Docket No.: 2017299-0077 METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR METHANE REDUCTION CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Application 63/400,043, filed August 22, 2022, and U.S. Application 63/402,456, filed August 30, 2022. The entire contents of each of these applications are incorporated by reference herein. BACKGROUND [0002] Ruminants produce methane, a greenhouse gas. Methanotrophs consume methane. Current efforts to reduce, react, consume, digest and/or deactivate methane typically focus on small molecule inhibitors, diet alterations, or husbandry improvements (e.g., animal breeding, pasture improvements, etc.). As a result, ruminant-derived methane remain a prevalent source of methane emissions worldwide. SUMMARY [0003] The present disclosure provides technologies for reducing methane emissions from biological and/or environmental sources (e.g., ruminants, swamps, landfills, rice paddies, wetlands, coal mines, wastewater, soil, manure, oceans, volcanoes, wildfires, termite colonies, solid waste, oil and gas reserves, oil wells, gas depots, oil deposits, etc.). [0004] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides technologies that involve utilizing methane-metabolizing microbes (e.g., methanotrophs) to reduce methane. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides technologies in which methanotrophs are provided as a preparation that is compatible, for example, with an ingestible source such as a food or nutrient source, and/or a drinking source, consumed by an animal (e.g., a ruminant). In some embodiments, provided preparations [0005] As disclosed herein, microbes (e.g., methanotrophs) may be used to reduce methane production in/from a ruminant. For example, microbes may be administered to a ruminant (e.g., disposed within a ruminant’s rumen) to contribute in reducing methane production in/from the ruminant. Page 1 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0006] Without being bound by any theory, microbes (e.g., methanotrophs) which reduce methane production, may do so by use of enzymes. Accordingly, enzymes may be useful in reducing methane production in/from a ruminant. [0007] Further, microbes (e.g., Methanotrophs) may be used to produce compounds. Microbe-produced compounds may be beneficial to organisms (e.g., ruminants, e.g., microbes). In some instances, microbes may produce compounds with value and/or benefit (e.g., vitamins, e.g., amino acids, e.g., lipids, e.g., carbohydrates) while also reducing methane production in/from a ruminant. [0008] However, a challenge in using microbes (e.g., Methanotrophs) may be achieving sufficient microbe growth (e.g., a sufficient microbe growth rate) in conditions similar to a rumen (e.g., in a simulated rumen environment), which may hinder (i) reductions in methane production in/from a ruminant, (ii) production of compounds with value and/or benefit to a ruminant (e.g., vitamins, e.g., amino acids), or both (i) and (ii). [0009] Accordingly, microbes with a sufficient growth rate in a rumen and/or in rumen- like conditions (e.g., in a simulated rumen environment) may enable improvements in (i) reduced methane production in/from a ruminant, (ii) production of compounds with value and/or benefit to organisms (e.g., vitamins, e.g., amino acids), or both (i) and (ii). [0010] Enhanced methanotrophs (fast grower and compatible with the cow rumen) may not be commercially available as many methanotrophs are kept in private research laboratory collections (1). However, the best studied strain (Methylococcus capsulatus Bath) which is a fast grower (0.35 hr-1) under optimal conditions is available through ATCC and several others are available through DSMZ. [0011] During culture and production, the conditions can be tuned to achieve the optimal growth rate for any of the selected strains. However, even under optimal conditions the fastest growing methanotrophs (0.35 hr-1) are slow compared to fast growing bacteria such as E. coli (2 hr-1). Every step of the manufacturing process (colony isolation, starter culture, fermentation) is expected to take ~4 times longer compared to typical procedures involving E. Page 2 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 coli. Nevertheless, the growth rate is not so different when compared to other industrial fermentations such as the production of vancomycin which takes ~ 5 days. [0012] Many methanotrophs are considered extremophiles and are naturally resistant to a wide range of pH, osmolarity and temperature. Additionally, some strains are naturally tolerant of desiccation and some are also spore formers. Based on these characteristics, methanotrophs are expected to be compatible with a wide range of preparation techniques. [0013] The need for oxygen and slow growth rate pose the largest challenge in a rumen since it is typically very low in oxygen (<3%) and has dilution rates of 0.1-0.2 hr-1. Additionally, some fast-growing methanotrophs require high salinity for optimal growth (3%) compared to that present in a rumen (0.6%). Beyond these (oxygen, dilution rate, salinity) other physiological parameters (temperature, pH) of a rumen seem to be generally compatible with methanotroph growth. However, there may be unknown incompatibilities such as limiting amounts of key trace elements, or other inhibitory substances produced by the resident microbes (e.g., small molecules, proteins, elements, antimicrobial peptides, etc.). Slow growth rates could be overcome by intensive dosing regimens or supplemental delivery of nutrients and/or growth promoters. Low oxygen may be overcome by localization to a rumen epithelium which is a zone of increased oxygen or supplemental delivery of oxygen. Salinity and other elemental incompatibilities may be overcome through mutagenesis and growth selections or modulation of the rumen microenvironment. [0014] When considering the ideal culture conditions of methanotrophs with those same conditions present in the cow rumen, it is suggested that the largest limiting factors to the functional growth of methanotrophs (and therefore methane reduction) in the cow rumen is the dissolved oxygen content and the dilution rate. [0015] Due to oxygen potentially being the limiting reactant in methane reducing or reacting or consuming or digesting or deactivating or killing processes, in some cases, methane- reducing preparations may comprise microbes that produce oxygen to favor reaction kinetics of methane reduction/consumption/digestion/sequestration. In some cases, methane-reducing preparations may comprise compounds/chemicals/molecules/organisms (e.g., cyanobacteria, oxygen, etc.) that enable and/or facilitate the localization or generation of oxygen in a rumen. Page 3 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0016] Due to growth potentially being the limiting factor in methane reducing or reacting or consuming or digesting or deactivating or killing processes, in some cases, methane- reducing preparations may comprise growth promoters that increase or accelerate the growth or growth rate of methanotrophs or methanotroph preparations. In some cases, methane-reducing preparations may comprise compounds/chemicals/molecules/organisms (e.g., nutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, etc.) that enable and/or facilitate the growth of methanotrophs in a rumen. [0017] Due to growth potentially being the limiting factor in methane reducing or reacting or consuming or digesting or deactivating or killing processes and growth being coupled to microenvironment or macroenvironment conditions (e.g., pH, salinity, temperature, etc.), in some cases, methane-reducing preparations may comprise micro- or macro- environment modulators. In some cases, methane-reducing preparations may comprise compounds/chemicals/molecules/organisms (e.g., pH buffers, salts, etc.) that enable and/or alter the micro- or macro-environment in a rumen such that is favors ideal methanotroph growth conditions. [0018] A methane-inhibiting or reducing or reacting or consuming or digesting or deactivating product can be included in animal feed, animal salt lick, animal water/drink, a supplemented (i.e., fortified) feed/water/drink product, or grass, intended to reduce or react or consume or digest or deactivate methane content within the animal, and/or reduce methane outputs, and/or confer health benefits to the animal. [0019] Some aspects the current disclosure provide microbe preparations (e.g., microbes in animal feed, microbes in animal water, methane-reducing preparations comprising particles, methane-reducing preparations comprising hydrogel, methane-reducing preparations comprising liquid suspensions, etc.) and technologies (e.g., methods of preparation, use, etc.) relating thereto. [0020] Microbe preparations disclosed herein may provide for one or more of the following advantages: 1) ability to survive in animal rumen; 2) ability to grow in animal rumen; 3) ability to locally decrease methane content in a rumen; 4) ability to decrease methane outputs from livestock; 5) ability to produce molecules (e.g., methionine, B12 etc.) that provide health Page 4 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 and productivity (e.g., milk production, weight gain, faster growth, etc.) to the animal following ingestion; 6) ability to survive in animal feed and/or animal drink/water; 7) ability to survive in animal feed and/or drinking water against heat, light, water, and/or oxidation exposure; 8) improved storage in animal feed and/or drinking water against heat, light, water, and/or oxidation; 9) improved storage in aqueous liquid against heat, light, water, and/or oxidation; 10) improved compatibility with other components of animal feed; 11) improved compatibility with animal feed manufacturing approaches (e.g., extrusion, spray coating, total mixed ration feeds, etc.); 12) improved stability against heat, light, water, and/or oxidation in products and/or compositions that encounter heat, light, water, and/or oxidation (e.g., solid food/feed, liquid drinks, other edible materials, or supplement preparations, etc.); 13) stability of microbes in, or as, a dry powder against heat, light, water, and/or oxidation; 14) tunable properties including size, loading, dose, interactions with the surrounding environment, and release conditions, etc.; 15) modifications to the micro- or macro-environment in the rumen; 16) modifications to the local environment within the microbe preparation. [0021] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions that are or comprise a particle preparation, wherein the particles comprise (i) a polymer component; and (ii) a payload component, wherein the polymer component comprises a rumen-stable polymer; and the payload component comprises a microbe (e.g., a methanotroph), and wherein the particle preparation enables diffusion or convection or advection of products (e.g., methionine, methanotroph) out of the particle and the diffusion or convection or advection of reactants (e.g., methane, oxygen) into the particle. In some such embodiments, the composition and/or the particle preparation is characterized in that the payload component shows increased stability (e.g., is protected against one or more of degradation, oxidation, other physical and/or chemical changes) when exposed to one or more environmental conditions such as, for example, light, elevated temperature, presence of water, and/or in the context of a complex material. Alternatively or additionally, in some such embodiments, the compositions and/or the particle preparation is characterized in that it does not release the payload component in the rumen. Alternatively or additionally, in some such embodiments, the compositions and/or the particle preparation is characterized in that it does release the payload component in the rumen. Alternatively or additionally, in some such embodiments, the compositions and/or the particle Page 5 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 preparation is characterized in that it modifies the micro- or macro-environment (e.g., pH, salinity, etc.) in the rumen. Alternatively or additionally, in some such embodiments, the compositions and/or the particle preparation is characterized in that it modifies the micro- or macro-environment (e.g., pH, salinity, etc.) in the microbe preparation. [0022] In some cases, provided methane-reducing preparations synthesize and release (e.g., display, secrete, etc.) beneficial compounds that increase the productivity (e.g., milk production, weight gain, growth rate, etc.) or improves the health of the animal (e.g., ruminant); in some particular embodiments, a synthesized and released payload is or comprises an amino acid (e.g., methionine, leucine, etc.) and/or a vitamin (e.g., vitamin B12, vitamin D, etc); in some particular embodiments, the synthesized and released payload utilizes methane as a reactant; in some particular embodiments, the synthesized and released payload is the methanotroph itself (e.g., methanotroph biomass). [0023] In some cases, provided methane-reducing preparations can both, or individually, synthesize and release beneficial compounds/products and allow for reactants to enter methane-reducing preparations; in some embodiments, the polymer components control the rate of product diffusion or convection or advection; in some embodiments, the polymer components control the rate of reactant diffusion or convection or advection; in some embodiments, the polymer components control both product and reactant transport; in some embodiments, [0024] Without being bound by any theory, secreted or produced beneficial compounds may comprise compounds known to assist in providing benefits and/or desired qualities for an organism. For example, secreted beneficial compounds may be or comprise vitamin B12 or methionine, which are known to assist in, among other things, providing benefits and/or desired qualities like increased milk production and/or weight gain in ruminants. In another example, a beneficial compound or organism may be or comprise methanotrophs produced via binary fission during the creation of daughter cells since methanotrophs themselves consist of nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, etc. Page 6 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0025] No known products combine methanotroph and microparticle or particle preparations (e.g., particle preparations because technologies have not previously been developed to enable methanotrophs to reduce/digest/consume/sequester methane in the rumen.) [0026] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides consumable compositions (e.g., an animal feed product, an animal drink product, an animal-consumable product, etc.) comprising disclosed methane-reducing preparations, at least one methanotroph, or a combination thereof. In some instances, particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) further comprise at least one nutraceutical. In some instances, particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) further comprise at least one compound (e.g., oxygen) to improve methane oxidation reaction rate. In some instances, particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) further comprise at least one compound (e.g., proteins) to improve methanotroph growth rate. In some instances, particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) further comprise at least one compound (e.g., buffers, salts, etc.) to modulate either the micro- or macro-environment in the rumen or in the particle preparation itself. [0027] In some cases, particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) comprising low residual solvent content, having low water activity, or both may be used to stabilize payload components in consumable compositions (e.g., an animal feed product, an animal drink product, an animal-consumable product, etc.). In some aspects, provided particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) are or may be useful for improving health or longevity or productivity in animals. In some aspects, provided particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) are or may be useful for reducing / digesting / consuming / metabolizing / oxidizing / reacting / decreasing methane output in animals. [0028] In some cases, animals may be an agricultural ruminant, for example, a cow, a camel, a goat, a sheep, etc. [0029] In some aspects, consumable compositions comprising particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) may be edible. In some aspects, an edible composition may be a powder or slurry that is mixed with animal feed (e.g., total meal ration) prior to consumption, an animal feed pellet. Page 7 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0030] In some aspects, consumable compositions comprising particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) are drinkable. In some aspects, a drinkable composition may be a powder or slurry that is mixed with animal drinking water prior to consumption, a powder or slurry that is mixed with liquid nutraceutical or vitamin mineral supplements, a powder or slurry that is directly fed to animals via syringe or other oral dosage system. [0031] In one aspect, the present embodiments are directed to a method for preparing a methane-reducing microbe (e.g., a methane-metabolizing microbe, e.g., a methanotroph), the method comprising a step of: (i) culturing; (ii) directed evolution (e.g., to optimize performance of the methane-reducing microbe in a particular environment, e.g., to produce a particular compound, e.g., to maximize growth or growth rate); (iii) genetic engineering [e.g., applied in vitro to a microbe, e.g., transformation (e.g., heat-shock, e.g., electroporation)]; or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), and (iii). [0032] In some embodiments, the methane-reducing microbe (e.g., a methane- metabolizing microbe, e.g., methanotroph) is prepared to consume at least one compound of interest (e.g., at least one hydrocarbon, e.g., at least one greenhouse gas e.g., methane). [0033] In some embodiments the methane-reducing microbe (e.g., a methane- metabolizing microbe, e.g., methanotroph) is prepared to produce at least one compound of interest (e.g., a compound beneficial to a host organism, e.g., a compound beneficial to the microbe, e.g., a compound beneficial to a host environment, e.g., a compound detrimental to a pathogenic organism, e.g., at least one vitamin, e.g., at least one amino acid, e.g., methionine). [0034] In some embodiments the methane-reducing microbe has substantially improved fitness (e.g., survival, e.g., growth, e.g., proliferation, e.g., consumption of a compound of interest, e.g., production of a compound of interest) in a particular environment (e.g., a microenvironment, e.g., a macroenvironment, e.g., a rumen, etc.). [0035] In some embodiments, the fitness of the methane-reducing microbe is compared to the fitness of a reference microbe [e.g., a microbe which has not undergone any of (i), (ii), or (iii), e.g., a naturally-occurring microbe]. Page 8 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0036] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to a microbe prepared by the any of the methods described herein. [0037] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to a methane-reducing preparation comprising a carrier component and a payload component, wherein the payload component is associated with (e.g., encapsulated in, adhered to, dispersed in) the carrier component; and wherein the payload component comprises: (i) a microbe component; (ii) an enzyme component; (iii) one or more other payload component(s), or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), or (iii). [0038] In some embodiments, the carrier component comprises at least one carbohydrate, at least one polymer, and/or at least one lipid. [0039] In some embodiments, the carrier component further comprises at least one binder (or compound) configured to promote in muco adhesion within a rumen. [0040] In some embodiments, the at least one microbe component comprises a microbe selected from the group consisting of: a naturally-occurring microbe (e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph), and a microbe prepared by any method described herein. [0041] In some embodiments, at least one enzyme component comprises an enzyme selected from the group consisting of: a purified enzyme, an enzyme contained in microbe cellular debris, an enzyme formulated by an immobilized enzyme technology, and an enzyme prepared by directed evolution. [0042] In some embodiments, wherein the excipient component comprises a microenvironment modulator, wherein the microenvironment modulator is characterized as: (i) useful in improving the microbe growth (e.g., at least one methanotroph nutrient, e.g., at least one methanotroph growth activator); (ii) useful in allowing the methane-reduction reaction to occur (e.g., oxygen); (iii) useful in modulating an environment in which the microbe is disposed in (e.g., modulating pH, e.g., modulating salinity, e.g., modulating features of a rumen that will affect methanotroph growth, survival, etc.) (iv) useful in hindering the growth of a methane- producing microbe (e.g., methanogen). Page 9 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0043] In some embodiments, the preparation includes at least 10^12 methanotrophs. [0044] In some embodiments, the preparation comprises particles. [0045] In some embodiments, the preparation comprises a specific gravity of less than 1.001. [0046] In some embodiments, the preparation comprises a specific gravity in a range from about 0.8 to about 0.95. [0047] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to formulation comprising a methane-reducing preparation as described herein and a methane-reducing microbe, wherein the payload component of the methane-reducing preparation consists of the at least one excipient component. [0048] In some embodiments, the at least one excipient component comprises a microenvironment modulator, wherein the microenvironment modulator is characterized as: (i) useful in improving the microbe growth (e.g., at least one methanotroph nutrient, e.g., at least one methanotroph growth activator); (ii) useful in allowing the methane-reduction reaction to occur (e.g., oxygen); (iii) useful in modulating an environment in which the microbe is disposed in (e.g., modulating pH, e.g., modulating salinity, e.g., modulating features of a rumen that will affect methanotroph growth, survival, etc.); and (iv) useful in hindering the growth of a methane-producing microbe (e.g., methanogen). [0049] In some embodiments, the preparation, when administered to an organism (e.g., administered to a ruminant) is characterized by a reduced output of a product (e.g., a compound, e.g., a greenhouse gas, e.g., a hydrocarbon, e.g., methane). [0050] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to consumable composition (e.g., an animal feed, e.g., an animal water) comprising any preparation as described herein. Page 10 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0051] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to an agricultural composition (e.g., a fertilizer, e.g., a pesticide, e.g., an herbicide) comprising the preparation as described herein. [0052] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to a method for reducing a methane output (e.g., greenhouse gas outputs, e.g., methane) from an organism, the method comprising the step of administering a methane-reducing microbe to (e.g., feeding) an organism (e.g., a ruminant). [0053] In some embodiments, the microbe is selected from the group consisting of: a naturally-occurring microbe (e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph species), a microbe prepared by any of the methods described herein. [0054] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to reduced-methane organism (e.g., an organism comprising a rumen, e.g., a ruminant) prepared (e.g., cultivated, e.g., reared, e.g., raised) by administering to (e.g., feeding) the reduced-output organism at least one microbe. [0055] In some embodiments, the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of: a naturally-occurring microbe (e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph species), an microbe prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 5. [0056] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to method of in vitro methanotroph directed evolution comprising: providing a culturable methanotroph, the culturable methanotroph comprising a known or determinable genome sequence; mutagenizing the culturable methanotroph, creating a mutagenized methanotroph; growing a selected culture from the mutagenized methanotroph, wherein growing comprises: disposing the mutagenized methanotroph within a reaction vessel; establishing desired atmospheric conditions within the reaction vessel; and repeating one or more process steps within the reaction vessel until a desired methanotroph culture growth rate is achieved; cloning the selected culture; optionally verifying a hit clone phenotype of the selected culture; and optionally characterizing a hit clone genotype of the selected culture. Page 11 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0057] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to a method of in vivo methanotroph directed evolution comprising: providing a culturable methanotroph, the culturable methanotroph comprising a known or determinable genome sequence; mutagenizing