP_182686862.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_069026761 .1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_163638696.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_208442935.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_207091826.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_064702866.1), Pantoea agglomerans (WP_086906737.1), Pantoea agglomerans (KEY40395.1), Pantoea sp. OV426 (WP_090965308.1), Pantoea (WP_150037408.1), Pantoea eucalypti (AWD37908.1), Pantoea (WP_150011559.1), Pantoea sp. WMus005 (WP_179898291 .1), Pantoea eucalypti (AWD37911 .1), Pantoea vagans (WP_161736340.1), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ67970.1 Gl:1839296356), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ64271.1 Gl:1839292579), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ60469.1 Gl:1839288766), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ56770.1 Gl:1839285065), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ53072.1 Gl:1839281365), Erwinia amylovora (WP_004160308.1), Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430 (5O7O_A), Erwinia amylovora (QJQ53072.1), Erwinia amylovora NBRC 12687 = CFBP 1232 (GAJ89919.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_168428660.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_099350829.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_168384929.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_168404295.1), Erwinia amylovora MR1 (CCP08595.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_004171023.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_168402725.1), Erwinia amylovora

(WP_168394396.1), Erwinia sp. Ejp617 (ADP10409.1), Erwinia sp. Ejp617 (WP_041474304.1), Erwinia pyrifoliae (WP_012669441 .1), Erwinia piriflorinigrans (WP_023656445.1), Erwinia tasmaniensis (WP_012442727.1), Xenorhabdus cabanillasii JM26 (PHM78217.1 Gl: 1269095937), Xenorhabdus cabanillasii JM26 (PHM78208.1 GI:1269095928), Xenorhabdus hominickii (PHM56127.1 GI:1269072847), Xenorhabdus mauleonii (PHM37952.1 GI:1269054189), Xenorhabdus mauleonii (PHM37944.1 GI:1269054181), Xenorhabdus budapestensis (PHM29821.1 GI:1269045843), Xenorhabdus budapestensis (PHM29812.1 GI:1269045834), Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430 (CBA23308.1 GI:291555140), Erwinia pyrifoliae DSM 12163 (CAY75871.1 Gl:283479955), Erwinia amylovora LA637 (CDK23310.1 GI:566688504), Erwinia amylovora LA636 (CDK19939.1 GI:565455063), Erwinia amylovora LA635 (CDK16572.1 Gl:565423714), Erwinia piriflorinigrans CFBP 5888 (CCG88689.1 GI:560105768), Erwinia amylovora MR1 (CCP08595.1 Gl:478726734), Erwinia amylovora Ea644 (CCP04532.1 Gl:478723237), Erwinia amylovora UPN527 (CCP00585.1 Gl:478719346), Erwinia amylovora NBRC 12687 = CFBP 1232 (CCO95265.1 GI:478715307), Erwinia amylovora 01 SFR-BQ (CCO91470.1 GL478711918), Erwinia amylovora CFBP 2585 (CCO87679.1 GI:478708144), Erwinia amylovora Ea266 (CCO83917.1 GI:478703932), Erwinia amylovora Ea356 (CCO80113.1 GI:478700098), Erwinia amylovora ACW56400 (EKV52685.1 Gl:426274945), or Erwinia amylovora ATCC BAA-2158 (CBX82136.1 Gl:312173882).

In particular, E4H, or E4iv is selected from the group consisting of DesD from Streptomyces coelicolor, DesD from Streptomyces violaceoruber, DesD from Streptomyces pilosus, lucA/lucC from Tenacibaculum mesophilum, C-terminal domains of the DesC proteins from Corynebacterium xerosis, C-terminal domains of the DfoC proteins from Erwinia amylovora or Pantoea agglomerans. More in particular, the E4H, or E4iv is selected from the group consisting of Streptomyces coelicolor (NUV53721 .1), Streptomyces violaceoruber, Streptomyces pilosus (WP_189555973.1), Erwinia amylovora (WP_004160308.1), Pantoea agglomerans (AWD37890.1) and Corynebacterium xerosis (SLM95104.1 Gl:1188028261). Even more in particular, the E4H, or E4iv comprises at least 70% sequence identity relative to SEQ ID NO:6 (E4a), SEQ ID NO:18 (E4b), SEQ ID NO:28 (E4c), C- terminal domain of SEQ ID NO:34 (E ₄ d), SEQ ID NQ:40 (E _4e ) or SEQ ID NO:46 (E _4f ).

In particular, C-terminal domains of an enzyme are part of the enzyme that is located in the C- terminal of the enzyme that is able to carry out the specific function and in contrast, the N-terminal domain of an enzyme refers to the part of the enzyme that is in the N-terminal (i.e. rest of the enzyme not constituting the C-terminal of the enzyme) that carries out possibly another function compared to the C-terminal. In one example, the C-terminal domains of the DesC proteins from Corynebacterium xerosis, or DfoC proteins from Erwinia amylovora or Pantoea agglomerans are part of the gene located in the C-terminal which is homologous in function to the DesD proteins from Streptomyces coelicolor, violaceoruber and pilosus, and/or is capable of converting N5- aminopentyl-N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid to desferrioxamine E or any other macrocyclic desferrioxamine, and/or bisucaberin respectively. Likewise, the N-terminal domains of the DesC proteins from Corynebacterium xerosis, or DfoC proteins from Erwinia amylovora or Pantoea agglomerans are part of the gene located in the N-terminal that not only has a different function but also is the rest of the gene that does not fall within the C-terminal.

