APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SEALING A PIPE CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The present invention claims priority under the Paris Convention from US Patent Application No. 61/346,894, filed May 20, 2010, and US Patent Application No. 61/361 ,975, filed July 7, 2010. The entire disclosures of such prior applications are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for sealing a pipe. In one aspect, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for pinching a section of a pipe to form at least a partial seal, sealing an open end of the pipe and for tapping the pipe to provide a relief port for flowing fluid. Each of the tapping, pinching and sealing apparatuses and methods may be used independently or in different combinations. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Liquid or fluid materials are normally transferred using equipment such as conduits or pipes. Pipes are also used in oil and gas drilling operations. In some instances, it becomes necessary to seal a pipe in order to prevent leakage. One example of such an instance involves the recent catastrophe experienced with the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig. In such case, the drilling rig was severely damaged after an explosion during the drilling operation and the pipe extending from the rig into the subsea hydrocarbon (i.e. oil and gas) reservoir was severed. In the result, a vast amount of oil from the reservoir has been spilled into the Gulf of Mexico through the severed pipe. Various solutions to seal or cap the pipe have been proposed and attempted without success. Although the event surrounding the Deepwater Horizon is one example of a situation where emergency sealing of a pipe is needed, it will be understood that various other similar situations will arise where a pipe requires sealing. This will include pipes that are submerged or on land and conveying any type of fluid (i.e. liquid or gas). Such pipes may or may not be leaking the fluid. Another problem is faced in a case such as the Deepwater Horizon wherein the severed pipe is jagged or otherwise deformed, thereby making it difficult to seal the end of such pipe. [0004] There exists therefore a need for efficiently closing and sealing a pipe. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] In one aspect, the present invention generally provides an apparatus for sealing a pipe comprising a pinching apparatus for deforming the wall of the pipe at a given section. [0006] The invention also provides in another aspect, a diverter assembly, preferably including a "hot tap" mechanism, whereby a pipe containing a flowing liquid can be "tapped" and the flowing liquid diverted to a desired location. [0007] In another aspect, the invention generally provides an apparatus for sealing an open end of a pipe comprising: a clamping sub-assembly and a valve sub-assembly, wherein: [0008] - the clamping sub-assembly is adapted to frictionally engage the outer surface of the pipe and to prevent relative movement between the pipe and the clamping sub- assembly; [0009] - the valve sub-assembly including a valve means; [0010] - the valve sub-assembly and clamping sub-assembly being adapted to sealingly engage each other to form a sealed space there-between by closing the valve means; [0011] - the sealed space enclosing an open end of the pipe. [0012] In another aspect, the invention provides an apparatus wherein two or more of the above mentioned apparatuses are combined together. [0013] In another aspect, the invention provides a method of sealing and/or diverting a pipe using one or more of the above mentioned apparatuses. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0014] These and other features of the invention will become more apparent in the following detailed description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein: [0015] Figure 1 is an end cross sectional elevation of a pipe and the pinching apparatus of the invention in an open position. [0016] Figure 2 is an end cross sectional elevation of the pipe and the pinching apparatus of the invention in a closed, or engaged position. [0017] Figure 3 is a left side elevation of the pinching apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 2 with the ram in a retracted position. [0018] Figures 4 and 7 are left side elevations of the pinching apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 2 with the ram in an advanced position. [0019] Figure 5 is a left side elevation of the pinching apparatus of the invention according to another aspect, with the ram in a retracted position. [0020] Figure 5a is a partial side view of a hydraulic lock of Figure 5. [0021] Figure 6 is a left side elevation of the pinching apparatus of Figure 5 with the ram in a partially advanced position. [0022] Figure 8 is a left side elevation of the pinching apparatus of Figure 5 in combination with a diverter assembly. [0023] Figure 9 is a left side elevation of the diverter assembly of Figure 8 illustrating the drill bit in the retracted and advanced positions. [0024] Figure 10 a left side elevation of the pinching apparatus and diverter assembly combination shown in Figure 8 in combination with a sealing apparatus according to one aspect of the invention. [0025] Figures 1 1 a to 1 1 c are end view of the sealing apparatus of Figure 10. [0026] Figure 12 is a cross sectional view of a clamping sub-assembly of the invention being positioned over the pipe. [0027] Figure 13 is a cross sectional view of the clamping sub-assembly in the assembled state and a valve sub-assembly being positioned over the pipe. [0028] Figure 14 is a cross sectional view of the clamping and valve sub-assemblies in the assembled state and wherein the valve sub-assembly is being connected to the clamp sub-assembly. [0029] Figure 15 is a cross sectional view of the clamping and valve sub-assemblies in the connected position with the valve means open. [0030] Figure 16 is a cross sectional view of the clamping and valve sub-assemblies in the connected position with the valve means closed. [0031] Figure 17 is a plan view of a pipe sealing apparatus comprising clamping and pinching sub-assemblies according to further aspects of the invention and wherein certain components are shown in phantom.

[0032] Figure 18 is a perspective view of an apparatus similar to that of Figure 17.

[0033] Figure 19 is a plan view of the apparatus of Figure 18.

[0034] Figure 20 is an end elevation view of the apparatus of Figure 18.

[0035] Figure 21 is a bottom view of the apparatus of Figure 18.

[0036] Figure 22 is a perspective bottom view of the apparatus of Figure 18.

[0037] Figure 23 is a cross sectional plan view of the apparatus of Figure 18.

[0038] Figure 24 is an exploded bottom perspective view of the apparatus of Figure 18, showing the arrangement of a pinching assembly and two clamping assemblies being provided on a pipe. [0039] Figure 25 is a bottom front perspective view of the clamping assembly shown in Figure 18. [0040] Figure 26 is a partial perspective view of the clamping assembly of Figure 25, with one plate removed. [0041] Figures 27 and 28 are front cross sectional views of the clamping assembly of Figure 25 in the open and closed positions, respectively. [0042] Figures 29 and 30 are front cross sectional views of another embodiment of the clamping assembly of Figure 25, in the open and closed positions, respectively. [0043] Figure 31 is a detail of the clamping assembly of Figure 30. [0044] Figure 32 is a cross sectional plan view of a pinching assembly according to an aspect of the invention. [0045] Figure 33 is a cross sectional elevation view of the pinching assembly of Figure 32. [0046] Figure 34 is a plan cross sectional view a pipe after being pinched by a pinching assembly according to an aspect of the invention. [0047] Figure 35 is side cross sectional view of the pipe and pinching assembly shown in Figure 34.

[0048] Figure 36 is a plan view of a pinching ram and associated cylinder according to one aspect of the invention.

[0049] Figure 37 is a front perspective view of the pinching ram and associated cylinder shown in Figure 36.

[0050] Figures 38a and 38b are side views of pinching heads according to other aspects of the invention.

[0051] Figures 39 and 40 are plan and side views, respectively, of a pinching head according to an aspect of the invention.

[0052] Figures 41 and 42 illustrate the pinching of a pipe according to an aspect of the invention.

[0053] Figures 43 to 45 are perspective views of a hot tap assembly according to an aspect of the invention in combination with pinching and clamping assemblies.

[0054] Figure 46 is a side perspective view of a diverter assembly according to an aspect f the invention.

[0055] Figure 47 is a side cross sectional view of the diverter assembly of Figure 46.

[0056] Figure 48 is a plan cross sectional view of the diverter assembly of Figure 46.

[0057] Figure 49 is an end cross sectional view of the diverter assembly of Figure 46 showing the diverter assembly when engaged with a pipe.

[0058] Figure 50 is an end cross sectional view of an embodiment of the diverter assembly of Figure 49 with locking clamping arms.

[0059] Figure 51 is a side view of a locking clamping arm of Figure 50.

[0060] Figure 52 is a partial perspective plan view of the diverter assembly of Figure 46.

[0061] Figure 53 is an end view of the diverter assembly of Figure 49.