the culturable methanotroph, creating a mutagenized methanotroph; growing a selected culture from the mutagenized methanotroph, wherein growing comprises: disposing the mutagenized methanotroph within a rumen via at least one of a fistula and a cannula coupled to a rumen; optionally changing the environment of a rumen via the at least one fistula / cannula; optionally establishing desired conditions within a rumen; and optionally adjusting the desired conditions within a rumen until a desired methanotroph culture growth rate is achieved; optionally cloning the selected culture using a portion of a rumen; optionally verifying a hit clone phenotype of the selected culture; and optionally characterizing a hit clone genotype of the selected culture. [0058] In some embodiments, changing the environment of a rumen via the at least one fistula / cannula, wherein changing the environment of a rumen comprises at least one of increasing the oxygen content of a rumen, changing the pH of a rumen, changing the ionic strength of a rumen, changing the temperature of a rumen, changing the dilution rate of a rumen, and changing the salinity of a rumen. [0059] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to method of promoting health or longevity in an animal, the method comprising: (i) providing an effective amount of the any preparation as described herein. [0060] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to a method of reducing methane outputs from a ruminant comprising: providing a methanotroph in a native state; and disposing the methanotroph in a rumen of the ruminant. [0061] In some embodiments, the method includes disposing at least one enzyme in a rumen. [0062] In some embodiments, the at least one enzyme comprises as least one of EC 1.14.13.25, EC 1.14.18.3, and EC 1.14.13.230. Page 12 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0063] In some embodiments, the methane-reducing microbe is or comprises a methane- metabolizing microbe. [0064] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to a method for preparing a microbe (e.g., a methanotroph), the method comprising a step of: (i) culturing; (ii) directed evolution (e.g., to optimize performance of the microbe in a particular environment, e.g., to produce a particular compound, e.g., to maximize growth or growth rate); (iii) genetic engineering [e.g., applied in vitro to a microbe, e.g., transformation (e.g., heat-shock, e.g., electroporation)]; or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), and (iii). [0065] In some embodiments, the microbe comprises a methane-metabolizing microbe. [0066] In another aspect, the present embodiments are directed to a formulation comprising: a methane-reducing preparation as described herein; and a methane-metabolizing microbe as described herein. [0067] In some embodiments, the methane-reducing microbe results in a methane emissions reduction from a ruminant in a range of about 25% to about 100%. [0068] In some embodiments, a preparation according to the present embodiments, when administered to an organism (e.g., administered to swamps, landfills, rice paddies, wetlands, coal mines, wastewater, soil, manure, oceans, volcanoes, wildfires, termite colonies, solid waste, oil and gas reserves, oil wells, gas depots, oil deposits, etc.) is characterized by a reduced output of a product (e.g., a compound, e.g., a greenhouse gas, e.g., a hydrocarbon, e.g., methane). [0069] In another aspect, the present embodiment are directed to a method of reducing methane outputs from an environment comprising: providing a methanotroph in a native state; and disposing the methanotroph in the environment. [0070] In some embodiments, microbe preparations may be used to reduce emissions of gasses such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and/or hydrogen sulfide from mammals (e.g., humans), thereby resulting in reduced flatulence and/or burping. In some embodiments, a resulting modification to (for example, a decrease in) the odor of the flatulence Page 13 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 and/or burps occurs. In some embodiment, the microbe preparations may be formulated as a dry powder that can be ingested or administered as a capsule or drink mix, and/or added to food. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING [0071] Aspects and embodiments of the present embodiments are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of certain features and advantages of various aspects of the present disclosed embodiments may be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, e.g., in which the principles of the embodiments are utilized, and the accompanying figures of the drawing, of which: [0072] FIG.1A shows, in a non-limiting example, images of an exemplary particle preparation comprising a model microbe as a payload component. [0073] FIG.1B shows, in a non-limiting example, images of an exemplary particle preparation comprising a model microbe and methionine as payload components. [0074] FIG.2A shows, in a non-limiting example, images of an exemplary microbe preparation comprising a model microbe as a payload component in either simulated rumen fluid (Panel 1, Panel 2) or water (Panel 3, Panel 4) after incubation at 37°C for 72 hours. [0075] FIG.2B shows, in a non-limiting example, images of an exemplary microbe preparation comprising a model microbe and methionine as payload components in either simulated rumen fluid (Panel 1, Panel 2) or water (Panel 3, Panel 4) after incubation at 37°C for 72 hours. [0076] FIG.2C shows, in a non-limiting example, brightfield microscopy image of an exemplary microbe preparation comprising a model microbe as a payload component after incubation in simulated rumen fluid at 37°C for 72 hours and subsequent drying. [0077] FIG.2D shows, in a non-limiting example, a brightfield microscopy image of an exemplary microbe preparation comprising a model microbe and methionine as payload Page 14 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 components after incubation in simulated rumen fluid at 37°C for 72 hours and subsequent drying. [0078] FIG.2E shows, in a non-limiting example, brightfield microscopy images of an exemplary microbe preparation comprising a model microbe as a payload component in water. [0079] FIG.3A shows, in a non-limiting example, images of an exemplary dry animal feed pellet incorporated with a microbe preparation comprising a model microbe as a payload component. [0080] FIG.3B shows, in a non-limiting example, images of an exemplary dry animal feed pellet without an incorporated microbe preparation. [0081] FIG.3C shows, in a non-limiting example, cross-sectional images of exemplary dry animal feed pellet with and without a microbe preparation comprising a model microbe as a payload component. [0082] FIG.4A depicts a schematic of a non-limiting example of a coated matrix. [0083] FIG.4B depicts a schematic of a non-limiting example of a carrier or shell with microbes. [0084] FIG.4C depicts a schematic of a non-limiting example of a matrix with microbes. [0085] FIG.5A depicts a schematic of a non-limiting example an organism to which a methane-reducing preparation may be administered. [0086] FIG.5B depicts a schematic of a non-limiting example a rumen of an organism to which a methane-reducing preparation may be administered. [0087] FIG.6 depicts an overall process flow chart for preparing methane-reducing preparations and methods for administering the same. Page 15 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0088] FIG.7 depicts an overall process flow chart for preparing methane-reducing microbes utilizing directed evolution. [0089] FIG.8 depicts a process flow chart for a mutagenesis process. [0090] FIG.9 depicts a process flow chart for an in vitro selection process. [0091] FIG.10 depicts a process flow chart for cloning a selected culture. [0092] FIG.11 depicts a process flow chart for a phenotype verification process. [0093] FIG.12 depicts a process flow chart for a genotype characterization process. DEFINITIONS [0094] Ambient: The term “ambient”, as used herein, refers to a typical indoor (e.g., climate-controlled) temperature, usually within a range of about 18° C to about 32° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is within a range of about 20° C to about 30° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 25±5° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is approximately 21° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 18° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 19° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 20° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 21° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 22° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 23° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 24° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 25° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 26° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 27° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 28° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 29° C. In some embodiments, ambient temperature is 30° C. In some embodiments, ambient may be used to describe outdoor conditions, and may include temperatures ranging from about 15° C to about 40° C, or from about 25° C to about 40° C. [0095] Biocompatible: As used herein, the term “biocompatible” is used to describe a characteristic of not causing significant detectable harm to living tissue when placed in contact therewith e.g., in vivo. In certain embodiments, materials are “biocompatible” if they are not Page 16 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 significantly toxic to cells, e.g., when contacted therewith in a relevant amount and/or under relevant conditions such as over a relevant period of time. In certain embodiments, materials are “biocompatible” if their addition to cells in vitro results in less than or equal to 20% cell death, and/or their administration in vivo does not induce significant inflammation or other adverse effects. [0096] Comparable: As used herein, the term “comparable” refers to two or more agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, etc., that may not be identical to one another but that are sufficiently similar to permit comparison therebetween so that one skilled in the art will appreciate that conclusions may reasonably be drawn based on differences or similarities observed. In some embodiments, comparable sets of conditions, circumstances, individuals, or populations are characterized by a plurality of substantially identical features and one or a small number of varied features. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, in context, what degree of identity is required in any given circumstance for two or more such agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, etc. to be considered comparable. For example, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that sets of circumstances, individuals, or populations are comparable to one another when characterized by a sufficient number and type of substantially identical features to warrant a reasonable conclusion that differences in results obtained or phenomena observed under or with different sets of circumstances, individuals, or populations are caused by or indicative of the variation in those features that are varied. [0097] Degradation: As used herein, the term “degradation” refers to a change in chemical structure and often involves breakage of at least one chemical bond. To say that a chemical compound is degraded typically means that that the chemical structure of the chemical compound has changed (e.g., a chemical bond is broken). Common mechanisms of degradation include, for example, oxidation, hydrolysis, isomerization, fragmentation, or a combination thereof. [0098] Diameter: As used herein, the term “diameter” is used to refer the longest distance from one end of a particle to another end of the particle. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a variety of techniques are available for use in characterizing particle diameters (i.e., particle sizes). In some instances, for example, size of particles (e.g., diameter of particles) Page 17 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 can be measured by a Coulter Counter. In some instances, for example, size of particles (e.g., diameter of particles) can be measured by a Malvern Mastersizer. In some embodiments, a population of particles is characterized by an average size (e.g., D[3,2], D[4,3], etc.) and/or by particular characteristics of size distribution (e.g., absence of particles above or below particular sizes [e.g., Dv10, Dv20, Dv30, Dv40, Dv50, Dv60, Dv70, Dv80, Dv90, Dv99, etc.], a unimodal, bimodal, or multimodal distribution, etc.) [0099] Directed Evolution: As used herein, the term “directed evolution” is used to refer to a method used in engineering that mimics the process of natural selection to steer organisms (E.g., microorganisms, microbes, bacteria, yeast, archaea, viruses, etc.), proteins (e.g., enzymes, etc.), or nucleic acids toward a user-defined goal and/or function. [0100] Encapsulated: As used herein, the term “encapsulated” is used to refer to a characteristic of being physically associated with, and in some embodiments partly or wholly covered or coated. For example, in many embodiments of the present disclosure, a payload component (e.g., a microbe component and/or a nutrient component) is described as being encapsulated by a polymer component. [0101] Engineered: In general, the term “engineered” refers to the aspect of having been manipulated by the hand of man. For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is considered to be “engineered” when two or more sequences that are not linked together in that order in nature are manipulated by the hand of man to be directly linked to one another in the engineered polynucleotide and/or when a particular residue in a polynucleotide is non-naturally occurring and/or is caused through action of the hand of man to be linked with an entity or moiety with which it is not linked in nature. Comparably, a cell or organism is considered to be “engineered” if it has been subjected to a manipulation or selection, so that its genetic, epigenetic, and/or phenotypic identity is altered relative to an appropriate reference cell such as otherwise identical cell that has not been so manipulated or selected. As is common practice and is understood by those in the art, progeny of an engineered polynucleotide or cell are typically still referred to as “engineered” even though the actual manipulation was performed on a prior entity. Page 18 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0102] Genetic engineering: As used herein, the term “genetic engineering” means the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. [0103] Homogenous: As used herein, the term “homogenous” means of substantially uniform structure and/or composition throughout. [0104] Layer: As used herein, the term “layer” typically refers to a material disposed above or below a distinguishable material. In some embodiments, a particular entity or preparation (e.g., particle preparation) is described as “layered” if it is prepared via a process in which a first material is laid down and then a second material is applied atop or underneath the first material(e.g., as by dipping or spraying, etc); in some such embodiments, physical or chemical distinctness of layers may be maintained over time, whereas in some such embodiments, physical or chemical distinctness of layers may decay over time, at least at layer interface(s). Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a particular sample or preparation may be described as layered, independent of its mode of preparation, so long as at a particular point in time and/or using a particular mode of assessment, distinct materials can be identified in a layered structure. In some embodiments, a “layered” particle may include one or more layers that wholly encapsulate a material below. In some embodiments, a “layered” particle may include one or more layers that does not wholly encapsulate a material below. In some embodiments, at least one layer of a layered preparation is or comprises a polymer, e.g., a pH responsive polymer or a temperature responsive polymer. In some embodiments, each layer of a layered preparation is or comprises a polymer, e.g., a pH responsive polymer or a temperature-responsive polymer. [0105] Methane-reducing: The phrase “methane-reducing” is used herein to refer to agents, entities, or compositions (e.g., methane-reducing compositions, methane-reducing microbes, methane-reducing enzymes, etc.) whose presence in a methane-containing system correlates with and/or is sufficient to achieve, a lower level of (e.g., a reduction in) methane level as compared with that observed absent the agent, entity, or composition (e.g., when contacted with the system in an appropriate amount and/or for an appropriate period of time). Page 19 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 In many embodiments, reduction in methane level is achieved by redox reaction – e.g., by oxidation of methane. [0106] Nutraceutical composition: As used herein, the term “nutraceutical composition” refers to a substance or material that is or comprises a nutraceutical agent (e.g., a nutraceutical). Those skilled in the art will be aware of a variety of agents understood in the art to be nutraceutical agents such as, for example, agents that are or comprise one or more antioxidants, macronutrients, micronutrients, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, vitamins, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a nutraceutical is or comprises a carotenoid compound such as alpha-lipoic acid, astaxanthin, adonixanthin, adonirubin, beta- carotene, coenzyme Q10, lutein, lycopene, or zeaxanthin. In some embodiments, a nutraceutical is or comprises a vitamin such as vitamin D. In many embodiments, a nutraceutical agent is a natural product, and in certain such embodiments it is a product produced by plants. Many nutraceutical agents are compounds that have been reported or demonstrated to confer a benefit or provide protection against a disease in an animal or a plant. In some cases, nutraceuticals may be used to improve health, delay the aging process, protect against chronic diseases, increase life expectancy, or support the structure or function of the body of an animal, such as a human, a pet animal, an agricultural animal, or another domesticated animal. [0107] Particle: As used herein, the term “particle” is used to refer to a discrete physical entity, typically having a size (e.g., a longest cross-section, such as a diameter) within a range. For example, a particle can have a size of about 1-3000 µm, about 1-2000 µm, about 1- 1000 µm, about 1-500 µm, about 1-50 µm, about 1-300 µm, about 1-200 µm, about 1-100 µm, about 1-50 µm, about 1-25 µm, or about 1-10 µm. In some embodiments, a particle may describe or include animal pellets ranging in size up to 1 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 25 mm, and even about 50 mm (about 2 inches) in diameter. A “particle” is not limited to a particular shape or form, for example, having a cross-section shape of a sphere, an oval, a triangle, a square, a hexagon, or an irregular shape. In some cases, particles can be solid particles. In some cases, particles can be liquid particles. In some cases, particles can be gel or gel-like particles. In some cases, particles may have a particle-in-particle structure wherein a layer of one material (e.g., one type of polymer component) encapsulates another material (e.g., another type of polymer Page 20 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 component, which may itself encapsulate yet another, or rather may be or comprise a “core” – e.g., a polymer matrix core – of the particle). [0108] Parts per million (ppm): As used herein, 1 ppm (“parts per million”) is equivalent to 1 milligram per liter (mg/L) or 1 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg). [0109] pH Responsive: The term “pH-responsive” is used to refer to certain polymer component(s) as described herein, and in particular means that the relevant polymer component is characterized in that one or more aspects of its structure or arrangement is altered when exposed to a change in pH condition (e.g., to a particular pH and/or to a pH change of particular magnitude). In some embodiments, a polymer component is considered to be “pH-responsive” if, when the relevant polymer component is associated with a payload component in a particle preparation as described herein, the particle preparation releases the payload component under specific pH condition(s). In some embodiments, >90% of payload component is released from a particle preparation that includes a pH-responsive polymer component within 15 minutes when the particle preparation is exposed to a particular defined pH condition (e.g., within a range of defined pH values and/or at a specific pH value); in some embodiments, such release results when such contacting occurs at temperatures between 33-40°C, and in aqueous-based buffers of ionic strength ranging from 0.001-0.151 M (e.g., water, simulated gastric fluid, gastric fluid, simulated intestinal fluid, intestinal fluid) with osmolality between 1-615 mOsm/kg. In some embodiments, a pH-responsive polymer component is one that degrades when exposed to a particular pH or pH change. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a pH-responsive polymer component is one that becomes soluble, or significantly (e.g., (e.g., by at least about 5%) increases its solubility when exposed to a particular pH level, or pH change. In some embodiments, a pH-responsive polymer component includes one or more moieties whose protonation state changes at the relevant pH or in response to the relevant pH change. For example, in some embodiments, a pH responsive polymer component includes one or more amine moieties that become protonated upon exposure to a relevant pH or pH chance. [0110] Probiotic: As used herein, the term “probiotic” is used to refer to compositions that are or include a live micro-organism (e.g., bacterium, fungus, virus, or bacteriophage) that Page 21 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 is not harmful to certain animals (e.g., ruminants and/or humans) so that it can safely be ingested thereby. In some embodiments, a probiotic is reported or known to provide one or more health benefits when ingested, consumed, or otherwise administered. [0111] Reference: As used herein describes a standard or control relative to which a comparison is made. For example, in some embodiments, an agent, animal, individual, population, sample, sequence or value of interest is compared with a reference or control agent, animal, individual, population, sample, sequence or value. In some embodiments, a reference or control is tested and/or determined substantially simultaneously with the testing or determination of interest. In some embodiments, a reference or control is a historical reference or control, optionally embodied in a tangible medium. Typically, as would be understood by those skilled in the art, a reference or control is determined or characterized under comparable conditions or circumstances to those under assessment. Those skilled in the art will appreciate when sufficient similarities are present to justify reliance on and/or comparison to a particular possible reference or control. [0112] Residual solvent: As used herein, the term “residual solvent” refers to a solvent that remains in a material after manufacture or processing of the material. In some embodiments, level of residual solvent is assessed by HPLC, mass spec, NMR, FTIR, and/or gas chromatography. [0113] Stable: The term “stable,” when applied to compositions herein, means that the compositions maintain (e.g., as determined by one or more analytical assessments) one or more aspects of their physical structure and/or performance characteristic(s) (e.g., activity) over a period of time and/or under a designated set of conditions. When an assessed composition is a particle composition, in some embodiments, as will be clear from context to those skilled in the art, the term “stable” refers to maintenance of a characteristic such as average particle size, maximum and/or minimum particle size, range of particle sizes, and/or distribution of particle sizes (i.e., the percentage of particles above a designated size and/or outside a designated range of sizes) over a period of time and/or under a designated set of conditions. [0114] Temperature-responsive: As used herein, the term “temperature-responsive” is used to refer to certain polymer component(s) as described herein, and in particular means that Page 22 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 the relevant polymer component is characterized in that one or more aspects of its structure or arrangement is altered when exposed to a change in temperature condition (e.g., to a particular temperature and/or to a temperature change of particular magnitude). In some embodiments, a polymer component is considered to be “temperature-responsive” if, when the relevant polymer component is associated with a payload component in a particle preparation as described herein, amorphous regions of the polymer component experience a transition from a rigid state (e.g., glassy state) to a more fluid-like flexible state (e.g., more conducive to flow), at a temperature close to the point of transition from the solid state to rubbery state (e.g., glass transition). [0115] Water activity: As used herein, “water activity” of a material is an indication (e.g., a measurement) of how much free (i.e., available to bind or react) water is present in the material, and is typically determined as the ratio of the vapor pressure of water in a material (p) to the vapor pressure of pure water (p0) at the same temperature. For example, a water activity of 0.80 means the vapor pressure is 80 percent of that of pure water. Water activity typically increases with temperature. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with three basic water activity measurement systems: Preventive Electrolytic Hygrometers (REH), Capacitance Hygrometers, and Dew Point Hygrometers (sometimes called chilled mirror). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS Methane-Reducing Compositions [0116] Among other things, the present disclosure provides methane-reducing compositions (e.g., methane-reducing particle preparations). Those skilled in the art, reading the present disclosure, will appreciate that a “methane-reducing composition” is one whose presence in a system (e.g., in an appropriate amount and for an appropriate period of time, as will be understood by those skilled in the art) correlates with and/or is sufficient to achieve a lower level of methane than is observed in the same system absent the composition. [0117] In many embodiments, a methane-reducing composition provided and/or utilized in accordance with the present disclosure is or comprises a methane-reducing microbe. In many Page 23 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 embodiments, a methane-reducing microbe is a microbe that metabolizes methane (e.g., by oxidation). [0118] Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a methane-reducing compositions provided and/or utilized in accordance with the present disclosure is or comprises a methane-reducing enzyme. In many embodiments, a methane-reducing enzyme acts to oxidize methane. [0119] In some embodiments, a methane-reducing composition comprises a carrier component, a payload component (e.g., that is or comprises a methane-reducing microbe and/or a methane-reducing enzyme), or a combination thereof. For example, a payload component may be associated with a carrier component. Non-limiting embodiments may include a payload component being encapsulated in, surrounded by, dispersed in, adhered to, mixed with, complexed with etc. a carrier component. FIG.4 demonstrates a non-limiting exemplary embodiment of a methane-reducing preparation. [0120] In some embodiments, provided methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane- reducing particle preparations) are characterized by low organic solvent and/or by low water activity as described herein. [0121] In some instances, methane-reducing compositions (e.g., methane-reducing preparations, e.g., methane-reducing compositions) disclosed herein comprise a residual solvent content lower than a predetermined amount. In some cases, the residual solvent is an organic solvent, for example, hexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, methylene chloride, methanol, dichloromethane, isopropyl alcohol (i.e., 2-propanol), or any combination thereof. In some cases, the total residual solvent content is lower than 5000 ppm. In some cases, the total residual solvent content is lower than 1000 ppm. In some cases, the total residual solvent content is lower than 100 ppm. [0122] In some instances, the residual solvent is dichloromethane, and the residual dichloromethane content is less than 5 ppm. In some instances, the residual solvent is hexane, and the residual hexane content is less than 50 ppm. Page 24 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0123] In some instances, the residual solvent is isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol), and the residual isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) content is less than 50 ppm. In some instances, the residual solvent is ethanol, and the residual ethanol content is less than 50 ppm. [0124] In some instances, the residual solvent is methanol, and the residual methanol content is less than 50 ppm. In some instances, the residual solvent is ethyl acetate, and the residual ethyl acetate content is less than 50 ppm. In some instances, the residual solvent is acetone, and the residual acetone content is less than 50 ppm. [0125] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methane-reducing particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing compositions) with low water activity. Disclosed technologies provide benefit over existing products because high water activity formulations lead to rapid degradation of nutraceuticals. [0126] In many embodiments, methane-reducing compositions (e.g., methane-reducing particle preparations) as described and/or utilized herein are characterized in that they are substantially free of residual solvent. In some embodiment, such substantially-solvent-free character is achieved without specific solvent removal step(s). [0127] Typically, a methane-reducing compositions (e.g., methane-reducing particle preparations)is considered to be “solvent free” (e.g., “residual solvent free”) if no residual solvent (e.g., no organic solvent) is detected in the preparation above a level of about 1 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 20 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 50 ppm, about 60 ppm, about 70 ppm, about 80 ppm, about 90 ppm, about 100 ppm, about 200 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 1000 ppm, about 2000 ppm, about 3000 ppm, or about 4000 ppm. [0128] In some embodiments, methane-reducing compositions (e.g., methane-reducing particle preparations) described and/or utilized disclosed herein comprise residual solvent (e.g., low residual solvent). In some cases, a residual solvent is an organic solvent. In some embodiments, a residual solvent may be or comprise, for example, hexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, methylene chloride, methanol, dichloromethane, isopropyl alcohol (i.e., 2- propanol), or a combination thereof. Page 25 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0129] In some cases, residual solvent content of a methane-reducing composition (e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation) is less than about 4000 ppm, about 3000 ppm, about 2000 ppm, about 1000 ppm, about 900 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 700 ppm, about 600 pm, about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 200 ppm, about 100 ppm, about 90 ppm, about 80 ppm, about 70 ppm, about 60 ppm, about 50 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 20 ppm, or about 10 ppm. [0130] In some instances, a residual solvent is or comprises dichloromethane, and a methane-reducing composition (e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation) comprises less than about 5 ppm of the dichloromethane. [0131] In some instances, a residual solvent is or comprises hexane, and methane- reducing composition (e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation) less than about 50 ppm of hexane. [0132] In some instances, a residual solvent is or comprises isopropyl alcohol (2- propanol), and methane-reducing composition (e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation) comprises less than about 50 ppm of isopropyl alcohol. [0133] In some instances, a residual solvent is or comprises ethanol, and a methane- reducing composition (e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation) comprises less than about 50 ppm of ethanol. [0134] In some instances, residual solvent is or comprises methanol, and a methane- reducing composition (e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation) comprises less than about 50 ppm of methanol. [0135] In some instances, residual solvent is or comprises ethyl acetate, and a methane- reducing composition (e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation) comprises less than about 50 ppm of ethyl acetate. [0136] In some instances, residual solvent is or comprises acetone, and a methane- reducing composition (e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation) comprises less than about 50 ppm of acetone. Page 26 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0137] In some embodiments, a methane-reducing composition (e.g., a methane- reducing particle preparation) is characterized in having a water activity of less than about less than about 0.6, less than about 0.5, less than about 0.4, less than about 0.3, about 0.25, about 0.2, about 0.15, about 0.1, about 0.09, about 0.08, about 0.07, about 0.06, about 0.05, about 0.04, about 0.03, about 0.02, or about 0.01. Methane-Reducing Microbes [0138] As disclosed herein, a microbe (e.g., a methane-reducing microbe) may be useful in reducing a methane output. Methane-reducing microbes (e.g., methane-metabolizing microbes, e.g., methanotrophs) may perform metabolic functions and/or initiate chemical reactions that result in the digestion, reduction, or consumption of methane. For example, a methane-reducing microbe may be or is a methanotroph. [0139] In some embodiments, a methane-reducing microbe (e.g., a methanotroph) may be (i) a naturally-occurring microbe, (ii) a genetically-engineered microbe, and/or (iii) a directed evolution microbe. [0140] In some cases, a methane-reducing microbe (e.g., a methanotroph) may perform metabolic functions and/or initiate/catalyze/perform chemical reactions that result in the inhibition or consumption of an enzyme (e.g., methyl coenzyme M reductase, e.g., other precursors that catalyze/initiate/enable/facilitate methanogenesis). [0141] In some embodiments, a methane-reducing microbe may produce one or more (e.g., secrete, display, express, etc.) molecules and/or compounds (e.g., enzymes, proteins, small molecules, etc.) that promote methane reduction/digestion/consumption capacity and/or efficiency. In some embodiments, a methane-reducing microbe may naturally produce such molecule(s) or compound(s). In some embodiments, a methane-reducing microbe may be engineered to produce such molecule(s) or compound(s), or to do so at a higher level and/or faster rate and/or for a longer time and/or at a particular developmental time and/or under particular conditions than it does without having been engineered. In some embodiments, a methane-reducing microbe that produces relevant molecule(s) and/or compound(s) (e.g., at a relevant level and/or faster rate and/or for a particular period of time and/or at a particular Page 27 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 developmental time and/or under particular conditions) may have been screened and/or selected (e.g., via directed evolution) to do so.. [0142] Methanotrophs (and related bacteria) can be cultured for the industrial conversion of methane to varying products. For example, methanotrophs have been used to make: animal feed (e.g., single cell protein, etc.), polyhydroxyalkaonate biopolymers (e.g., poly-b-hydroxybutyrate, etc.), ectoine, lipids (e.g., fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty acid methyl esters, etc.), glycoproteins (e.g., cell surface glycoproteins, etc.), siderophores (e.g., methanobactin, etc.), antimicrobials (e.g., bacteriocins, etc.), organic acids (e.g., lactic acid, etc.), carotenoids (e.g., isoprene, etc.), recombinant proteins (e.g., IgG, etc.), etc. [0143] In some embodiments, a methanotroph may be or is a naturally occurring Methylobacter luteus, Methylobacter marinus, Methylobacter tundripaludum, Methylobacter whittenburyi, Methylobacter sp.BBA5.1, Methylocaldum szegediense, Methylococcus capsulatus Bath, Methylococcus capsulatus Texas, Methylogaea oryzae, Methyloglobulus morosus KoM1, Methylohalobius crimeensis 10Ki, Methylomarinum vadi IT-4, Methylomarinovum caldicuralii, Methylomicrobium agile A30, Methylomicrobium album BG8, Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z, Methylomicrobium buryatense 5G, Methylomonas methanica MC09, Methylomonas LW13, Methylomonas paludis, Methylomonas lenta, Methyloparacoccus murrellii, Methyloprofundus sedimenti, Methylosarcina fibrata AML-C10, Methylosarcina lacus LW14, Methylothermus subterraneus HTM55, Methylovulum miyakonense HT12, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Methylosinus sp.LW4, Methylocystis rosea SV97, Methylocystis Rockwell, Methylocystis parvus OBBp, Methylocystis sp. SC2, Methylocystis sp. SB2, Methylocella silvestris, Methylocapsa acidiphila B2, Methylocapsa aurea KYG, Methyloferula stellata AR4, Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, Methylacidiphilum