The accession numbers stated in connection with the present invention mentioned throughout this specification correspond to the NCBI ProteinBank database entries with the date 07.02.2022; as a rule, the version number of the entry is identified here by “numerals” such as for example “.1 ”.

In one example, E4H, and E4iv are the same enzyme in the cell and therefore, a mixture of bisucaberin, and desferrioxamine E may be produced. The amount of each compound, bisucaberin, and desferrioxamine E produced may vary in each reaction depending on the enzyme from the list of E4H, and E4iv used, and/or the conditions in which the reaction is carried out. In one example, when E3 is fused with E4 (E4H, and E4iv) more desferrioxamine E compared to bisucaberin may be produced as shown in Fujita MJ, Mol. Biosyst., 8, 482-485 (2012) and Fujita MJ, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 77 (12), 2467-2472, 2013.

Examples of lysine decarboxylase (E1), cadaverine N5-monooxygenase (E2), N5-Aminopentyl-N- (hydroxy)-succinamic acid synthase (E3), desferrioxamine/ bisucaberin synthetase (E4) and any other enzymes mentioned according to any aspect of the present invention, also include proteins having the same amino acid sequences as those described above except that one or several amino acids are substituted, deleted, inserted and/or added, as long as their functions are maintained. The term “several” herein means normally about 1 to 7, particularly about 1 to 5, more particularly about 1 to 2. Each of the of lysine decarboxylase (Ei), cadaverine N5-monooxygenase (E2), N5-Aminopentyl-N-(hydroxy)-succinamic acid synthase (E3), desferrioxamine/ bisucaberin synthetase (E4) and any other enzymes mentioned according to any aspect of the present invention may be a protein having an amino acid sequence with a sequence identity of normally not less than 70, 75, 80, 85%, particularly not less than 90%, more particularly not less than 95% to the original amino acid sequence, as long as its functions is maintained.

The substitution(s), deletion(s), insertion(s) and/or addition(s) in the amino acid sequence described above is/are particularly a conservative substitution(s). Examples of conservative substitution of the original amino acid for another amino acid include substitution of Ala for Ser or Thr; substitution of Arg for Gin, H is or Lys; substitution of Asn for Glu, Gin, Lys, H is or Asp; substitution of Asp for Asn, Glu or Gin; substitution of Cys for Ser or Ala; substitution of Gin for Asn, Glu, Lys, H is, Asp or Arg; substitution of Glu for Asn, Gin, Lys or Asp; substitution of Gly for Pro; substitution of H is for Asn, Lys, Gin, Arg or Tyr; substitution of He for Leu, Met, Vai or Phe; substitution of Leu for He, Met, Vai or Phe; substitution of Lys for Asn, Glu, Gin, His or Arg; substitution of Met for lie, Leu, Vai or Phe; substitution of Phe for Trp, Tyr, Met, lie or Leu; substitution of Ser for Thr or Ala; substitution of Thr for Ser or Ala; substitution of Trp for Phe or Tyr; substitution of Tyr for His, Phe or Trp; and substitution of Vai for Met, lie or Leu.

In particular, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention, may be genetically modified or may comprise a genetic modification to increase expression and/or activity relative to its wildtype cell of E4 and at least two other enzymes selected from the group consisting of E1, E2, and E3. In one example, the cell has increased expression of E4, E1, and E2 or E4, E1, and E3 or E4, E2, and E3.

Even more in particular, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention is genetically modified or comprises a genetic modification that increases expression or activity relative to its wild-type cell of all four enzymes E1, E2, E3 and E4.

The cell according to any aspect of the present invention is further genetically modified or comprises a genetic modification to increase production of L-lysine and/or cadaverine. In particular, the cell has increased intracellular production of L-lysine and/or cadaverine. More in particular, the further genetic modification in the cell according to any aspect of the present invention results in increased production of lysine and includes an increase or decrease in expression relative to the wild-type cell of at least one of the following enzymes Ee- E19. More in particular, the further genetic modification according to any aspect of the present invention includes an increase in expression of at least one of the following enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) (Ee), aspartate amino transferase (EC 2.6.1 .1) (E7) aspartate kinase, particularly feedback resistant aspartate kinase (EC 2.7.2.4) (Es), aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1 .2.1 .11) (Eg), dihydrodipicolinate synthase (EC 4.3.3.7) (Ew), dihydrodipicolinate reductase (EC 30 1.17.1.8) (En), diaminopimelate dehydrogenase (EC 1 .4.1 .16) (E12), diaminopimelate epimerase (EC 5.1 .1 .7) (E13), diaminopimelate decarboxylase (EC 4.1 .1 .20) (E14), N-succinyl-aminoketopimelate aminotranferase (EC 2.6.1 .17) (E17), 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase (EC 2.3.1 .117) (Ew), and/or succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase (EC 3.5.1 .18) (E19); and/or a decrease in expression of at least one of the following enzymes: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1 .1 .32) (E15), and/or homoserine dehydrogenase (EC 1 .1 .1 .3) (Ew).