[0062] Figure 54 is an end view of the diverter assembly of Figure 50 prior to engaging a pipe. [0063] Figure 55 is an end view of the diverter assembly of Figure 50 when engaged with a pipe. [0064] Figure 56 is a front view of the diverter assembly of Figure 49. [0065] Figure 57 is a front perspective view of the diverter assembly of Figure 49. [0066] Figure 58 is a side cross sectional view of the diverter assembly according to an embodiment of Figure 46. [0067] Figure 59 is a bottom perspective view of a clamp assembly according to another aspect of the invention in a fully open position. [0068] Figure 60 is a top perspective view of the clamp assembly of Figure 59 in a partially closed position. [0069] Figure 61 is a perspective detail of a locking arm according to an embodiment of the clamp assembly of Figure 59. [0070] Figure 62 is a top view of the clamp assembly of Figure 59. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0071] Throughout the description of the invention the following terms will be assumed to have the following associated meanings: [0072] The term "Axial" will be used to describe a direction taken along the longitudinal axis of a pipe or conduit. Thus, "axial force" or "axial stress" will be understood as being a force applied in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the conduit. Similarly, the term "axially extending" will be understood to mean extending in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe. [0073] The terms "upstream" and "downstream" may be used to describe a location along the longitudinal axis of a pipe with reference to the direction of the liquid flowing there- through. [0074] The terms "liquid" or "fluid" may be used to designate any flowing substance flowing through a pipe or conduit and the like. [0075] Figure 1 illustrates a pipe 10 requiring sealing. The pipe 10 may be of any size or thickness as would typically be encountered in the art. In one aspect, the pipe 10 is a pipe used for oil drilling operations and extends into an oil or, more generally, a hydrocarbon containing reservoir. In the views shown in the accompanying figures, the pipe 10 is shown in a generally horizontal orientation, as would be the case where the pipe is lying on a surface, such as a seabed (for underwater situations) or the ground (for land-based situations). It will be understood that the pipe to be sealed may be provided or found in any variety of orientations such as vertical or at any angular orientation. As also discussed below, where the pipe 10 is lying on a surface or is close to a surface, it will be understood that some excavation may be required in order to accommodate the apparatus of the invention. [0076] In one aspect, the apparatus of the invention comprises a device, preferably a robotic or remotely activated device, for grasping a segment of the pipe to be sealed and "crimping", or pinching a section of such segment. The pinching serves to deform one or both sides of the pipe wall so as to cause a narrowing of the internal diameter of the pipe and, thereby, seal or at least partially seal the pipe. Thus, the pinching apparatus serves to stop or reduce the volume of liquid flowing through the pipe. The invention is particularly suited for deep sea operations where an underwater pipe requires emergency sealing to prevent flow of fluid there-through. [0077] Figures 1 and 2 illustrate an embodiment of the pinching apparatus 12 of the invention, wherein the apparatus 12 comprises an anvil assembly 14 and a ram assembly 16. The anvil assembly 14 is preferably provided in two sections that are brought together so as to surround a segment of the pipe 10. It will be understood that providing the anvil assembly 14 in two sections allows it to be provided on the pipe without having to slide same from one end of the pipe. In a preferred embodiment, the anvil assembly 14 includes anvil arms 18 and 20 that are hinged at a pivot point 22. Movement of the arms 18 and 20 is controlled by an actuator 24, such as a hydraulic piston. The actuator 24 may comprise any similar device that can be used to move the arms 18, 20. For example, the actuator 24 may comprise a mechanical or magnetic device that functions in the same manner as a hydraulic piston. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the actuator 24 is preferably mounted on the ram assembly 16 or other portion of the apparatus and is connected at opposite ends to respective first ends, 26, 28, of the arms 18 and 20. The actuator 24, is positioned so as to, upon activation, cause the opposite ends, 30, 32, of the arms 18 and 20 to come together or separate. [0078] In a preferred embodiment, the arms 18 and 20 each include oppositely directed curved, or "C" shaped elements or portions, 34 and 36. The curved portions 34 and 36 are adapted to encircle the circumference of the pipe 10 when the arms 18 and 20 are brought together. It will be understood that the curved portions 34 and 36 function like a claw in order to surround a section of the pipe 10. Each pair of curved portions 34 and 36 combines to form a circumferential clamp that surrounds the outer surface of the pipe. Such clamps are discussed further below. [0079] The arms 18 and 20 forming the anvil are provided with anvil sections 38 and 40, respectively, which, when joined form a bearing surface to form an anvil, or a bearing surface for a section of the pipe. As discussed below, the anvil bears against one side of a section of the pipe, opposite to the ram 16. The arms 18, 20 may also be provided with platform portions 42, 44, which combine to form a platform to support the anvil 14, when the apparatus engages a pipe. As will be understood, the platform is preferred in cases where the pipe being sealed is lying on a surface. Where, for example, a pipe is vertically oriented or otherwise raised above the ground or seabed, the platform portion would not be required. [0080] Figure 3 illustrates a left side view of the apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 2. As shown in Figure 3, the anvil assembly 14 is preferably provided with two ends, 46, 48, that engage axially separated sections of the pipe 10. Each of the ends 46 and 48 preferably includes one or more circumferential clamps, shown collectively at 50 and 52, respectively, for engaging the pipe 10. Examples of such clamps are provided in applicant's co-pending application number 61/345,963, filed May 18, 2010 (the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). Generally, each of the clamps 50 and 52 comprise the oppositely directed "C" shaped elements, 34 and 36, that are combined together around a section of the pipe. Although the clamps will be referred to with reference numerals 50 and 52, it will be understood that each "clamp" is comprised of one or more opposed pairs of the elements 34 and 36. In a preferred embodiment, each of the clamps 50 and 52 comprises a plurality of such pairs of elements 34 and 36, the exact number depending on the required clamping force. The clamps 50 and 52 are designed so as to prevent relative axial movement between the clamp and the pipe. In one aspect, the "C" shaped elements are provided with connecting flanges through which bolts are extended once the elements are in an engaged position around a pipe. Nuts may then be provided on the bolts, which can be tightened in order to secure the clamp over the surface of the pipe. For the purpose of underwater applications, any number of tensioners and/or hydraulic locks may be provided in order to secure the nuts and bolts and, thereby, prevent the clamps from being disengaged. Although the clamps referred to herein are described as being generally "C" shaped, it will be understood that such configuration is only a preferred embodiment, particularly suited for round pipes. However, various other shapes and configurations of clamps may be used for the same purpose as described herein. [0081] Figures 5 and 6 illustrate a further embodiment of locking the clamps 50 and 52, which may be better suited for underwater applications or applications where the locking is best activated remotely. As shown in Figures 5 and 6, the clamps 50 and 52 may be provided with a number of hydraulic locks 80, which serve to connect the opposed arms of the clamps 50 and 52 once engaged around the pipe wall. As shown in Figure 5a, the hydraulic locks 80 may comprise a locking pin 82 associated with a ram 84, such as a hydraulic ram. Once the clamps 50 and 52 are engaged around a pipe, the locks 80 may be activated, which results in the ram 82 advancing the pin 80, provided on one of the clamp sections, into apertures or recesses provided in opposite clamp sections. In this way, each clamp section forming the clamps 50 and 52 are locked together. [0082] Also illustrated in Figures 5 and 6 is the placement of the actuators 24 on each of the clamps 50 and 52. As shown, it is possible for one or more actuators 24 to be provided and it will be understood that the number of such actuators will depend on the size of the clamps 50 and 52. For illustration, Figures 5 and 6 show two actuators 24 for each clamp. [0083] Figure 3 also illustrates further details of the ram assembly 16. As shown, the ram assembly 16 comprises a main body or frame 60. The frame 60 may have any shape or orientation as will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reviewing the present description. The ram assembly 16 includes a ram 62, moveably connected to the frame 60. The ram 62 is provided so as to allow reciprocal movement with respect to the frame. For this purpose, a first end, 64, of the ram 62 may be connected, for example, to a hydraulic piston (not shown) attached to the frame 60. Alternatively, a mechanical or gear mechanism may be provided on the frame 60 to move the ram 62. The invention is not limited to the mechanism used to move the ram 62. However, as will be understood from the present description, the ram is preferably moved in a reciprocal manner between a retracted position, where the ram 62 does not deform the pipe wall, to an extended position, where the ram 62 deforms the pipe to a desired degree (i.e. a position where the internal diameter of the pipe is closed). [0084] As mentioned above, Figure 3 illustrates the ram 62 in a retracted position. That is, the anvil assembly 14 has been provided and secured to the outer surface of the pipe 10. At this point, the ram 62 is advanced so that a second end 66, comprising a pinching head, of the ram impinges against one side of the outer surface of the pipe at a discrete location. The other side of the pipe wall, being biased against the anvil assembly 14, is maintained immovable. In this way, advancement of the ram 62 causes deformation of the pipe wall at the location of the second end 66. [0085] As shown in Figure 4, advancement of the ram 62 is continued until the pipe wall is deformed. The deformation of the pipe wall is preferably