kamchatkensis Kam1, Methylacidiphilum infernorum V4, Methylacidimicrobium cyclopophantes, Methylacidimicrobium tartarophylax, or Methylacidimicrobium fagopyrum. [0144] In some embodiments, a methanotroph may be or is a genetically engineered Methylobacter luteus, Methylobacter marinus, Methylobacter tundripaludum, Methylobacter whittenburyi, Methylobacter sp.BBA5.1, Methylocaldum szegediense, Methylococcus Page 28 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 capsulatus Bath, Methylococcus capsulatus Texas, Methylogaea oryzae, Methyloglobulus morosus KoM1, Methylohalobius crimeensis 10Ki, Methylomarinum vadi IT-4, Methylomarinovum caldicuralii, Methylomicrobium agile A30, Methylomicrobium album BG8, Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z, Methylomicrobium buryatense 5G, Methylomonas methanica MC09, Methylomonas LW13, Methylomonas paludis, Methylomonas lenta, Methyloparacoccus murrellii, Methyloprofundus sedimenti, Methylosarcina fibrata AML-C10, Methylosarcina lacus LW14, Methylothermus subterraneus HTM55, Methylovulum miyakonense HT12, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Methylosinus sp.LW4, Methylocystis rosea SV97, Methylocystis Rockwell, Methylocystis parvus OBBp, Methylocystis sp. SC2, Methylocystis sp. SB2, Methylocella silvestris, Methylocapsa acidiphila B2, Methylocapsa aurea KYG, Methyloferula stellata AR4, Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, Methylacidiphilum kamchatkensis Kam1, Methylacidiphilum infernorum V4, Methylacidimicrobium cyclopophantes, Methylacidimicrobium tartarophylax, or Methylacidimicrobium fagopyrum. [0145] In some embodiments, a methanotroph may be or is a Methylobacter luteus, Methylobacter marinus, Methylobacter tundripaludum, Methylobacter whittenburyi, Methylobacter sp.BBA5.1, Methylocaldum szegediense, Methylococcus capsulatus Bath, Methylococcus capsulatus Texas, Methylogaea oryzae, Methyloglobulus morosus KoM1, Methylohalobius crimeensis 10Ki, Methylomarinum vadi IT-4, Methylomarinovum caldicuralii, Methylomicrobium agile A30, Methylomicrobium album BG8, Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z, Methylomicrobium buryatense 5G, Methylomonas methanica MC09, Methylomonas LW13, Methylomonas paludis, Methylomonas lenta, Methyloparacoccus murrellii, Methyloprofundus sedimenti, Methylosarcina fibrata AML-C10, Methylosarcina lacus LW14, Methylothermus subterraneus HTM55, Methylovulum miyakonense HT12, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Methylosinus sp.LW4, Methylocystis rosea SV97, Methylocystis Rockwell, Methylocystis parvus OBBp, Methylocystis sp. SC2, Methylocystis sp. SB2, Methylocella silvestris, Methylocapsa acidiphila B2, Methylocapsa aurea KYG, Methyloferula stellata AR4, Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, Methylacidiphilum kamchatkensis Kam1, Methylacidiphilum infernorum V4, Methylacidimicrobium cyclopophantes, Methylacidimicrobium tartarophylax, or Page 29 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 Methylacidimicrobium fagopyrum that is screened or selected by directed evolution to have one or more desired characteristics (e.g., as set forth herein). [0146] In some cases, methane-reducing microbes may produce (e.g., secrete, display, express, etc.) one or more (multiple) compounds/vitamins/nutrients/molecules/organisms (e.g., methionine, phage, Vitamin B12, methanotrophs, etc.) that are beneficial to a host organism. For example, animal feed (e.g., single cell protein, etc.), polyhydroxyalkaonate biopolymers (e.g., poly-b-hydroxybutyrate, etc.), ectoine, lipids (e.g., fatty acid ethyl esters, fatty acid methyl esters, etc.), glycoproteins (e.g., cell surface glycoproteins, etc.), siderophores (e.g., methanobactin, etc.), antimicrobials (e.g., bacteriocins, etc.), organic acids (e.g., lactic acid, etc.), carotenoids (e.g., isoprene, etc.), recombinant proteins (e.g., IgG, etc.), daughter cells (e.g., methantrophs). [0147] In some embodiments, methane-reducing microbes produce any biomolecule naturally present in cells/organisms such as amino acids (e.g., methionine, etc.), vitamins (e.g., B12, etc.), nucleic acids (e.g., adenine, etc.), sugars (e.g., glucose, etc.), phage. [0148] In some embodiments, methane-reducing microbes produce any biomolecule naturally present in cells/organisms such as amino acids (e.g., methionine, etc.), vitamins (e.g., B12, etc.), nucleic acids (e.g., adenine, etc.), sugars (e.g., glucose, etc.), phage that are associated (e.g., bound) or are part of (e.g., comprise) the daughter cells (e.g., methanotrophs) themselves. [0149] In some embodiments, methane-reducing microbes use methane as a reactant to produce these beneficial compounds/vitamins/nutrients/molecules/organisms. [0150] To date, methanotrophs with the highest grams methionine/grams total amino acids is ~3.1%. In commercial products (e.g., BioProtein) where animal feed is made of bacterial protein derived from bacteria grown on methane in fermenters (e.g., Methylococcus capsulatus, Alcaligenes acidovorans, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus firmus, etc.), the highest reported grams methionine/grams total amino acids is 2.8%. In the rumen of a ruminant (e.g., cow), the grams methionine/grams total amino acids methionine content of microbial derived protein is ~2.3%. Pure methionine overproduction in bacteria is possible and has been attempted Page 30 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 industrially in E. coli and C. glutamicum through genetic/strain engineering. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is possible to achieve higher methionine content in a genetically tractable methanotroph, however, no such precedent exists. Methane-Reducing Enzymes [0151] As disclosed herein, an enzyme (e.g., a methane-reducing enzyme) may be useful in reducing a methane output. [0152] In some cases, methane-reducing enzymes may comprise soluble methane monooxygenases (e.g., EC 1.14.13.25, EC 1.14.18.3, EC 1.14.13.230, etc.). [0153] In some cases, the Michaelis constant (Km) in mM for soluble methane monooxygenases is between 0.001 to 0.005, 0.003 to 0.025, 0.0125 to 0.06, 0.03 to 0.07, 0.05- 0.10, 0.08-0.20, or 0.001 to 0.20. [0154] In some embodiments, a methane-reducing enzyme is utilized (e.g., is incorporated into a provided methane-reducing composition in a purified or pure form. In some embodiments, a methane-reducing enzyme is produced recombinantly. In some embodiments, a methane-reducing enzyme is utilized in a relatively unpurified or crude form – e.g., as part of a (live or dead – e.g., killed) preparation of a microbe that produces such enzyme, and/or a component (e.g., cell debris) thereof. Carrier Components [0155] In some embodiments, methane-reducing compositions as provided and/or utilized in accordance with the present disclosure may include one or more carrier components. Typically, a carrier component does not directly participate in methane reduction, but may, for example, provide or contribute to a feature such as structural cohesion and/or stability, localization and/or retention at a particular site, (selective) advection, convection, diffusion and/or release of relevant entities (e.g., microbial nutrients and/or products), etc. [0156] In some embodiments described herein, carrier components may be described as being rumen stable or having prolonged rumen stability (i.e, carrier components are rumen Page 31 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 stable). For example, rumen stability may include stability within a rumen. Alternatively or additionally, rumen stability may include stability within a rumen-like environment. In some embodiments, a rumen-like environment may include an environment having conditions similar those present within a rumen (e.g., physiologically-relevant rumen conditions). For example, exemplary rumen and/or rumen-like conditions (e.g., physiologically relevant rumen conditions) are presented in Example 3. [0157] FIGS.4A-4C depict a schematic of non-limiting embodiments of a methane- reducing composition 400. A methane-reducing composition 400 may include a carrier component 410 and a payload component 420. In some embodiments, a payload component may be or comprise a microbe component 422, an enzyme component 424, another exemplary payload component 426 disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. As an example, a microbe component 422 may be or comprise a methane-reducing microbe described herein. Further, as another example, an enzyme component 424 may be or comprise a methane-reducing enzyme disclosed herein. [0158] In some embodiments, a methane-reducing composition 400 is or comprises particles. [0159] As illustrated in FIGS.4A-C, a payload component 420 may be associated with a carrier component 410. For example, as illustrated in FIG.4A and FIG.4B, a payload component 420 may be encapsulated in and/or coated with a carrier component 410. [0160] Additionally, as illustrated in FIG.4B, a methane-reducing composition may further comprise a matrix component 430. In some embodiments, a payload component 420 may be dispersed within (e.g., embedded within, e.g., mixed in, e.g., incorporated within) a matrix component 430. [0161] Additionally, as illustrated in FIG.4C, a carrier component 410 may incorporate an exemplary payload component 420. For example, in some embodiments a payload component 420 may be dispersed within (e.g., embedded within, e.g., mixed in, e.g., adhered to) a carrier component 410. In some embodiments, a carrier component 410 may be or comprise a matrix component 430. Page 32 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0162] Further, in some embodiments, a carrier component may be a component which may assist in delivering a payload component. Accordingly, a carrier component may assist in protecting (e.g., aids in long-term stability over a wide range of conditions) a payload component. [0163] In some embodiments, a carrier component is or comprises a polymer component. For example, a polymer component is or comprises at least one polymer. Further, in some instances, polymer component can be a combination of polymers, each of which may or may not be individually rumen stable. [0164] In some instances, a carrier component (e.g., a rumen stable polymer component) may be or comprise one or more cationic polymers, anionic polymers, zwitterionic polymers, nonionic polymers comprising a pH-labile group, or combinations thereof. In some instances, an anionic polymer may comprise acidic groups. For example, in some embodiments, anionic polymers may comprise carboxylic acids (-COOH), sulfonic acids (-SO3H), phosphonic acids, or boronic acids. For example, anionic polymer(s) may be or comprise polymethyl methacrylate and/or cellulose acetate phthalate. [0165] In some instances, a carrier component (e.g., a polymer component) may be or comprise a copolymer comprising methacrylate. For example, a polymer component (e.g., a pH- responsive polymer component) may comprise butyl methacrylate, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate. In some instances, a polymer component may be or comprise poly(butylmethacrylate-co-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate -co- methylmethacrylate). In some embodiments, the carrier component may comprise lipids (Stearic Acid, omega-3 fatty acids, Oleic Acid, palmitic Acid, Palm Oil, Vegetable Oil, Medium chain triglycerides, Long chain triglycerides, Polyunsaturated fatty acids) and/or carbohydrates (Cellulose, Starches, Hydroxyethyl Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Maltodextrin, isomaltulose). [0166] In some instances, a carrier component (e.g., a polymer component) may be or comprise polygalactomannan (e.g., guar gum). Page 33 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0167] In some instances, a carrier component (e.g., a polymer component) may be or comprise a polysaccharide (e.g., chitosan). For example, a carrier component (e.g., a polymer component) may be or comprise hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, chitosan, or dextran. [0168] In some embodiments, a carrier component (e.g., a polymer component) may further comprise at least one binder. A binder may be useful in promoting in muco adhesion. For example, a binder may be useful for promoting in muco adhesion in an in vivo environment, such as within a digestive tract of an animal. As a non-limiting example, a carrier component further comprising a binder may be useful for promoting in muco adhesion in a ruminant’s digestive tract (e.g., within a ruminant’s rumen). [0169] In some cases, enhanced colonization of methane-reducing preparations is enabled by the methane-reducing preparations comprising epithelial binding moieties. [0170] In some cases, enhanced