In one example, Es may be encoded by gene pyc P458S of Corynebacterium glutamicum disclosed at least in WO1999018228 or EP2107128. In one example, E7 may be encoded by gene aspB of Corynebacterium glutamicum disclosed at least in EP0219027 or W02008033001 . In one example, Es may be a variant T3111 and may be encoded by gene lysC of Corynebacterium glutamicum disclosed at least in US6893848. In one example, Eg may be encoded by gene asd of Corynebacterium glutamicum disclosed at least in EP0387527 or W02008033001 . In one example, Ew may be encoded by gene dapA of Corynebacterium glutamicum disclosed at least in EP0197335. In one example, En may be encoded by gene dapB of Corynebacterium glutamicum disclosed at least in US8637295 or EP0841395. In one example, Ei2 may be encoded by gene ddh of Corynebacterium glutamicum described at least in EP0811682. In one example, E13 may be encoded by gene dapF of Corynebacterium glutamicum described at least in US6670156. In one example, E14 may be encoded by gene lysA of Corynebacterium glutamicum described at least in EP0811682. In one example, Ew may be encoded by gene pck of Corynebacterium glutamicum. In one example, Ew may be encoded by gene homV59A of Corynebacterium glutamicum. In one example, E17 may be encoded by gene dapC of Corynebacterium glutamicum. In one example, Ew may be encoded by gene dapD of Corynebacterium glutamicum. In one example, E may be encoded by gene dapE of Corynebacterium glutamicum.

In another example, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention may be genetically modified to increase the expression of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, or 14 enzymes selected from the group consisting of Esto E19.

In yet another example, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention may be genetically modified to increase the expression of at least pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) (Es), and aspartate kinase (EC 2.7.2.4) (Es) as disclosed at least in JP6219481 B2 to increase lysine production.

In a further example, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention may be genetically modified to increase the expression of at least dihydrodipicolinate synthase (EC 4.3.3.7) (Ew), aspartate kinase, (EC 2.7.2.4) (Es), dihydrodipicolinate reductase (EC 30 1.17.1.8) (En), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) (Eis), and aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1 .2.1 .1 1) (Eg) as disclosed in US8062869B2.

In one example, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention may be genetically modified to increase the expression of at least aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.11) (Eg), dihydrodipicolinate synthase (EC 4.3.3.7) (Ew) and dihydrodipicolinate reductase (EC 30 1.17.1.8) (En) as disclosed at least in JP5486029B2. The cell may further be genetically modified to increase the expression of diaminopimelate dehydrogenase (EC 1 .4.1 .16) (E12), and/or diaminopimelate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.20) (E15).

In a further example, the cell according to any aspect of the present invention may be genetically modified to increase the expression of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) (Es), aspartate kinase (EC 2.7.2.4) (Es), aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1 .2.1 .1 1) (Eg), dihydrodipicolinate synthase (EC 4.3.3.7) (Ew), dihydrodipicolinate reductase (EC 30 1.17.1.8) (En), diaminopimelate dehydrogenase (EC 1 .4.1 .16) (E12), and/or diaminopimelate decarboxylase (EC 4.1 .1 .20) (E14) and to decrease the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1 .1 .32) (E15), and/or homoserine dehydrogenase (EC 1 .1 .1 .3) (Eis). Examples of sequences of Es-Eig and means of increasing and decreasing the expression of the relevant enzymes is shown provided at least in US8637295, US2011039313, EP1725672 and EP1320593.

Further, the examples use strain C. glutamicum DM1933 and the construction of which is at least disclosed in Blomberg et al., 2009 (doi:10.1128/AEM.01844-08). This method may then be used to produce any cell that may have increased lysine production compared to the wild type cell.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of producing at least one compound having structural Formula III from at least one simple carbon source:

Formula III m = 1-3, the method comprising:

(a) contacting the cell according to any aspect of the present invention with at least one simple carbon source, wherein the simple carbon source is selected from the group consisting of glucose, sucrose, xylose, arabinose, mannose and glycerol. According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of the cell according to any aspect of the present invention for producing at least one compound having structural Formula III from at least one simple carbon source:

Formula III m = 1-3, and wherein the simple carbon source is selected from the group consisting of glucose, sucrose, xylose, arabinose, mannose and glycerol.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

Figure 1 is the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of DesE (10.9 min) detected in sample from C. glutamicum DM1933 int.NCGIOOl 3/0014::{Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(coCg)] pXMJ19{Ptac}{RBSopt}[desBCD_Sco(co_Cg)]{T} (Example 2 plasmid).