continued to a point where the inner diameter of the pipe is completely or nearly completely closed, as shown in Figure 4. In order to assist in the complete closure of the pipe diameter, the anvil assembly 14 may include a recess 68 for receiving the second end 66 of the ram 62. That is, with a recess 68, the ram 62 may be advanced to a greater degree, thereby resulting in a more efficient pinching of the pipe 10. In addition, for further facilitating deformation of the pipe wall, the second end 66 of the ram 62 may include a tapered profile or other such configuration that assists in bending or pinching of the pipe wall. For example, in the embodiment shown in the accompanying figures, the second end 66 is provided with a knife-like edge whereby a greater pressure can be applied against the pipe wall. As also shown, to further assist the pinching process, the recess 68 may be shaped to match the profile of the second end 66. It will be understood that the shape of the second end 66 will be chosen based upon the thickness and tensile strength of the pipe wall as well as on whether the pipe contains a pressurized fluid etc. That is, the shape of the second end, and indeed the amount of force applied by the ram 62, will be chosen by persons skilled in the art so as to result in deformation of the pipe without severing or cutting the pipe in the process. [0086] Figures 5 and 6 illustrate a further embodiment of the second end 66 of the ram 62. As shown in these figures, the second end 66 is provided with a convex outer surface for contacting the pipe wall. A suitable shape recess 68 is also provided. Figure 6 also illustrates the initial stage of the pinching process of the pipe 10, wherein the wall of the pipe has started to be deformed by the ram 62. [0087] As will be understood from the above discussion, the invention also provides, in one aspect, a method of sealing a pipe comprising first providing an anvil around the pipe. The anvil is preferably provided in two sections, preferably hinged, and connected circumferentially around the pipe at a desired location. The anvil also preferably includes circumferential clamps at opposite ends to engage axially separated sections of a pipe. Such clamps serve to prevent movement of the pipe with respect to the apparatus. [0088] Once the anvil is engaged and clamped to the pipe, a ram is advanced against a section of the pipe, preferably between the two clamps of the anvil. The ram is designed to deform the pipe wall. The ram is advanced to cause inward deformation or deflection of the pipe wall until the inner diameter is completely or nearly completely closed. This, therefore, results in the sealing of the pipe, whereby fluid is essentially prevented from flowing through the zone of deformation. [0089] In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus is robotically or remotely controlled. In this manner, the apparatus may be used in the absence of human contact, thereby rendering it useable in inaccessible areas such as deep sea regions. The various movements of the apparatus are preferably hydraulically controlled, although in some applications, mechanical actuation may also be used. [0090] In the above description, the ram has been indicated as operating from one side of the pipe while a biasing means, such as an anvil, is provided on the opposite side. It will be understood, however, that the anvil portion may also be provided with an oppositely directed ram, whereby inward deflection of the pipe wall is conducted from opposite sides so as to cause a "pinching" of the pipe. This aspect of the invention is discussed further below. [0091] As can be seen in Figure 4, once the ram is advanced to a desired degree against the pipe 10, the wall of the pipe is sufficiently pinched so as to stop or at least reduce passage of liquid there-through. However, in order to ensure that the pipe 10 is fully sealed, the open end of the pipe 10 may be provided with a further seal. In addition, the section of the pipe 10 upstream of the pinched portion may be provided with a diverter or other such means to allow the liquid contained in the pipe 10 to flow in an alternate direction, such as to a holding tank or the like. The following description illustrates one aspect of a seal and diverter assembly. [0092] Figure 7 shows the pinched pipe 10, wherein the anvil assembly 14 has pinched a section of the pipe 10 so as to prevent or reduce the flow of liquid there-through. Figure 7 further illustrates an embodiment wherein a locking pin 70 may be provided in order to prevent the ram 62 from moving from the pinched position. It will be understood that the provision of such a pin 70 provides an added safety means to prevent accidental retraction of the ram 62. The pin 70 is received within an aperture or recess (not shown) provided on the ram 62. Advancement of the pin 70 may be achieved by means of a hydraulic device such as shown at 72. The hydraulic device 72 may comprise a piston and a ram, wherein the pin 70 is attached to the latter. The hydraulic device 72 may be remotely activated. It will be understood that any variety of mechanisms may be used to advance the pin 70. [0093] Figure 7 also illustrates a "cut line" 90, which corresponds to the area where the pipe 10 is to be severed. Such a cut line 80 would be needed in situations where the open end 92 of the pipe 10 is not capable of being sealed due to a damaged or jagged wall, as would occur in cases where the pipe is unexpectedly severed or damaged (as is shown in Figure 7). The sealing of the cut end of the pipe is discussed further below. [0094] Figure 8 illustrates a further aspect of the invention, wherein a new conduit is joined to the existing pipe 10 in order to divert the flow of fluid that was flowing through the pipe 10 prior to the pinching step discussed above. As shown in Figure 8, a diverter, or "hot tap", assembly 100 is mounted on the upstream side of the pinching apparatus 12. The diverter assembly 100 includes a pipe clamping section 102, which preferably is provided in two sections 104 and 106. The sections 104 and 106 are generally elongate and are adapted to be provided over opposed sides of the pipe 10. The sections 104 and 106 are also preferably provided with longitudinally extending flanges that are arranged in a cooperating manner, whereby the flanges of each section can be joined together. In such arrangement, the flanges form a seam 108 when the sections 104 and 106 are joined. The opposed flanges of the sections 104 and 106 may be connected in any manner. For example, a plurality of nuts and bolts may be used to connect the flanges. Alternatively, any type of hydraulic means may also be used. The sections 104 and 106 may also be hingedly connected and locked together with remotely activated locks, in a manner similar to that used for securing the clamps 50 and 52. [0095] One of the sections, for example section 104, is provided with a seal 1 10 that engages the outer wall of the pipe 10. As illustrated, the seal is preferably designed to isolate a discrete portion of the pipe wall and to form a liquid seal between that portion of the pipe wall and the section 104. [0096] The section 104 is also provided with a conduit 1 12, which in turn is connected to a pipe 1 14 housing a "hot tap machine" 1 16. As known in the art, "hot tapping" refers to the process of providing a tie-in to a pressurized conduit system while under operating conditions. Various types of hot tapping machines and devices are known. The conduit 1 12 is also provided with a branch 1 18, which serves to divert the liquid from the pipe 10 to any desired location. The branch 1 18 is preferably provided with a valve 120 so as to control the flow of the liquid there-through. [0097] Figure 9 further illustrates an embodiment of the hot tapping machine 1 16 contemplated by the present invention. As shown, the machine 1 16 includes a drilling device essentially comprising a drill bit 122, which is attached to a drive mechanism, not shown. Figure 9 shows the drill bit in a first position indicated as 122a and a second position 122b. In the first position 122a, the drill bit is in a retracted state while the diverter assembly 100 is positioned over the pipe 10. Once the assembly 100 is positioned, the drill bit is activated and advanced towards the wall of the pipe 10. As illustrated in Figure 9, the drill bit 122 contacts the pipe wall within the region bounded by the seal 1 10. The drill bit 122 cuts through the wall of the pipe 10, at which point it is in the second position 122b. Once the pipe wall is cut, the drill bit 122 is retracted once again into the housing pipe 1 14. In a preferred embodiment, the drill bit 122 is designed to extract the coupon resulting from the cutting process (i.e. the cut portion of the pipe wall). Various drill bits that serve this purpose are known in the art. Although reference is made herein to a "drill bit" 122, it will be understood that any means of cutting the pipe wall (such as high pressure water etc.) may be used. The invention is not limited to any particular means of cutting the pipe wall. It will be understood that the drill bit 122, or similar cutting device, will be preferably designed to avoid penetrating through the opposite side of the pipe 10. For this reason, the diverter assembly would be preferably provided with a limiting means to ensure that only one hole is cut through the pipe. For example, in the case of a drill bit, a limiter may be used to limit the distance that the drill bit can travel. For example, the limiter may be set to allow the drill bit to advance to only a distance equal to one internal radius (i.e. to the central axis of the pipe). It will be understood that any other distance may be chosen for achieving the same purpose (i.e. preventing the drill bit from passing through the opposite side of the pipe). [0098] As will be understood, once the pipe is cut by the drill bit 122, the liquid within the pipe 10 is diverted into conduit 1 12 and, thereby, into the branch 1 18. In this manner, the liquid from the pipe 10 is collected in the desired manner. As indicated above, the branch 1 18 may be provided with a valve 120 to assist in this process. [0099] Figure 10 illustrates a further aspect of the invention, wherein the downstream end of the pipe 10 (i.e. downstream of the pinching apparatus 12) is sealed. As discussed above in reference to Figure 7, in some situations, the end of the pipe 10 is preferably sealed in order to provide further security to prevent leakage of the liquid carried within the pipe 10. In other words, by sealing the end of the pipe 10, a further means is provided to prevent leakage in the event the diverter assembly 100 does not completely divert all liquid (i.e. particularly when the valve 120 is closed) and the pinching apparatus 12 does not fully prevent all liquid from flowing through. As discussed in reference to Figure 