colonization of methane-reducing preparations is enabled by the methane-reducing preparations comprising microbe (e.g., microbes in the rumen either naturally or via administration) binding moieties. [0171] In some cases, mucoadhesion of methane-reducing preparations is enabled by the methane-reducing preparations comprising mucoadhesive polymers. [0172] In some cases, mucoadhesive polymers include polysaccharides such as chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, etc. [0173] In some cases, mucoadhesion of methane-reducing preparations is enabled by the methane-reducing preparations comprising polymers that rapidly diffuse through mucus. [0174] Without being bound by any particular theory, in some embodiments, a carrier component (e.g., a polymer component) may provide for selective mass transfer. For example, selective mass transfer may include diffusion, convection, advection, etc. of certain compounds (e.g., products from a methane-reducing reaction, e.g., methionine). Additionally, selective mass transfer may include diffusion, convention, advection, etc. of certain compounds (e.g., reactants) out of the particle and the diffusion or convection or advection of reactants (e.g., methane, oxygen) into the particle. Page 34 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0175] In some cases, diffusional rate of methane-reducing preparations range from 1x10 ^-8 to 1x10 ^-2 mol/hr of methane into a gram of the formulation. [0176] In some cases, polymers that rapidly diffuse through mucus including polyethylene glycol. [0177] In some cases, the polymer component of the methane-reducing preparation enables floating in the rumen which limits or prevents bypass through the rumen; in some embodiments, via directed evolution the methane-reducing preparation (e.g., without the polymer component) enables floating in the rumen which limits or prevents bypass through the rumen; in some embodiments, via natural methanotroph function the methane-reducing preparation (e.g., without the polymer component) enables floating in the rumen which limits or prevents bypass through the rumen. [0178] In some cases, the polymer component of the methane-reducing preparation limits or prevents the methanotroph from being separated from the polymer and/or particles; in some embodiments this is achieved through electrostatic forces; in some embodiments this is achieved through hydrogen bonding; in some embodiments this is achieved through covalent interactions; in some embodiments this is achieved through non-covalent interactions; in some embodiments this is achieved through ionic interactions; in some embodiments this is achieved through the polymer component being insoluble in the environmental medium (e.g., rumen, animal drink, animal feed, etc.) [0179] In some cases, provided methane-reducing preparations can both, or individually, synthesize and release beneficial compounds/products and allow for reactants to enter methane-reducing preparations; in some embodiments, the polymer components control the rate of product diffusion or convection or advection; in some embodiments, the polymer components control the rate of reactant diffusion or convection or advection; in some embodiments, the polymer components control both product and reactant transport; in some embodiments, [0180] In some cases, the polymer component of the methane-reducing preparation enables enhanced colonization through enhanced binding to, the mucus in the rumen or other Page 35 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 microbes in the rumen or rumen epithelial cells or food/feed in the rumen; in some embodiments, via directed evolution the methane-reducing preparation (e.g., without the polymer component) enables enhanced colonization through enhanced binding to, the mucus in the rumen or other microbes in the rumen or rumen epithelial cells or food/feed in the rumen; in some embodiments, via natural methanotroph function the methane-reducing preparation (e.g., without the polymer component) enables enhanced colonization through enhanced binding to, the mucus in the rumen or other microbes in the rumen or rumen epithelial cells or food/feed in the rumen. [0181] In some cases, colonization of methane-reducing preparations is characterized as having detectable CFU (colony forming units) in the feces of the animal 8 weeks after a single administration of a methane-reducing preparation. Payload Components [0182] In many embodiments, methane-reducing compositions in accordance with the present disclosure are or comprise a payload component. In some embodiments, a payload component is or comprises a methane-reducing component (e.g., a methane-reducing microbe and/or a methane-reducing enzyme). Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a payload component is or comprises an agent that supports viability, growth, persistence, stability, and/or methane-reducing capability of a methane-reducing microbe, or persistence, stability and/or methane-reducing capability of a methane-reducing enzyme. Still further alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a payload component does not necessarily contribute (directly or indirectly) to methane-reduction but may otherwise be useful (e.g., may be beneficial to an aspect of ruminant health or behavior, or otherwise of a feature of an environment to which a provided composition is applied/in which a provided composition is utilized. For example, in some embodiments, a payload component may be or comprise a probiotic, a nutrient, or a combination thereof. [0183] In some embodiments, a payload component utilized in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise (i) a microbe component, (ii) an enzyme component, (iii) another biologically relevant component such as a nutrient (e.g., a micronutrient, a Page 36 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 macronutrient, etc), an environmental modulator (e.g., that impacts the microenvironment within the composition, for example, to the benefit of methane-reducing activity and/or of the health of the ruminant or other environment to which the composition is administered, or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), or (iii). For example, in some instances, a payload component may comprise only a microbe component. In another example, a payload component may comprise only an enzyme component. Or, a payload component may include only non-microbial, non- enzymatic payload component(s). In some cases, methane-reducing compositions may comprise methanogen- reducing or reacting or consuming or digesting or deactivating or killing compounds/chemicals/organisms (e.g., antimicrobials, antibiotics, plant secondary metabolites, etc.) or other compounds/chemicals/organisms that contribute to decreasing methanogen population or growth or viability. In some embodiments, payload components may include methanotroph growth activators such as various modulators that may change the environment around the methanotroph (such as a vessel or rumen) in order to enhance methanotroph growth. In addition, methanotroph growth activators may be used to modulate ONLY the environment inside the particle/formulation. In some embodiments, methanotroph growth activators may include micro and macro environment modulators that change the pH (i.e., buffers, acids, and/or bases), salinity / ionic strength (salts, ions, elements, minerals, ionophore such as monensin (which may be introduced or ingested as a feed and/or salt lick additive), oxygen replacing elements that can be used in anoxic conditions, and/or compounds to increase the methanotroph growth rate or performance. In some embodiments, oxygen replacing elements may include AOM (anaerobic oxidation of methane), nitrite/nitrates/sulfates as oxygen sources (thereby producing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, e.g., nitrogen and sulfur become H2 sinks), thiosulfate, arsenic, selenium (selenate, selenite), bromate, chromium, Ferric citrate (Fe3+), ferrihydrite (Fe3+), and/or birnessite (Mn4+). In some embodiments, compounds to increase the methanotroph growth rate or performance may include copper salts to support methane monooxygenase (i.e., such as methanobactin) as well as nutrients and approaches to localize nutrients to the methanotroph, such as amino acids and sugars. [0184] In some embodiments, payload components may include methanotroph growth activators specifically tailored toward modifying the rumen such as 3-Nitrooxypropanol (an inhibitor of the enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase; MCR catalyzes the final step in Page 37 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 methanogenesis), anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (which stops methanogenesis), and H2 acceptors to decrease excess H2 produced in absence of methanogenesis such as sodium fumarate and sodium acrylate. [0185] In some embodiments, payload components may include feed additives such as fatty acids (i.e., medium chain fatty acids, poly unsaturated fatty acids, etc.) tannins, saporin, flavonoids, and/or essential oils. [0186] In some embodiments, a payload component may be or comprise one or more agents (e.g., compounds/chemicals/organisms) that reduce, react, consume, digest, deactivate, and/or slow methanogen metabolism. For example, in some embodiments, a payload component may be or comprise one or antimicrobials, antibiotics, plant secondary metabolites, etc.) or other compounds/chemicals/organisms that achieve or contribute to decreasing methanogen metabolism. [0187] In some cases, a payload component may be or comprise one or more agents that (e.g., compounds/chemicals/organisms) support, enhance, stimulate, promote, and/or extend a favorable environment for methanotroph viability, reproduction, longevity, methane-reducing enzyme production and/or activity, etc. [0188] In some embodiments, a payload component is or comprises one or more macronutrients, micronutrients, minerals, gas (e.g., oxygen), vitamins, buffers, salts, or combinations thereof. In some such embodiments, a macronutrient, micronutrient, or vitamin is one useful to a microbe component (e.g., to a methane-reducing microbe); alternatively or additionally, in some such embodiments, a macronutrient, micronutrient or vitamin is one useful to a ruminant. [0189] In some instances, a payload component (e.g., a total payload component or, alternatively, an individual payload component) is at least about 90 wt%, at least about 85 wt%, at least about 80 wt%, at least about 75 wt%, at least about 70 wt%, at least about 65 wt%, at least about 60 wt%, at least about 55 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 45 wt%, at least about 40 wt%, at least about 35 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, at least about 25 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about Page 38 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 1 wt%, at least about 0.8 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt% of a methane- reducing preparation (e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation). Microbe Components [0190] In some embodiments, a microbe component may comprise at least one microbe. In some embodiments, a microbe component may comprise (i) a naturally-occurring microbe, (ii) a genetically-engineered microbe, (iii) a directed-evolution microbe (i.e., a microbe screened or selected to have a particular desirable attribute or feature), or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), or (iii); in some embodiments of any of the foregoing, a utilized microbe is a methane- reducing microbe (e.g., a methanotroph). [0191] In some embodiments, a microbe component may comprise an amount of at least one-methane reducing microbe characterized by CFUs. For example, a microbe component may comprise about 10 ¹³ -10 ¹⁶ CFUs. [0192] In some embodiments, a payload component utilized in accordance with the present disclosure is or comprises microbes (i.e., is a methanotroph). [0193] In some instances, a payload component is or comprises at least one microbe species. In some instances, a microbe is or comprises at least one species of bacteria. In some instances, at least one species of methanotroph. For example, in some embodiments, a methanotroph is or comprises Methylobacter luteus, Methylobacter marinus, Methylobacter tundripaludum, Methylobacter whittenburyi, Methylobacter sp.BBA5.1, Methylocaldum szegediense, Methylococcus capsulatus Bath, Methylococcus capsulatus Texas, Methylogaea oryzae, Methyloglobulus morosus KoM1, Methylohalobius crimeensis 10Ki, Methylomarinum vadi IT-4, Methylomarinovum caldicuralii, Methylomicrobium agile A30, Methylomicrobium album BG8, Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z, Methylomicrobium