Figure 2 is the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of DesE (10.9 min) detected in sample from C. glutamicum DM1933 int.NCGIOOl 3/0014::{Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(coCg)] pXMJ19{Ptac}[desABCD_Svi] (Example 3 plasmid).

Figure 3 is the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of DesE (10.9 min) detected in sample from C. glutamicum DM1933 int.NCGIOOl 3/0014::{Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(coCg)] pXMJ19{Ptac}{RBSopt}[desABCD_Spi] (Example 4 plasmid).

Figure 4 is the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of DesE (12.3 min) detected in sample from C. glutamicum DM1933 int.NCGIOOl 3/0014: :{Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(coCg)] pXMJ19{Ptac}[dfoAC_Pag]{T} (Example 6 plasmid).

Figure 5 is the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of DesE (12.3 min) detected in sample from C. glutamicum DM1933 int.NCGIOOl 3/0014::{Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(coCg)] pXMJ19{Ptac}[desBC_Cx]{T} (Example 7 plasmid).

Figure 6 is the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of DesE (12.3 min) detected in sample from E. coll W3110 pXMJ19{Ptac}[desBCD_Sco]{T} (Example 1 plasmid).

Figure 7 is the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of DesE (10.9 min) detected in sample from E. coll W3110 pXMJ19{Ptac}[dfoAC_Eam]{T} (Example 5 plasmid).

EXAMPLES The foregoing describes preferred embodiments, which, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, may be subject to variations or modifications in design, construction or operation without departing from the scope of the claims. These variations, for instance, are intended to be covered by the scope of the claims.

Example 1

Construction of a C. glutamicum expression vector for the Streptomyces coelicolor desferrioxamine biosynthesis genes desBCD_Sco

For the heterologous expression of the desB gene (SEQ ID NO: 1), desC gene (SEQ ID NO: 2) and desD gene (SEQ ID NO: 3) from Streptomyces coelicolor CAI-140 the plasmid pXMJ19{Ptac}[desBCD_Sco]{T} was constructed. The synthetic operon consisting of desB_Sco encoding a lysine N(6)-hydroxylase/L-ornithine N(5)-oxygenase family protein (DesB, EC 1.14.13.-, SEQ ID NO: 4), desC_Sco encoding an acetyltransferase (DesC, EC 2.3-.-, SEQ ID NO: 5) and desD_Sco encoding a lucA/lucC family siderophore biosynthesis protein (DesD, EC 6.3.-.-, SEQ ID NO: 6), respectively, was cloned under the control of the IPTG inducible promoter Ptac into the E. coll /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19. Downstream of the synthetic operon a terminator sequence is located. The complete synthetic operon including the terminator sequence (3732 bp, SEQ ID NO: 7) was ordered for gene synthesis from Eurofins Genomics Germany GmbH (Ebersberg, Germany). The E. coll /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19 carries a pUC origin of replication for E. coll and a pBL1 origin of replication for the replication in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. For cloning the synthetic operon was cut with the restriction enzyme Hind\ II and ligated into pXMJ19 cut with the same enzyme. The ligation product was transformed into 10-beta electrocomponent E. coll cells (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. C3020K). Procedure of cloning and transformation were carried out according to manufacturer’s manual. The correct insertion of the target genes was checked by restriction analysis and the authenticity of the introduced DNA fragment was verified by DNA sequencing. The resulting expression vector was named pXMJ19{Ptac}[desBCD_Sco]{T} (SEQ ID NO: 8, see Table 2 below).

Example 2

Construction of a C. glutamicum expression vector for the Streptomyces coelicolor desferrioxamine biosynthesis genes desBCD_Sco codon-optimized for expression in C. glutamicum

For the heterologous expression of the desB gene (SEQ ID NO: 1), desC gene (SEQ ID NO: 2) and desD gene (SEQ ID NO: 3) from Streptomyces coelicolor CAI-140 the plasmid pXMJ19{Ptac}{RBSopt}[desBCD_Sco(co_Cg)]{T} was constructed. The synthetic operon consisting of desB_Sco encoding a lysine N(6)-hydroxylase/L-ornithine N(5)-oxygenase family protein (DesB, EC 1.14.13.-, SEQ ID NO: 4), desC_Sco encoding an acetyltransferase (DesC, EC 2.3-.-, SEQ ID NO: 5) and desD_Sco encoding a lucA/lucC family siderophore biosynthesis protein (DesD, EC 6.3.-.-, SEQ ID NO: 6), respectively, was cloned under the control of the IPTG inducible promoter Ptac into the E. coll /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19. Upstream of the operon an optimized ribosome binding site (RBS) for C. glutamicum was added and downstream of the synthetic operon a terminator sequence is located. The complete synthetic operon including the RBS and the terminator sequence (3779 bp, SEQ ID NO: 9) was ordered for gene synthesis from Eurofins Genomics Germany GmbH (Ebersberg, Germany) and the DNA sequence of the gene fragment was codon-optimized for expression in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. The E. coli/C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19 carries a pUC origin of replication for E. coli and a pBL1 origin of replication for the replication in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. For cloning the synthetic operon was cut with the restriction enzyme Hind\ II and ligated into pXMJ19 cut with the same enzyme. The ligation product was transformed into 10-beta electrocomponent E. coli cells (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. C3020K). Procedure of cloning and transformation were carried out according to manufacturer’s manual. The correct insertion of the target genes was checked by restriction analysis and the authenticity of the introduced DNA fragment was verified by DNA sequencing. The resulting expression vector was named pXMJ19{Ptac}{RBSopt}[desBCD_Sco(co_Cg)]{T} (SEQ ID NO: 10, see Table 2 below).