7, in some situations, the end of the pipe 10 may be damaged and, therefore, mounting a seal may prove difficult or unsafe. For such reason, the pipe 10 may need to be cut at a location downstream of the pinching apparatus 12 in order to provide a clean end surface to which a sealing device may be secured. [00100] Figure 10 illustrates the pipe 10 once it is cut (i.e. at the "cut line" 90 shown in Figure 9). Once the pipe 10 is cut, a sealing apparatus 130 is then secured thereto. The sealing apparatus 130 is illustrated in Figures 1 1 a to 1 1 c. As shown in the latter figures, the sealing apparatus includes a pair of clamping arms 132, 134, that are pivotally joined at a pivot point 136. The arms 132 and 134 are oppositely curved, each generally having a "C" shaped structure, whereby, once combined, the arms 132, 134 cooperate to encircle the outer wall of the pipe 10. Movement of the arms 132 and 134 is preferably controlled by a hydraulic actuator 138. The actuator 138 includes a piston and a hydraulic cylinder to advance the piston. As will be understood, once the piston is advanced, the arms 132 and 134, due to their pivotal connection, are closed over the outer wall of the pipe. The size of the arms 132 and 134 is selected so as that a tight grip is formed with the pipe wall. To further ensure such grip, any number of pairs of arms 132, 134 may be provided. By way of example, Figure 10 illustrates two sets of such arms each having a separate actuator. [00101] As shown in Figure 10, the sealing apparatus 130 is positioned close to the open end of the pipe 10 once cut. The sealing apparatus 130 is further provided with a gate valve assembly 140. As shown in Figures 1 1 a to 1 1 c, the gate valve assembly 140 is provided on one side of the sealing apparatus. Figure 1 1 a shows the sealing apparatus 130 in the process of being secured to the outer wall of the pipe 10. Figure 1 1 b shows he sealing apparatus 130 secured to the pipe 10 and also shows the gate valve apparatus 140 with the gate 142 thereof in the retracted position. Figure 1 1 c shows the gate 142 in the advanced position, wherein the end of the pipe is closed or sealed. As shown in Figures 1 1 b and 1 1 c, the gate 142 is moved from the retracted to advanced positions by means of a hydraulic piston 144. [00102] In the above discussion, the diverter assembly is described as being mounted on the pipe prior to the sealing apparatus 130. However, as will be understood, the invention is not limited to this order. That is, the sealing apparatus may be secured to the pipe prior to the diverter assembly. Similarly, the sealing apparatus may be provided on the pipe prior to the pinching step. [00103] One aspect of the method of the invention will now be described in reference to the preceding figures. [00104] 1 ) In a first step, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, the pinching apparatus is set against the pipe 10 to be sealed. At this point, the closure apparatus is activated, which involves actuation of the hydraulic cylinders 24 provided on the clamps 50 and 52. This causes the clamps 50 and 52 to be secured to the outer wall of the pipe 10. This results in the positioning of the apparatus as shown in Figures 3 and 5. [00105] 2) In a second, preferred, step, the hydraulic locks 80 (when available) are activated, whereby the hydraulic pins 82 are advanced resulting in the various sections of the clamps 50 and 52 to be engaged and locked in position. [00106] 3) As shown in Figure 6, the ram 62 of the pinching apparatus is then activated, whereby the ram is advanced against the wall of the pipe, resulting in inward deflection of the wall. At this point, the pipe is preferably only partially pinched, wherein the flow of liquid is not affected to a great degree (i.e. the flow rate is unaffected or only partially reduced). In this preferred aspect of the method, by not fully pinching the pipe, it will be understood that a pressure accumulation upstream of the pinching apparatus is avoided, thereby allowing for the next step (hot tapping) to be conducted safely. However, it will be understood that in some cases, a complete closure of the pipe by pinching may be preferred (such as to immediately stop leakage of hazardous materials etc.). [00107] 4) The diverter assembly 100, including the hot tap mechanism, is mounted on the pipe, upstream of the pinching apparatus. This step is illustrated in Figure 8. [00108] 5) Next, as illustrated in Figure 9, the hot tap mechanism is activated and the drill bit 122 is advanced against the pipe wall. Once the pipe wall has been cut, the drill bit, along with the coupon, is retracted. [00109] 6) The valve 120 of the diverter assembly is then opened and liquid from the pipe 10 is allowed to flow into the branch 1 18 and to the desired location. Once such flow is begun, the ram 62 of the pinching apparatus is then fully advanced so as to seal the pipe downstream of the diverter assembly. The ram 62 may then be locked in place as discussed above. [00110] 7) In the next step, the pipe 10 is cut at a "cut line" chosen at a suitable position downstream of the pinching apparatus. This step is illustrated in Figures 9 and 10. It will be understood that the cutting step is required only where the existing end of the pipe is damaged or otherwise deformed, preventing the sealing device from being secured. [00111] 8) Next, as shown in Figure 10, the sealing apparatus 130 is mounted on the cut end (or existing clean end) of the pipe 10. Once the sealing apparatus 130 is mounted, the valve (i.e. gate valve) of the apparatus is closed, thereby sealing the end of the pipe 10 and further preventing any leakage. [00112] As described above, although one aspect of the invention involves the combined use of the pinching, hot tap and sealing apparatuses and method steps, it will be understood that various combinations of each may be used or that any one may be used independently. For example, in the above description, the hot tap mechanism or apparatus is indicated as being used on a pipe in conjunction with the pinching apparatus. However, in some cases, the hot tap mechanism and method may be used on an existing, undamaged pipe in order to provide a diverting pipe. Alternatively, the hot tap mechanism or assembly may be used on a pipe that has been sealed (such as but not restricted to, the sealing apparatus described herein) and from which a flow of liquid is required. For example, the hot tap mechanism or assembly can be used to tie into an existing production line or to recover a well or line after it has been sealed. [00113] Another embodiment of the sealing apparatus will now be described in relation to Figures 12 to 16. This embodiment of the sealing apparatus is described in applicant's co- pending application number 61/345,963, filed May 18, 2010, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. [00114] Figure 12 illustrates a preparation stage of the method of the invention, wherein the seabed in a region of the pipe 10 is excavated so as to expose the circumference of the pipe section. The section of the pipe comprises either an open end or, as shown in the attached figures, a section to be cut so as to form an open end. It will be understood that such excavation will only be required in cases where the pipe 10 is lying on a surface, such as a seabed or the ground (for land-based situations). In cases where the pipe, or the pipe section in question, is raised above the surface, or is vertical or angled with respect thereto, it will be understood that the need for any excavation will be avoided. [00115] Figure 12 also illustrates the first stage or step of the method of the invention, wherein a generally circumferential clamp sub-assembly 220 is provided over a section of the pipe 10. As described below, the clamp sub-assembly 220 is adapted to frictionally engage the outer surface of the pipe 10 with sufficient strength so as to prevent relative axial movement between the clamp sub-assembly 220 and the pipe 10. The clamp sub-assembly 220 is formed of two or more sections that are provided over the pipe. In the embodiment shown in Figure 12, the clamp sub-assembly 220 is formed of two sections 222a and 222b. It will be understood by persons skilled in the art that a large diameter pipe may require more than two clamp sections in order to reduce the weight of the section and permit ease of handling by the maintenance personnel. The sections of the clamp sub-assembly 220 (i.e. sections 222a and 222b) are designed so as to be joined together over the outer circumference of the pipe 10. In the case of a two section clamp as shown in Figure 12, each section 222a and 222b will preferably have a curved inner surface that generally corresponds to the curvature of the pipe. In order to allow a given clamp to be used with a variety of pipe sizes (i.e. diameters), it will be appreciated, in view of the present description, that the curvatures of the clamp sections do not need to exactly correspond to the shape of the pipe. [00116] Each of the sections 222a, 222b includes a flange portion 224 (shown as 224a and 224b, respectively) and a clamp portion 226 (shown as 226a and 226b, respectively). The clamp portions 226 are adapted to engage the outer circumference of the pipe 10. The clamp sections are preferably elongated so as to engage a given or pre-determined length of the pipe 10. As mentioned above, the clamp sub-assembly 220 is adapted to frictionally engage the surface of the pipe 10. Thus, as will be understood, a longer clamp portion 226 increases the contact surface area with the pipe and, thereby, increases the frictional engagement force there-between. [00117] Each of the clamp portions 226 include a curved, pipe engaging section 228 (shown as 228a and 228b, respectively), adapted to conform at least partially to the outer surface of the pipe 10. The clamp portions 226 further include a radially extending flanges or plates 230 (shown as 230a and 230b, respectively), preferably provided on opposite ends of the pipe engaging sections 228, and which extend generally along the length of the sections 228. The plates 230 (i.e. 230a and 30b) of each clamp portion 226 are adapted to cooperate with each other. Specifically, as shown in Figure 12 and 13, once the clamp sub- assembly 220 is positioned over the pipe 10, the plates 230 of each clamp portion 226 face each other. [00118] As shown in Figure 12, each of the plates 230, are preferably provided with a plurality of bolts 232 extending towards the cooperating plates of the opposite clamp section. The plates 230 also include boltholes 234 for receiving the bolts 232 of the opposed plate. It will be noted that the bolts 232 and boltholes 234 of each plate 230 are provided in an alternating manner. As will be understood, such an arrangement is a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other arrangements are possible. For example, in one

embodiment, all of the required bolts 232 may be provided on one of the plates 230.

Alternatively, the bolts 232 may be provided on one end of the plate while boltholes are provided on the opposite end of the plate. The number of bolts 232 (and, correspondingly, the number of boltholes 234) may vary based on the length of the plates 230. The bolts 232 shown in Figure 12, and those shown in Figures 13 to 16, are illustrated as being integral with the plates 230 or other portions of the apparatus. It will be understood that this is a preferred embodiment. In other embodiments, the bolts shown herein can be separate elements that are inserted through boltholes. For underwater applications, it will be understood that having integral bolts offers an advantage during the assembly steps since the number of loose elements are reduced. [00119] In the above description, it is indicated that nuts are used in association with the bolts 232. However, as shown in the figures, the apparatus is preferably further provided with tensioners 235 in order to ensure that the respective assembly is maintained in a tightened manner. The tensioners 235 are preferably hydraulic tensioners, which are commonly known in the art. In a specific embodiment, wherein the apparatus of the invention is used in underwater applications, the tensioners comprise subsea tensioners, such as those manufactured by Hydratight Operations Limited under the name Aqua-Jack™. [00120] It will also be understood that the use of nuts and associated bolts, with or without tensioners, is only one aspect of the invention. As discussed above, the various sections of the apparatus may be hydraulically activated and secured to the pipe thereby avoiding any need for nuts etc. As will also be understood, for deep sea applications, a hydraulically controlled apparatus, and, in particular, one that can be remotely controlled, would be preferred as access to the apparatus may only be possible by submersible devices and not humans. [00121] The clamp sub-assembly 220 further includes a circumferential seal 236, such as a gasket of the like. The seal 236 is preferably comprised of the same number of sections as the clamp sections 222. Thus, for the embodiment shown in Figure 12, the seal 236 is provided in two sections 236a and 236b, each of which is provided in association with the clamp sections 222a and 222b. In operation, the seal 236 serves to form a pressure seal between the clamp sub-assembly 220 and the pipe surface once the clamp sub-assembly 220 is assembled (as shown in Figure 13). [00122] Figure 13 illustrates the clamp sub-assembly 220 in an assembled state over the surface of the pipe 10. As shown, once assembled, the bolts 232 of one clamp portion are inserted through the boltholes 234 of the opposed clamp portion. Nuts (not shown) are then supplied on the bolts 232 and tightened so as to force a frictional engagement between the clamp sub-assembly 220 and the pipe 10. As discussed above and as shown in Figure 13, once the clamp sub-assembly 220 is assembled, the circumferential seal 236 engages the pipe 10. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the clamp sub-assembly 220 is provided with an internal diameter that is slightly smaller than the outer diameter of the pipe 10. In this manner, once the clamp sub-assembly 220 is secured to the pipe 10 and the nuts associated with the bolts 232 tightened, the clamp sub-assembly 220 would "bite" into the pipe wall slightly, thereby further increasing the frictional engagement between the clamp sub-assembly 220 and the pipe 10. It will be understood that in such arrangement, the seal provided by the circumferential seal 236 is also enhanced. [00123] Figure 13 also illustrates the next stage of the method of the invention. At this point, once the clamp sub-assembly 220 is secured to the pipe 10, a valve sub-assembly 250 is then positioned over the pipe 10. The valve sub-assembly 250 comprises two or more sections in the same manner as the clamp sub-assembly 220 discussed above. Thus, in the embodiment shown in figures 12 to 16, the valve sub-assembly comprises two sections 252a and 252b. Each of the valve sub-assembly sections 252a and 252b include opposing plates 254a and 254b. One of the plates 254 is provided with bolts 256 extending in the direction of the other of the plates, when in the assembled state. As shown in Figure 13, the plate 254b is provided with such bolts 256. The opposing plate, 254a, is provided with boltholes 258 for receiving the bolts 256, as shown in Figure 14. Nuts (not shown) are then provided on the bolts 256 and tightened. It will be understood that, as described above, the number and orientation of the bolts 256 may vary as needed. As shown in the figures, tensioners such as those discussed above are preferably used with the nuts provided on the bolts 256. [00124] As shown in Figure 13, one or both of the plates 254a and 254b is provided with a seal or gasket 260, for forming a seal between the sections 252a and 252b forming the valve sub-assembly 250. [00125] The sections 252a and 252b of the valve sub-assembly 250 are further provided with bolts 262 extending from the respective section 252a and 252b towards the flange portion 224 (formed by sections 224a and 224b) of the clamp sub-assembly 220, which are provided with boltholes 238 to receive the bolts 262. [00126] The valve sub-assembly 250, once formed, includes a slot 266 for receiving a valve means, or gate 268 slidably therein. The purpose of the gate will be made clear below. Although the present description will recite a "gate" as forming the valve means, various other types of valves will be understood as being equally applicable for achieving the purpose of closing an opening. However, for the specific purpose outlined herein by example (i.e. undersea application), a gate or gate valve, will be understood as being efficient for use. [00127] The sections 252a and 252b of the valve sub-assembly 250 are sized so as to allow the sub-assembly 250 to be slidably provided over the pipe once such sections are assembled. [00128] Figure 14 illustrates the next stage of the method of the invention. Specifically, once the valve sub-assembly 250 is assembled over the pipe 10, it is slid axially over the pipe towards the clamp sub-assembly 220, which has been previously anchored on the pipe. The bolts 262 provided on the valve sub-assembly are inserted into the boltholes 238 provided on the flange portion 224 of the clamp sub-assembly 220. Nuts (not shown) are then secured to the bolts thereby forcing the valve sub-assembly 250 towards the clamp sub-assembly 220. As discussed above, such nuts are preferably also preferably provided with tensioners as illustrated in Figures 12 - 16. One or both of the opposing faces of the two sub-assemblies is provided with a seal or gasket 264. [00129] Prior to fully advancing the valve sub-assembly 250 against the clamp sub- assembly 220, the portion of the pipe 10 located between the two sub-assemblies is cut. This may be achieved using any variety of means. For example, a rotating blade may be used to cut the circumference of the pipe. Alternatively, an electrode, such as that shown at 270, may be used to melt a discrete section of the pipe and thereby allowing separation of the pipe into two sections at such region of melting. [00130] Figure 15 illustrates the next step of the method, wherein the pipe 10 has been cut as described above and the unnecessary section of the pipe, identified at 213, is removed. To facilitate the removal process, any type of clamp or rig, 272, may be used. Once the unnecessary pipe section 213 is removed, the valve sub-assembly 250 is urged against the clamp sub-assembly by tightening of the nuts associated with the bolts 262. Such tightening is continued until a tight seal is formed between the two sub-assemblies, as a result of the seal 264. [00131] Figure 16 illustrates the following step in the method, wherein the gate 268 is inserted into the slot 266 provided in the valve sub-assembly so as to form a sealed space 274, bounded by the clamp sub-assembly and the valve sub-assembly, the latter of which includes the gate 268. It will be understood that to form a comprehensive seal, the slot 266 may be provided with a seal or gasket to engage the gate 268 to further seal the space 274. [00132] As will be understood, once the step illustrated in Figure 16 is completed, the open end of the pipe 10, formed after the cutting step shown in Figure 14, is provided with a cap or seal thereby preventing any further liquid from the pipe 10 from escaping. [00133] The above description includes a step of cutting a portion of the pipe being sealed. As will be understood, this step is preferred, particularly in cases where the open end of the pipe in question is ruptured or otherwise damaged, thereby preventing closing the pipe in another manner. Thus, the method of the invention includes the step of forming a "clean" opening that can be more effectively sealed. It will, however, be appreciated that in cases where the pipe does include a clean opening, the apparatus and method of the invention may equally be used with the omission of the cutting step. [00134] It will also be appreciated that the apparatus of the invention may be subject to various modifications to accommodate for different pipe sizes etc. In another aspect, the clamp sub-assembly of the invention may be substituted with a clamp as taught in applicant's co-pending application number 12/715, 168, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. [00135] The clamp sub-assembly of the present invention is capable of remaining secured to the pipe even when subjected to very high pressures. [00136] As discussed above, the present invention includes the use of one or more rams to pinch the pipe being sealed. Figures 17 to 24 illustrate further aspects of the invention wherein a pair of such rams are used. As shown in Figure 17, in one embodiment, the apparatus of the invention includes a pinching assembly 300, which comprises a generally "U" shaped, or saddle shaped, strongback 310 that is provided over a pipe 10 to be sealed. The strongback comprises a reinforcing housing for at least one pair of opposed pinching rams 312a and 312b. As with the embodiments discussed above, the rams 312a and 312b serve to pinch the pipe 10 at a desired location. For this purpose, the rams 312a and 312b are provided with terminal, pinching heads or ends 314a and 314b, respectively, that are designed to be advanced against the wall of the pipe 10 with a sufficient force to cause inward deformation of the pipe wall. The pinching rams 312a and 312b are shown in the retracted position in Figure 17. Each of the rams 312a and 312b is connected to a means for advancing the respective ram, such as a hydraulic