Example 3

Construction of a C. glutamicum expression vector for the Streptomyces violaceoruber desferrioxamine biosynthesis genes desABCD_Svi

For the heterologous expression of the desA gene (SEQ ID NO: 11), desB gene (SEQ ID NO: 12), desC gene (SEQ ID NO: 13) and desD gene (SEQ ID NO: 14) from Streptomyces violaceoruber A3(2) the plasmid pXMJ19{Ptac}[desABCD_Svi] was constructed. The complete operon consisting of desA encoding a lysine decarboxylase (DesA, EC 4.1 .1 .18, SEQ ID NO: 15, desB_Sco encoding a lysine N(6)-hydroxylase/L-ornithine N(5)-oxygenase family protein (DesB, EC 1.14.13.-, SEQ ID NO: 16), desC_Sco encoding an acetyltransferase (DesC, EC 2.3-.-, SEQ ID NO: 17) and desD_Sco encoding a lucA/lucC family siderophore biosynthesis protein (DesD, EC 6.3.-.-, SEQ ID NO: 18), respectively, was cloned under the control of the IPTG inducible promoter Ptac into the E. coli /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19. The complete operon was amplified via PCR using the primer pair MW22_001fw / MW22_002rv (SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, see Table 1 above) and genomic DNA from Streptomyces violaceoruber A3(2) as template. The E. coli/C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19 carries a pUC origin of replication for E. coli and a pBL1 origin of replication for the replication in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. The PCR product (5120 bp, SEQ ID NO: 19) was cloned into the vector pXMJ19 using the restriction site Hind\ II and NEBuilder® HiFi DNA Assembly Cloning Kit from New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. E5520. The ligation product was transformed into 10-beta electrocomponent E. coli cells (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. C3020K). Procedure of cloning and transformation were carried out according to manufacturer’s manual. The correct insertion of the target genes was checked by restriction analysis and the authenticity of the introduced DNA fragment was verified by DNA sequencing. The resulting expression vector was named pXMJ19{Ptac}[desABCD_Svi] (SEQ ID NO: 20, see Table 2 below).

Table 1 : Primer list

Example 4

Construction of a C. glutamicum expression vector for the Streptomyces pilosus desferrioxamine biosynthesis genes desABCD_Spi

For the heterologous expression of the desA gene (SEQ ID NO: 21), desB gene (SEQ ID NO: 22), desC gene (SEQ ID NO: 23) and desD gene (SEQ ID NO: 24) from Streptomyces pilosus ATCC19797 the plasmid pXMJ19{Ptac}{RBSopt}[desABCD_Spi] was constructed. The complete operon consisting of desA encoding a lysine decarboxylase (DesA, EC 4.1 .1 .18, SEQ ID NO: 25, desB_Sco encoding a lysine N(6)-hydroxylase/L-ornithine N(5)-oxygenase family protein (DesB, EC 1.14.13.-, SEQ ID NO: 26), desC_Sco encoding an acetyltransferase (DesC, EC 2.3-.-, SEQ ID NO: 27) and desD_Sco encoding a lucA/lucC family siderophore biosynthesis protein (DesD, EC 6.3.-.-, SEQ ID NO: 28 ), respectively, was cloned under the control of the IPTG inducible promoter Ptac into the E. coll /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19. Upstream of the operon an optimized ribosome binding site (RBS) for C. glutamicum was included via primer sequence. The complete operon was amplified via PCR using the primer pair MW22_006fw I MW22_005rv (SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 59, see Table 1 above) and genomic DNA from Streptomyces pilosus ATCC19797 as template. The E. coll /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19 carries a pUC origin of replication for E. coll and a pBL1 origin of replication for the replication in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. The PCR product (5102 bp, SEQ ID NO: 29) was cloned into the vector pXMJ19 using the restriction site Hind I II and NEBuilder® HiFi DNA Assembly Cloning Kit from New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. E5520. The ligation product was transformed into 10-beta electrocomponent E. coll cells (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. C3020K). Procedure of cloning and transformation were carried out according to manufacturer’s manual. The correct insertion of the target genes was checked by restriction analysis and the authenticity of the introduced DNA fragment was verified by DNA sequencing. The resulting expression vector was named pXMJ19{Ptac}{RBSopt}[desABCD_Spi] (SEQ ID NO: 30, see Table 2 below).

Example 5

Construction of a C. glutamicum expression vector for the Erwinia amylovora desferrioxamine biosynthesis genes dfoAC_Eam

For the heterologous expression of the dfoA gene (SEQ ID NO: 31) and dfoC gene (SEQ ID NO: 32) from Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430 the plasmid pXMJ19{Ptac}[dfoAC_Eam]{T} was constructed. The operon consisting of dfoA_Eam encoding a lysine N(6)-hydroxylase/L-ornithine N(5)-oxygenase family protein (DfoA, EC 1.14.13.-, SEQ ID NO: 33) and dfoC_Eam encoding an GNAT family N-acetyltransferase (DfoC, EC 2.3.-.-, SEQ ID NO: 34) was cloned under the control of the IPTG inducible promoter Ptac into the E. coli /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19. Downstream of the synthetic operon a terminator sequence is located. The complete synthetic operon including the terminator sequence (3830 bp, SEQ ID NO: 35) was ordered for gene synthesis from Eurofins Genomics Germany GmbH (Ebersberg, Germany). The E. coli /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19 carries a pUC origin of replication for E. coli and a pBL1 origin of replication for the replication in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. For cloning the operon was cut with the restriction enzyme /7/ndlll and ligated into pXMJ19 cut with the same enzyme. The ligation product was transformed into 10-beta electrocomponent E. coli cells (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. C3020K). Procedure of cloning and transformation were carried out according to manufacturer’s manual. The correct insertion of the target genes was checked by restriction analysis and the authenticity of the introduced DNA fragment was verified by DNA sequencing. The resulting expression vector was named pXMJ19{Ptac}[dfoAC_Eam]{T} (SEQ ID NO: 36, see Table 2 below).

Example 6

Construction of a C. glutamicum expression vector for the Pantoea agglomerans desferrioxamine biosynthesis genes dfoAC_Pag

For the heterologous expression of the dfoA gene (SEQ ID NO: 37) and dfoC gene (SEQ ID NO: 38) from Pantoea agglomerans strain DC432 the plasmid pXMJ19{Ptac}[dfoAC_Pag]{T} was constructed. The operon consisting of dfoA_Pag encoding a lysine N(6)-hydroxylase/L-ornithine N(5)-oxygenase family protein (DfoA, EC 1 .14.13.-, SEQ ID NO: 39) and dfoC_Pag encoding a GNAT family N-acetyltransferase (DfoC, EC 2.3.-.-, SEQ ID NO: 40) was cloned under the control of the IPTG inducible promoter Ptac into the E. coli /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19. Downstream of the synthetic operon a terminator sequence is located. The operon including the terminator sequence (3842 bp, SEQ ID NO: 41) was ordered for gene synthesis from Eurofins Genomics Germany GmbH (Ebersberg, Germany). The E. coli /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19 carries a pUC origin of replication for E. coli and a pBL1 origin of replication for the replication in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. For cloning the synthetic operon was cut with the restriction enzyme /7/ndlll and ligated into pXMJ19 cut with the same enzyme. The ligation product was transformed into 10-beta electrocomponent E. coli cells (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. C3020K). Procedure of cloning and transformation were carried out according to manufacturer’s manual. The correct insertion of the target genes was checked by restriction analysis and the authenticity of the introduced DNA fragment was verified by DNA sequencing. The resulting expression vector was named pXMJ19{Ptac}[dfoAC_Pag]{T} (SEQ ID NO: 42, see Table 2 below).

Example 7

Construction of a C. glutamicum expression vector for the Corynebacterium xerosis desferrioxamine biosynthesis genes desBC_Cx For the heterologous expression of the desB gene (SEQ ID NO: 43) and desC gene (SEQ ID NO: 44) from Corynebacterium xerosis the plasmid pXMJ19{Ptac}[desBC_Cx]{T} was constructed. The operon consisting of desB_Cx encoding a siderophore biosynthesis protein, monooxygenase (DesB, EC 1.14.13.-, SEQ ID NO: 45) and desC_Cx encoding a desferrioxamine biosynthesis protein I siderophore synthetase superfamily, group C (DesC, EC 2.3-.-, SEQ ID NO: 46) was cloned under the control of the IPTG inducible promoter Ptac into the E. coli /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19. Downstream of the synthetic operon a terminator sequence is located. The operon including the terminator sequence (3922bp, SEQ ID NO: 47) was ordered for gene synthesis from Eurofins Genomics Germany GmbH (Ebersberg, Germany). The E. coli /C. glutamicum shuttle vector pXMJ19 carries a pUC origin of replication for E. coli and a pBL1 origin of replication for the replication in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. For cloning the synthetic operon was cut with the restriction enzyme /7/ndlll and ligated into pXMJ19 cut with the same enzyme. The ligation product was transformed into 10-beta electrocomponent E. coli cells (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. C3020K). Procedure of cloning and transformation were carried out according to manufacturer’s manual. The correct insertion of the target genes was checked by restriction analysis and the authenticity of the introduced DNA fragment was verified by DNA sequencing. The resulting expression vector was named pXMJ19{Ptac}[desBC_Cx]{T} (SEQ ID NO: 48, see Table 2 below).