means or the like. For example, as shown in Figure 17, the rams 312a and 312b are connected to hydraulic cylinders 316a and 316b, respectively. The cylinders 316a, 316b will be understood to be connected to an appropriate hydraulic pressure supply that allows the advancement and retraction of the rams 312a, 312b. The present invention is not limited to any particular means for applying hydraulic pressure. However, by way of example, the cylinders 316a, 316b may include couplings that are connected to a source of hydraulic fluid or the like. In other embodiments, the means for advancing the rams may comprise various other apparatus as will be known to persons skilled in the art such as motorized or magnetic devices. In general, any mechanism for moving the rams may be used with the invention. However, as will be understood, hydraulic means may be preferred in situations where the apparatus is used for underwater applications. For convenience, reference will be made to hydraulic cylinders when referring to the means for advancing the rams; however, as discussed above, the invention is not intended to be limited to such preferred embodiment. The hydraulic cylinders are adapted to apply a force against the pinching rams 312a, 312b and, thereby, to force the pinching heads 314a, 314b towards each other, thereby resulting in pinching of the wall of the pipe 10. As discussed further below, the rams 312a, 312b may be axially aligned so that they are opposed to each other, in which case the pinching heads 314a, 314b are advanced directly against each other to resulting a pinching of the pipe wall. Alternatively, the rams 312a, 312b may be axially offset from each other, in which case the pinching heads 314a, 314b would not press against each other but will result in an "S" shaped pinching of the pipe wall. Various other orientations of the rams 312a, 312b may be used to provide a sealing of the pipe 10. [00137] As shown in Figures 17 to 24, the strongback 310 is preferably comprised of a plurality of plates 31 1 that are arranged together as a laminate. The individual plates 31 1 may be joined together in any manner such as by bolts, clamps or welding. In another embodiment, the strongback 310 may comprise a cast metal body. However, it will be understood that building the strongback 310 with a plurality of plates, that can be joined at the site of the pipe, facilitates its transport. [00138] Figures 17 to 24 also illustrate a preferred manner in which the cylinder 316a is mounted to the strongback 310. The cylinder 316a includes to a mounting bracket 318a that is secured to a mounting plate 320a provided on the strongback 310. The mounting plate 320a is preferably welded to the strongback 310. Such connection can be made with a plurality of bolts (not shown) that are passed through bolt holes 322a. In this manner, once the hydraulic cylinder 316a is actuated and the ram 312a advanced so as to force the pinching head 314a against the pipe 10, separation of the cylinder 316a from the strongback 310 is prevented, thereby allowing the force applied to the rams to be transferred entirely to the pipe wall. Although the above discussion has focused on the securing of cylinder 316a, it will be understood that cylinder 316b is secured in an identical manner. The figures therefore show similar reference numbers as above but with the suffix "b" where appropriate. It will be understood, that the cylinders 316a and 316b may be secured to the strongback 310 in any number of other ways while still ensuring that separation or other such movement between the cylinders and the strongback 310 is inhibited or prevented so as to allow the rams to sufficiently deform and pinch the pipe 10. [00139] As shown, for example in Figures 17 and 23, the opposite arms of the "U" or horseshoe shaped strongback 310 are provided with opposed openings through which the rams, 312a and 312b, and pinching heads, 314a and 314b, pass respectively. [00140] Figures 17 to 24 also illustrate the "U" or horseshoe shape of the strongback, or reinforcing housing, 310 of the pinching assembly. As will be understood, such shape allows the housing strongback 310 to be simply lowered onto a pipe 10. Such an arrangement avoids the need for excavation under the pipe for passing any parts of the apparatus, as with the embodiments described above. As will be understood, the embodiment shown in Figures 17 to 24 is particularly suited to situations where a pipe to be sealed lies underwater on a seabed. [00141] Figures 18 to 24 illustrate a further aspect of the apparatus of the invention wherein one or more clamping assemblies 350 are provided for preventing relative movement of the pipe 10 with respect to the pinching assembly 300. In a preferred embodiment, as illustrated in the figures, two clamping assemblies 350 are provided, each being positioned on opposite ends of the strongback 310 of the pinching assembly 300. [00142] As shown in Figures 18 to 24, each clamping assembly is also provided with a generally "U" or horseshoe shaped structure, which facilitates the placement of the assembly over a pipe 10 for the reasons outlined above. [00143] As best observed in Figures 24 to 28, in one embodiment, each of the clamping assemblies 350 comprises a pair of opposed and spaced apart "U" shaped plates 352a, 352b. Sandwiched between the plates 352a, 352b, are a pair of anchor blocks 354a, 354b, which also serve to hold the plates 352a and 352b in their separated or spaced apart positions. The anchor blocks 354a, 354b include opposed openings to accommodate the passage of respective clamping rams 356a, 356b. The clamping rams 356a, 356b are provided with respective clamping heads 358a and 358b. The clamping heads 358a, 358b are adapted to be advanced towards each other in order to clamp the pipe 10 and prevent at least relative axial movement between the pipe 10 and the clamping assembly 350. [00144] In order to advance the clamping heads 358a and 358b towards each other, the clamping rams 356a and 356b are each connected to an advancing means, which is similar to the advancing means discussed above in relation to the pinching rams 312a, 312b. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in Figures 17-28, the clamping rams 356a, 356b are connected to respective hydraulic cylinders 360a, 360b. As discussed previously, the cylinders 360a, 360b are not shown with the required connecting means for connecting same to sources of hydraulic fluid, which would be apparent to persons skilled in the art. It will be understood that, as above, reference is made herein to hydraulic cylinders 360a, 360b purely for convenience. Although the use of such cylinders is preferred, such as for underwater applications, various other advancement means may be used to actuate the rams 312a, 312b. [00145] Figure 27 illustrates the clamping assembly 350 once it is positioned over a pipe and where the clamping rams 356a and 356b are not advanced. As shown, the clamping heads 358a and 358b are in a fully retracted position, wherein the "U" or horseshoe shape of the clamping assembly 350 can receive the pipe 10 therein. Figure 25 illustrates a clamping assembly 350 when positioned on a pipe but where the clamping heads 358a and 358b are in a partially advanced position. Figured 26 and 28 illustrate the clamping heads 358a and 358b in the fully advanced position, wherein a sufficient clamping force is applied to frictionally grip the pipe 10. As shown in Figure 28, this is achieved by the hydraulic cylinders 360a, 360b actuating the respective rams 356a, 356b thereby forcing the clamping heads 368a, 358b towards each other and against the wall of the pipe 10. [00146] In the embodiment shown in Figures 20 to 28, and as most clearly seen in Figures 27 and 28, the clamping heads 358a and 358b each include an upper surface shown at 362a and 362b, respectively, that are correspondingly curved so as to engage the lower circumference of the pipe 10 when the ends are in the fully advanced position (as shown in Figure 28). The terminal ends of the clamping heads 358a, 358b are provided with provided with cooperating jaws which engage each other in the fully advanced position. [00147] Figures 29 and 30 illustrate another embodiment of clamping apparatus 350 and, more specifically, another embodiment of clamping heads, which are identified as 364a and 364b. Unlike the clamping heads described above, this embodiment includes clamping heads 364a, 364b, that comprise "fingers" that are offset from each other and engage the pipe 10 as they are advanced towards each other. The clamping heads 364a and 364b of this embodiment include curved upper portion 366a, 366b, respectively, that are adapted to correspond with and engage the curvature of the pipe 10. Figure 29 shows the clamping heads 364a and 364b in their retracted positions, such as when the clamping assembly 350 is lowered onto a pipe 10 to be sealed. Figures 30 and 31 illustrate the clamping heads of this embodiment in their fully extended state. As shown, each of the clamping heads are advanced (by means of the respective ram and cylinder combination) until the curved upper portions of each engages the pipe 10 wall. As mentioned above, in this embodiment, the clamping heads are axially offset from each other. In this manner, the two clamping heads work in a scissor-like manner to engage and clamp the pipe 10. [00148] As mentioned above, the one or more clamping assemblies 350 serve to prevent relative movement between the pipe and the pinching assembly 300. For this purpose, it is preferred for the clamping assemblies to be connected to the pinching assembly 300. As shown in the figures discussed above, such connection is achieved by providing a number of bolts (not shown) through bolt holes 368 provided on the plates 352a, 352b, and through cooperating bolt holes 370 provided on an anchor plate 372 attached to an end of the pinching assembly 300. Preferably, the anchor plates 372 are welded to the strongback 310 of the pinching assembly 300. As shown in Figures 17 to 24, the anchor plate 372 provided on one or both ends of the pinching assembly also has a "U" or horseshoe shaped profile, in order to avoid interfering with the placement of the assembly on the pipe 10. Further, the anchor plate 372 is slightly separated from the body of the pinching assembly 300 so as to form a flange. As will be understood, such an arrangement facilitates the securing of the clamping assembly to the pinching assembly by means of nut and bolt combinations. [00149] In the embodiment shown, two clamping assemblies 350 are provided on opposite ends of the pinching assembly 300. However, it will be appreciated that in some cases, only one clamping assembly may be needed. It will also be appreciated that, in cases where additional clamping is