Table 2: List of C. glutamicum / E. coli expression plasmids

Example 8

Construction of a C. glutamicum based cadaverine producer by introduction of L-lysine decarboxylase IdcC from E. coli into the L-lysine producer strain C. glutamicum DM1933 which produces more lysine than the wild-type cell

For construction of a C. glutamicum based cadaverine producer the E. coli IdcC gene (SEQ ID NO: 49) encoding a L-lysine decarboxylase (LdcC, EC 4.1 .1.18, SEQ ID NO: 50) was integrated into the genome of the lysine producer C. glutamicum DM1933. The detailed construction of DM1933 is described in Blomberg et al., 2009 (doi:10.1128/AEM.01844-08). For the integration of the IdcC gene the plasmid pK18mobsacB KI {Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(co_Cg)] was constructed. The IdcC gene was integrated into the intergenic region between ORF NCgl0013 and ORF NCgl0014 and was cloned under the control of the constitutive C. glutamicum promoter Ptuf. The {Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(co_Cg)] fusion product (SEQ ID NO: 51) was ordered for gene synthesis from Eurofins Genomics Germany GmbH (Ebersberg, Germany).

In the first cloning step the two flanking regions of the chromosomal none-coding region between NCgl0013 and NCgl0014 were amplified by PCR using the primer pairs MW_21_80/MW_21_81 (SEQ ID NO: 60, SEQ ID NO: 61) and MW_21_82/MW_21_83 (SEQ ID NO: 62, SEQ ID NO: 63, see Table 1 above), resulting in fragments HomA (1046 bp, SEQ ID NO: 52) and HomB (1028 bp, SEQ ID NO: 53). The two fragments were cloned into the vector pK18mobsacB (Schafer et al., 1994, DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90324-7) using the restriction site EcoRI and NEBuilder® HiFi DNA Assembly Cloning Kit from New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. E5520. Additionally, an Asci restriction site was introduced between HomA and HomB via primers MW_21_81/MW_21_82. The assembled product was transformed into 10-beta electrocomponent E. coli cells (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. C3020K). Procedure of cloning and transformation were carried out according to manufacturer’s manual. The correct insertion of the target gene was checked by restriction analysis and the authenticity of the introduced DNA fragment was verified by DNA sequencing. The resulting expression vector was named pK18mobsacB[KI NCgl0013 locus] (SEQ ID NO: 54).

In the second cloning step the {Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(co_Cg)] fusion product (SEQ ID NO: 51 , 2433 bp) was amplified via PCR using the primer pair MW_21_93/MW_21_94 (SEQ ID NO: 64, SEQ ID NO: 65) and cloned into the vector pK18mobsacB[KI NCgl0013 locus] (SEQ ID NO: 54) using the restriction sites Asci and NEBuilder® HiFi DNA Assembly Cloning Kit from New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. E5520. The assembled product was transformed into 10-beta electrocomponent E. coli cells (New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, USA, Cat. No. C3020K). Procedure of cloning and transformation were carried out according to manufacturer’s manual. The correct insertion of the target gene was checked by restriction analysis and the authenticity of the introduced DNA fragment was verified by DNA sequencing. The resulting knock-in plasmid was named pK18mobsacB KI {Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(co_Cg)] (SEQ ID NO: 55).

This plasmid was transformed into C. glutamicum DM1933 via elctroporation. By application of the method described by Schafer et al. 1994 (DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90324-7), the gene ldc_Ec(co_Cg) under the control of the promoter Ptuf was integrated into the chromosome of C. glutamicum DM1933 via homologous recombination (double crossover), resulting in C. glutamicum DM1933 int.NCGI0013/0014::{Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(coCg)].

Example 9

Construction of a C. glutamicum based desferrioxamine producer

For the construction of a C. glutamicum based desferrioxamine producer the plasmids described in Examples 2-4, 6 and 7 and listed in table 2 were transformed into C. glutamicum DM1933 int.NCGI0013/0014::{Ptuf}[ldcC_Ec(coCg)] by means of electroporation. The cells were plated onto LB-agar plates supplemented with chloramphenicol (7.5 mg/L). Transformants were checked for the presence of the correct plasmid by plasmid preparation and analytic restriction analysis. The resulting strains are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: List of C. glutamicum based desferrioxamine producer strains

Example 10: Construction of a E. coli based desferrioxamine producer

For the construction of a E. coli based desferrioxamine producer the plasmids described in Examples 1 , 2, 5 and 6 and listed in Table 2 were transformed into E. coli W3110 by means of electroporation. The cells were plated onto LB-agar plates supplemented with chloramphenicol (20 mg/L). Transformants were checked for the presence of the correct plasmid by plasmid preparation and analytic restriction analysis. The resulting strains are listed in Table 4.