required, more than two clamping assemblies may be provided. [00150] In a preferred embodiment, each clamping assembly 350 is secured to the pinching assembly 300 prior to clamping the pipe 10. In the case of underwater or similar applications where access to the pipe is difficult or not possible by humans, it may be preferred to combine the pinching assembly to one or more clamping assemblies at the surface and the lower and position the final combination over the pipe to be sealed. [00151] As discussed above, the purpose of the clamping assembly or assemblies is to prevent movement, or at least relative axial movement, between the pipe 10 and the pinching assembly 300. Although one example of a clamping assembly has been provided as one aspect of the invention, various other devices may be used with the pinching assembly of the invention. Similarly, the clamping assembly of the invention may be combined with one or more other device for use on a pipe. [00152] As will be understood by persons skilled in the art, the pinching assembly 300 of the invention need not clamp on to the pipe 10 itself since the clamping assembly performs such function. As such, a given size of pinching assembly can be used for various diameters of pipes. However, in the preferred embodiment, the clamping assemblies are adapted and sized to fit specific pipe diameters. Thus, when forming the apparatus for a given pipe, the required clamping assembly or assemblies may be joined to a pinching assembly so as to adapt the apparatus as needed. [00153] Figures 32 to 35 illustrate the pinching step of the embodiment of the invention discussed above. In Figures 32 and 33, the pinching assembly is shown provided on a pipe 10 with the pinching rams 312a and 312b being advanced until the pinching heads 314a, 314b contact the pipe 10 wall. [00154] Figure 33 also illustrates a further feature of the strongback 310 of the invention, of particular advantage where the strongback 310 is formed of a plurality of plates 31 1 , which was described above. As shown in Figure 33 and in previous figures, the strongback 310 of the pinching assembly 300 is provided with a slot 380 extending the length of the strongback. The slot 380 is formed, for example, by aligning notches provided on the top of each plate 31 1 forming the strongback. Once such notches are aligned to form the slot 380, a key 382 may be inserted or provided therein in order to secure each of the plates together. [00155] In Figures 34 and 35, the pinching rams 312a, 312b are shown in the fully advanced position, wherein the pinching heads 314a, 314b have been pressed towards each other and, in the result, the wall of the pipe 10 is deformed from opposite sides, thereby resulting in a pinch or pinch on the pipe. As before, the pinch or pinch serves to seal the pipe 10 and prevent any fluid from passing there-through. [00156] Figures 34 and 35 illustrate a further optional embodiment wherein the pinching heads 314a and 314b may be detached from the respective rams 312a, 312b whereby the pinching heads serve to maintain the seal on the pipe 10. For this purpose, the two pinching heads are preferably provided with a locking device. Such a device is illustrated in Figures 34 and 35, wherein a ratchet mechanism is used to lock the pinching heads 314a, 314b together. As shown, a first of the pinching heads, 314b, is provided with a number of locking arms 384, which are preferably connected to the end 314b by a hinge 386 at one end thereof. The opposite ends of the locking arms are provided with a toothed inner surface 388. The second of the pinching heads, 312a, is provided with toothed outer surface 390 that is arranged to cooperate with the toothed surface 388 of the locking arms 384. As will be apparent from Figures 34 and 35, once the pinching heads 314a, 314b are fully advanced, or advanced to the desired limit, the locking arms 384 are moved so as to engage the respective toothed surfaces 388 and 390. In one embodiment, the locking arms 384 may be secured to the pinching head 314b by a spring activated hinge, in which case, the respective toothed surfaces 388 and 390 will automatically engage each other so as to interlock the pinching heads. [00157] Once the pinching heads are advanced to the desired degree, the rams 312a, 312b are disconnected from the respective pinching head 314a, 314b and retracted. In this way, the pinched pipe 10 is maintained in such form by means of the interlocked pinching heads. [00158] Figures 36 to 40 illustrate some shapes of the pinching heads 314a, 314b that may be used in the present invention. In these figures, the same numbering will be used for the previous discussed elements but without the suffix "a" or "b" for convenience. As seen in Figures 36 and 37, one aspect of the invention provides pinching heads that are elongate bodies having terminal ends that are tapered to form a point or wedge-like shape. As discussed above, and as will be understood, such a pointed shape allows the force of the cylinder 316 to be concentrated on a small surface area of the pipe, thereby efficiently deforming same. The height of the pinching head will be understood to depend on the diameter of the pipe being sealed. Similarly, other dimensions of the pinching head or the dimensions of other components of the apparatus will be known to persons skilled in the art. It will also be understood that where a complete sealing of a pipe is desired, the opposed pinching heads will be shaped so as to result in a complete closure of the lumen of the pipe. For example, as shown in Figures 36 and 37, the pinching heads preferably have a height that is at least equal to the diameter of the pipe and have opposed surfaces that touch when advanced towards each other. Figures 38a and 38b illustrate side profiles of pinching heads 314 having different curvatures. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to any particular design or shape of the pinching heads 314. [00159] Figures 39 to 42 illustrate another embodiment wherein the pinching heads 314 are not axially aligned and, as such, the pipe is nor sealed with a pinch extending across the diameter thereof but by an "S" shaped pinch. As shown in Figure 41 , the pinching heads are offset from each other so that they are axially separated and, therefore, each pinching head contacts a different location along the length of the tube 10. The pinching heads do, however have dimensions that allow at least some portions thereof to contact each other. Thus, as shown in Figure 41 , the pinching heads 314a, 314b are advanced until the terminal ends thereof contact different sections of the pipe 10. The pinching heads are then advanced further, thereby resulting in inward deformation of the pipe in different location. Once the pinching heads are advanced a sufficient degree, their body portions contact each other, as shown in Figure 42, thereby forming an "S" shaped pinch in the pipe 10. [00160] Figures 43 to 45 illustrate another embodiment of a "hot tap" assembly, which functions similarly to that described above in relation to earlier figures. In the embodiment shown in Figures 43 to 45, the hot tap, or diverter assembly 400 functions in essentially the same manner as the diverter assembly 100 described previously and, where elements are similar, the same reference numerals are used. However, as can be seen in Figure 43, diverter assembly 400 differs from the previously described assembly (100) in the manner in which it is connected to the pipe 10. In the previously described embodiment, the diverter assembly 100 was connected to the pipe 10 by a two section, "clamshell", device. However, diverter assembly 400 is secured to the pipe 10 in the same manner as the clamping assembly 350 discussed above. For this purpose, diverter assembly 400 is provided with a base 402 having a generally "U" or horseshoe shaped structure that is adapted to be provided over the pipe 10. The base 402 is also provided with a number of clamping rams 456 and associated clamping heads (not shown) that are essentially the same as those described above with regard to the clamping assembly 350. The clamping rams 456 are in turn connected to an advancing means such as hydraulic cylinders 460, which cause the rams 456 and clamping heads to bear against the pipe 10, resulting in the diverter assembly being clamped to the pipe 10. The manner in which the diverter assembly 400 is secured to the pipe can be observed in Figure 28. As also shown in Figure 43, the diverter assembly 400 is preferably connected to one of the clamping assemblies 350 by means of bolts 404 that extend through aligned bolt holes provided in both the diverter assembly 400 and clamping assembly 350. [00161] As will be understood by persons skilled in the art, the hot tap or diverter assembly 400 as shown in Figures 43 to 45 offers the same advantage as the pinching and clamping assemblies shown in Figures 17-42, namely, that the assembly 400 can be provided on a pipe without any excavation. The "U" shaped nature of the assembly 400 allows it to be lowered onto the pipe and subsequently secured thereto. In another aspect, the diverter assembly 400 may be connected to the apparatus comprising a pinching assembly 300 and the one or more clamping assemblies 350. This is illustrated in Figures 43 to 45, wherein the diverter assembly 400 is connected to an opposite end of a clamping assembly 350, which in turn is connected to the strongback 310 of a pinching assembly 300. As will be understood, the diverter assembly 400 may be connected in such manner to the pinching/clamping assemblies in one location, such as above water, and then the combined apparatus may be lowered and secured to a pipe. [00162] In Figures 43 to 45, the hot tap or diverter assembly 400 is shown in combination with the previously described embodiment of the apparatus, which includes a pinching assembly and two clamping assemblies 350. However, it will be understood that the hot tap or diverter assembly 400 can be used by itself or with only one of the other assemblies, such as a clamping assembly, depending on the need. [00163] Figure 46 illustrates the diverter assembly 400 in isolation. As discussed above, the diverter assembly 400 is used for product recovery using the pipe 1 18. As shown in figure 46, and other figures such as Figure 8, the pipe 1 18 would be preferably provided with a flange to which another pipe or extension may be connected. The assembly 400 may also, in one embodiment, include a valve, such as a hydraulic slide valve 462, to isolate the coupon and drill once drilling is complete. As also shown in Figure 46, the diverter assembly 400 of this embodiment comprises a generally "U" or horseshoe shaped body, which is adapted to be provided over a pipe. The assembly 400 comprises opposing plates 