Table 4: List of E. coli based desferrioxamine producer strains

Example 11

Production of cyclic desferrioxamine with C. glutamicum derivatives

To produce a cyclic desferrioxamine derivative (DesE) 10 ml BHI medium (GranuCultTM BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) broth, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, Cat-No: 1.10493.0500) supplemented with chloramphenicol (7.5 mg/L) in 100 ml baffled shake flasks were inoculated with 0.1 ml of a stock culture and incubated for 16 h at 30°C and 200 rpm. The pre-culture was harvested by centrifugation (10 min, 4000 g, 4°C) and the pellet was washed twice with 10 ml 0.9 % (w/v) NaCI. For the main culture, a FlowerPlate with pH and dissolved oxygen optodes (48 well MTP, flower, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Baesweiler, Germany, Cat.-No: M2P-MTP-48-BOH1) containing 0.7 ml CGXII medium (15 g/L glucose, 20 g/L (NH ₄ )2SO4, 5 g/L urea, 1 g/L K2HPO4, 1 g/L KH2PO4, 0.25 g/L MgSO4 x 7 H2O, 42 g/L MOPS, 13.2 mg/L CaCh, 0.2 mg/L biotin, 30 mg/L protocatechuic acid, trace element solution: 10 g/L FeSO4 x 7 H2O, 10 g/L MnSO4 x H2O, 1 g/L ZnSO4 x 7 H2O, 0.2 g/L CuSO4, 20 mg/L NiCh x 6 H2O, pH 7) supplemented with chloramphenicol (7.5 mg/L) in each well was inoculated with the preculture to reach a start ODeoo of 0.5. The main culture was incubated for 24 h at 30°C and 1400 rpm and a relative humidity (85 %) in a BioLector I system (Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Baesweiler, Germany). At the beginning of exponential phase, the expression of the target genes was induced with 0.5 mM IPTG. At the end of cultivation, the cells were harvested, and supernatant were sterile-filtered with an 0.2 pm PVDF filter and stored at - 20°C before analysis. Desferrioxamine concentration of all strains was analyzed via LC-UV-MS (see Example 13). In the supernatant of all strains desferrioxamine E could be detected. This is seen in Table 5 and Figures 1-5.

10

Table 5: Desferrioxamine concentration analyzed via HPLC/LC-MS analysis

Example 12

Production of cyclic desferrioxamine with E. coll derivatives

To produce a cyclic desferrioxamine derivative (DesE) 10 ml LB medium (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany, Cat-No: X968.1) supplemented with chloramphenicol (20 mg/L) in 100 ml baffled shake flasks were inoculated with 0.1 ml of a stock culture and incubated for 16 h at 37°C and 200 rpm. For the main culture, a FlowerPlate with pH and dissolved oxygen optodes (48 well MTP, flower, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Baesweiler, Germany, Cat-No: M2P-MTP-48-BOH1) containing 0.7 ml LB medium (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany, Cat-No: X968.1), buffered with 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.2 and supplemented with chloramphenicol (20 mg/L) in each well was inoculated with the preculture to reach a start ODeoo of 0.1 . The main culture was incubated for 24 h at 37°C and 1400 rpm and a relative humidity (85 %) in a BioLector I system (Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Baesweiler, Germany). At the beginning of exponential phase, the expression of the target genes was induced with 0.5 mM IPTG. At the end of cultivation, the cells were harvested, and supernatants were sterile-filtered with an 0.2 pm PVDF filter and stored at -20°C before analysis. Desferrioxamine concentration of all strains was analyzed via LC-UV-MS (see Example 13). In the supernatant of all strains desferrioxamine E could be detected. This is seen in Table 6 and Figures 6-7.

Table 6: Desferrioxamine concentration analyzed via HPLC/LC-MS analysis

Example 13

HPLC-based quantification of desferrioaxmine

Quantification of desferrioxamine E was carried out by means of HPLC. Before analysis samples were centrifuged for 5 min at 16100 g and filtrated using a 0.22 pm PVDF filter. 20 pl of the filtrated supernatant were mixed with 80 pl ferric ammonium sulfate solution and filled into a HPLC vial. Samples were stored at -20°C before measurement.

For the detection and quantification of cyclic desferrioxamine derivatives a DAD detector (198 and 430 nm) was used. The measurement was carried out by means of Agilent Technologies 1200 Series (Santa Clara, Calif., USA) and a XB-C18 column (100 A, 4.6 x 100 mm, 2.6 pm, Phenomenex Kinetex). The injection volume was 5 pl and the run time was 25 min at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. Mobile phase A: 1 L pure water, 1 ml formic acid, mobile phase B: 1 L acetonitrile, 1 ml formic acid. The column temperature was 40°C. As reference material ferrioxamine E from Streptomyces antibioticus (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Cat.-No. 38266) was used. Gradient:

For analytes with a concentration below the limit of quantification (LOQ), the identification was performed by means of HPLC/ESI-MS-MS. The Multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) of a Triple Quadrupol Mass Spectrometer (Agilent 6410B, Santa Clara, Calif., USA) was used for these measurements.