406 and 408 having a shape that is similar to plates 352a and 353b discussed above. [00164] Figure 47 shows the drill bit 122 in a position against the pipe 10 wall, and prior to cutting there-through. As discussed above, a limiter or other such limiting means may be used to prevent the drill bit from advancing through to the opposite side of the pipe. Such a limiter comprises a safety feature. [00165] Figures 47 and 48 illustrate a preferred embodiment of seals or gaskets 464 that are provided between the diverter assembly 400 and the outer wall of the pipe 10. Figure 48 also illustrates the clamping arms 466a and 466b [00166] Figures 49 and 50 illustrate a pipe 10 when secured by the clamping arm 466a of the diverter assembly 400. As shown, once the assembly 400 is placed on a pipe 10, the clamping arms, such as arm 466a are advanced against the pipe by means of rams 456 associated with hydraulic cylinders 460. As discussed above, various other means of advancing the arms may be used. As can be seen in Figures 49 and 50, as the clamping arms 466a (and 466b) are advanced against the pipe 10, curved contours or other such "wedge like" design of the arms serve to urge the pipe against the seals or gaskets 464 thereby forming a seal between the pipe 10 wall and the assembly 400. [00167] Figure 50 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention wherein the diverter assembly 400 may be provided permanently on the pipe 10. In the embodiment shown, the clamping arm 466a is shown with a terminal end having teeth. The end of the arm 466a will thereby engage a locking mechanism on the opposite side of the assembly 400. Such locking mechanism may comprise, for example, a pawl or other such hinged and, preferably, toothed device for positively engaging the arm 466a and preventing retraction thereof. It will be understood that each of the arms 466a and 466b (or pairs thereof pair provided), will be equally locked according to this embodiment. [00168] Figure 51 more clearly illustrates one of the clamping arms 466a, showing the preferably curved, pipe engaging surface 467 and the toothed end 468. [00169] Figure 52 illustrates a sectioned view from the top of the diverter assembly 400 showing the manner in which the clamping arms 466a, 466b work. As shown, in one embodiment, two pairs of clamping arms 466a, 466b are provided to lock the pipe in place with the use of hydraulic cylinders 460 and associated rams 456. [00170] Figure 53 shows the retractable (i.e. non-locking) clamping arms 466am 466b in the engaged position with a pipe 10. The "U" or horseshoe design of the assembly 400 allows for it to saddle the pipe 10 from any angle and the retractable design of the clamping arms allows for the such arms to be disengaged so that the assembly can be recovered when work is completed. [00171] Figures 54 and 55 illustrate the aspect of the diverter assembly 400 having the locking version of the clamping arms 466a, 466b. Figure 54 shows the optional locking clamping arms in the retracted position. As above, the general "U" or horseshoe design of the assembly allows for it to saddle the pipe 10 from any angle and the "toothed" design of the locking clamping arms 466am 466b allows for permanent locking of the assembly 400 to the pipe 10 once the clamping arms 466a, 466b are hydraulically engaged. Figure 55 shows the locking clamping arms 466a, 466b in the engaged or locked position. The "toothed" design of the ends of the clamping arms allows for a permanent lock-up of the assembly 400 on the pipe to be isolated and forces a positive seal against the sealing gasket . [00172] Figures 56 and 57 illustrate different views of the assembly 400 discussed above. [00173] Figure 58 illustrates another embodiment of the diverter assembly 400 that is similar to that shown in Figure 47. However, in this embodiment, the "hot tap" machine 1 16 (and connector 1 14) is connected to the conduit 1 12 by means of flange 410 connection. As will be understood, this arrangement allows the hot tap machine to be disengaged from the assembly 400 after the cutting operation is completed. It will also be understood that such disengagement occurs after the drill bit is retracted and the valve 462 is closed. [00174] Figures 59 to 62 illustrate a further embodiment of the clamp assembly of the invention, which comprises an alternate embodiment to the clamp assembly 220 discussed above in relation to Figures 12-16. As shown, the clamp assembly 500 comprises a pair of generally "U" or horseshoe shaped plates 502, 504 that are arranged in a generally parallel and spaced apart manner. As will be noted the clamp assembly 500 is similar in shape and function as the pipe clamping section of the diverter assembly 500 discussed above. The plates 502, 504 are designed to receive a pipe therein. Thus, the plates may be lowered onto a pipe lying on a base, such as a seabed, or otherwise provided on any orientation of a pipe, as will be understood by persons skilled in the art. The assembly 500 also includes a cover 506 that is adapted to cover a portion of the pipe received within the opening of the "U" shaped plates 502, 504. The assembly 500 also includes a pair of boxes 508, 510 connected to opposite sides of the plates 502, 504. [00175] The clamp assembly 500 also includes one or more pairs of opposed clamping arms. In the embodiment shown in Figures 59 to 60, the assembly 500 includes two pairs of arms, 512a, 512b and 514a, 514b. Each of the arms 512a, 512b, 514a and 514b are connected to the rams of respective hydraulic cylinders 516. As shown, the cylinders are supported within the boxes 508, 510. The cylinders 516 serve to advance the pairs of arms towards each other and towards the opening the "U" shaped plates. As will be understood, when the assembly 500 is provided on a pipe, activation of the cylinders 516 serves to force the ends of the arms against the outer wall of the pipe. Each of the clamping arms is provided with an curved portion that is adapted to receive the side of the pipe adjacent the opening of the "U" shaped plates 502, 504. This is illustrated, for example, in Figure 60, which shows the arms 514a and 514b when brought towards each other. The curved portions of the arms are preferably provided, in one aspect of the invention, with a sealing means, or seal 515, which serve to grip the pipe when the opposed pairs of arms are brought together. In a further embodiment, sections of the cover 506 corresponding and opposite to the positions of the seals 515 are provided with corresponding seals 517. As will be understood, in such manner, the seals 515 and 517 serve to frictionally grip the outer wall of a pipe once the assembly 500 is engaged thereon. [00176] As also shown in Figure 60, the opposed ends of the clamping arms 514a and 514b are provided with cooperative jaws that are designed to engage each other. In one aspect, the opposed jaws may be angled so as to cause the opposed pair of arms 514a and 514b to move in a directly towards the closed of the "U" shaped plates 502, 504. In this way, the arms 514a, 514b are urged further against the wall of the pipe so as to further increase the gripping force on the pipe wall. [00177] In another aspect, the assembly 500 may include a pair of planar seals 518a, 518b provided on opposite sides of the plates 502, 504. The seals 518a, 518b are preferably secured to the plates 502, 504 by gluing or other such attachment means as may be known in the art. The seals 518a, 518b are designed to be deformed as the arms are moved towards each other so that the seals 518a, 518b are wrapped around the pipe. In this way, a further seal or frictional grip is provided between the pipe and the clamp assembly 500. [00178] In the above description of the clamp assembly 500, reference is made to two pairs of opposed clamping arms. However, it will be understood that any number of pairs of such arms can be used including one pair, two pairs, three pairs etc. It will be understood that increasing the number of opposed arm pairs increases the amount of frictional grip between the pipe and the assembly 500. [00179] In another preferred embodiment, the assembly 500 includes one or more locking arm 520 having a toothed end 522. The locking arm 520 is adapted to extend to the opposite side of the assembly and latch on to a cooperating member so as to form a positive engagement there-between. The locking arm 520 is connected to the same hydraulic ram as one of the clamping arms, such as 512a, whereby the final closed, or clamped position of the clamping arm is locked. [00180] As illustrated in Figures 59 to 62, the plates 502, 504 of the clamp assembly 500 may be provided with a plurality of boltholes for receiving a valve assembly 50 as described above. In other words, a valve assembly 50 may be connected to the clamp assembly 500 in the same manner as shown in Figures 13 to 16. Thus, as will be understood, the clamp assembly 500 allows the same clamping effect to be achieved on a pipe without the need to excavate under the pipe or, alternatively, requiring minimal excavation. [00181] It will also be appreciated that the apparatus of the invention may be subject to various modifications to accommodate for different pipe sizes etc. In another aspect, the clamp assembly of the invention may be substituted with a clamp as taught in applicant's co- pending application number 12/715, 168, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. [00182] The clamp assembly of the present invention is capable of remaining secured to the pipe even when subjected to very high pressures. [00183] In the above description, the apparatus of the invention, and associated clamping and pinching assemblies, have been described as being used on a pipe lying on a surface, such as a seabed. Although the apparatus is particularly suited for such application, it will be understood that the apparatus, or one or more of the assemblies thereof, may be used on pipes that are provided at any angle, including 90° (i.e. a pipe that is upright). The invention is not limited to any particular orientation of a pipe. In addition, although the above description has focused on a linear section of a pipe, it will be understood that the apparatus of the invention can be adapted to a pipe having a curvature.

[00184] Although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments, various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the purpose and scope of the invention as described herein. Any examples provided herein are included solely for the purpose of illustrating the invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any way. The drawings provided herein are solely for the purpose of illustrating various aspects of the invention and are not intended to be drawn to scale or to limit the invention in any way.