buryatense 5G, Methylomonas methanica MC09, Methylomonas LW13, Methylomonas paludis, Methylomonas lenta, Methyloparacoccus murrellii, Methyloprofundus sedimenti, Methylosarcina fibrata AML-C10, Methylosarcina lacus LW14, Methylothermus subterraneus HTM55, Methylovulum miyakonense HT12, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Methylosinus sp.LW4, Methylocystis rosea SV97, Methylocystis Rockwell, Methylocystis parvus OBBp, Page 39 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 Methylocystis sp. SC2, Methylocystis sp. SB2, Methylocella silvestris, Methylocapsa acidiphila B2, Methylocapsa aurea KYG, Methyloferula stellata AR4, Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, Methylacidiphilum kamchatkensis Kam1, Methylacidiphilum infernorum V4, Methylacidimicrobium cyclopophantes, Methylacidimicrobium tartarophylax, or Methylacidimicrobium fagopyrum. Enzyme Components [0194] In some embodiments, a payload component is or comprises a methane-reducing enzyme (see above). [0195] Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a payload component is or comprises an enzyme that reduces or reacts with or consumes or digests or deactivates or kills one or more methanogens or one or more compounds, chemicals, or organisms necessary to or supportive of methanogen viability or methane production. [0196] In some embodiments, an enzyme component is utilized (e.g., is included in a provided composition) in a purified or pure form. In some embodiments, an enzyme is utilized in a relatively crude form – e.g., in or on a cell, or component thereof, that has produced it (e.g., naturally and/or as a result of genetic engineering). In some embodiments, a utilized enzyme component is or comprises a recombinant enzyme. In some embodiments, a utilized enzyme is or comprises a cell or preparation (e.g., culture) thereof. In some such embodiments such cell or preparation is a living cell or preparation. In some such embodiments, such cell or preparation is a dead (e.g., killed) cell or preparation. In some embodiments, an enzyme component is or comprises a fraction or portion or extract of a cell (or preparation thereof) by which the enzyme was produced; in some such embodiments, an enzyme component is or comprises cell debris.. Other Payload Components [0197] In some cases, methane-reducing compositions (e.g., payload components thereof) may comprise compounds/chemicals/molecules/organisms (e.g., sugars, amino acids, Page 40 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 proteins, etc.) that enable and/or facilitate the growth or increase the growth rate of methanotrophs. [0198] In some embodiments, the increase in growth or growth rates of the methanotrophs is enabled in a rumen. [0199] In some particular embodiments, the increase in growth or growth rates of the methanotrophs is enabled after addition to food or drink. [0200] When considering the ideal culture conditions of methanotrophs with those same conditions present in a rumen, it is suggested that the largest limiting factors to the functional growth of methanotrophs (and therefore methane reduction) in a rumen is the dissolved oxygen content and the dilution rate. [0201] Due to oxygen potentially being the limiting reactant in methane reducing or reacting or consuming or digesting or deactivating or killing processes, in some cases, methane- reducing preparations may comprise microbes that produce oxygen to favor reaction kinetics of methane reduction/consumption/digestion/sequestration. In some cases, methane-reducing preparations may comprise compounds/chemicals/molecules/organisms (e.g., cyanobacteria, oxygen, etc.) that enable and/or facilitate the localization or generation of oxygen in a rumen. [0202] In some cases, a payload component may be or comprise one or more compounds/chemicals/molecules/organisms (e.g., acids, bases, lactic acid bacteria, etc.) that alter the pH of a rumen. [0203] In some cases, a payload component may be or comprise one or more compounds/chemicals/molecules/organisms (e.g., salts, water, ions, etc.) that alter the ionic strength of a rumen. [0204] In some cases, a payload components may be or comprise one or more compounds/chemicals/molecules/organisms that alter the oxygen (e.g., oxygen, water, cyanobacteria, etc.) of a rumen. Page 41 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0205] In some cases, a payload component may be or comprise one or more compounds/chemicals/molecules/organisms that alter the temperature of a rumen. [0206] In some cases, a payload component is or comprises at least one prebiotic. In some instances, at least one prebiotic is or comprises non-digestible fibers (e.g., inulin), bacteriophage, or a combination thereof. [0207] In some cases, a payload is or comprises at least one gas (e.g., a gas component). In some instances, at least one gas is or comprises oxygen, nitrogen, or a combination thereof. In some cases, the gas component interacts with the methanotroph; in some cases, the gas component leaves the methane-reducing preparation via advection or convection or diffusion. In some cases, oxygen is the limiting reactant for methane reduction reaction; as such, in some embodiments, particles include a gas (e.g., oxygen) component. [0208] In some cases, oxygen concentrations in a methane-reducing preparation ranges from 1-50%. [0209] In some cases, a payload component is or comprises a gas. In some cases the gas is at least about 90 wt%, at least about 85 wt%, at least about 80 wt%, at least about 75 wt%, at least about 70 wt%, at least about 65 wt%, at least about 60 wt%, at least about 55 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 45 wt%, at least about 40 wt%, at least about 35 wt%, at least about 30 wt%, at least about 25 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 0.8 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt% of a particle preparation (e.g., methane-reducing preparation). [0210] In some cases, a payload component is or comprises at least one mineral. In some instances, a mineral is or comprises iron, selenium, zinc, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, a combination thereof. [0211] In some cases, a payload component is or comprises at least one probiotic species. In some instances, a probiotic is or comprises at least one species of yeast, at least one species of fungus, at least one species of bacteria, or a combination thereof. Page 42 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0212] In some cases, provided methane-reducing compositions (e.g., in some embodiments via microbes included therein) produce (e.g., secrete, display, express, etc.) molecules or compounds (e.g., enzymes, proteins, small molecules, etc.) that enable methane reduction/digestion/consumption capacity and/or efficiency. [0213] In some cases, methane-reducing preparations may comprise methanotrophs and/or methane- inhibiting or reducing or reacting or consuming or digesting or deactivating compounds/chemicals/organisms (e.g., oxygen, methanotrophs, chloroform, etc.) or other compounds/chemicals/organisms that contribute to methane reduction. [0214] In some cases, methane-reducing preparations may comprise methyl coenzyme M reductase inhibiting or reducing or reacting or consuming or digesting or deactivating compounds/chemicals/organisms (e.g., 3-nitrooxypropanol, 2,4-pteridinedione, etc.) or other compounds/chemicals/organisms that contribute to methane reduction. [0215] In some cases, methyl coenzyme M reductase is expressed, displayed, and/or secreted by the methane-reducing preparations; in some cases, methyl coenzyme M reductase is included in the methane-reducing preparations but not expressed, displayed, and/or secreted by the methane-reducing preparations. [0216] In some cases, provided compositions include one or more amino acids (e.g., methionine, leucine, lysine, etc.); in some such embodiments, such amino acids may be produced by or otherwise within microbes. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a payload component may be or comprise particular amino acid(s). In some embodiments, provided compositions may include amino acid(s) at a level (in grams of specified [e.g., methionine, leucine, lysine, etc.] amino acid/grams total amino acids) between 0.1-0.5%, 0.25- 1%, 0.5-2%, 1-3%, 2-5%, 3-10%, or 5-50%, 10-100%, 0.1-100%. [0217] In some cases, provided compositions may include multiple amino acids (e.g., methionine and leucine, methionine and leucine and lysine, etc.) compositions (in grams of specified [e.g., methionine and leucine, methionine and leucine and lysine, etc.] amino acids/grams total amino acids) between 0.1-0.5%, 0.25-1%, 0.5-2%, 1-3%, 2-5%, 3-10%, or 5- 50%, 10-100%, 0.1-100%. Page 43 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 Matrix Components [0218] In some embodiments, provided compositions comprise a matrix component. For example, in some instances, a matrix component is or comprises a biocompatible material comprising at least one of sugar, polysaccharide, carbohydrate, oil, fat, wax, protein, or a combination thereof. [0219] In some cases, one or more microbe species are embedded in the matrix. In some cases, a matrix component is or comprises a polymer (e.g., is or comprises a polymeric matrix). Methane-Reducing Preparations Comprising Particles [0220] In some particular embodiments, provided compositions may be or comprise particulate compositions (e.g., may be or comprise particulate matter and/or may be or comprise a population of particles or a particle preparation). Thus, in some embodiments, a methane- reducing composition may be or comprise a particle preparation (i.e., may be or comprise a methane-reducing particle preparation). In some embodiments, methane-reducing compositions may be or comprise gels, membranes, fibers, and other suitable compositions. [0221] In some embodiments, particle preparations in which particles have a shape or form. For example, particles may have a cross-section shape of a sphere, an oval, a triangle, a square, a hexagon, or an irregular shape. In some embodiments, particles in a provided particle preparation (e.g., a methane-reducing preparation) may have a distribution of diameters (e.g., D50, D90, D99, etc.). Regardless of the shape of the particle, the “diameter” of a particle is the longest distance from one end of the particle to another end of the particle. [0222] In some embodiments, a methane-reducing composition comprises particles, wherein the methane-reducing preparation comprises a carrier component and a payload component, and wherein the payload component does not comprise a microbe component. In some such embodiments, the methane-reducing composition further comprises a microbe component (e.g., the methane-reducing particle preparation is mixed with a microbe component.) Page 44 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 Preparing Microbes [0223] Some aspects of the present disclosure provide and/or utilize technologies for preparing microbes (e.g., methane-reducing microbes), e.g., for use as microbe components in provided compositions. In some embodiments, such technologies may include (i) culturing microbes (e.g., methanotrophs, e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph), (ii) directed evolution of a microbe (e.g., a methanotroph, e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph), (iii) genetically engineering a microbe (e.g., a methanotroph, e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph), or a combination of (i), (ii), and (iii). [0224] FIG.6 depicts an overall process flow chart or method 600 for preparing microbe components and utilizing them as, in, or with methane-reducing compositions in accordance with the present disclosure. As depicted, at step 602, the method 600 may include providing at least one methanotroph (for example, from a volcano, an underwater source, and/or other source). In some embodiments, the methanotroph(s) may be in a native state. At step 604A, the method 600 may include optionally culturing the methanotroph(s). At step 604B, the method 600 may include optionally performing directed evolution on the methanotroph(s). At step 604C, the method 600 may include optionally performing genetic engineering on the methanotroph(s). At step 604D, the method 600 may include using one or more methanotrophs in a native state. At step 606, the method 600 may include disposing the cultured, engineered, evolved and/or native methanotroph within a delivery system (or carrier). At step 608, the method 600 may include optionally providing growth activator within the carrier to encourage growth of the methanotroph. At step 610, the method 600 may include disposing the methanotroph (i.e., including the carrier and/or delivery system) within a rumen of a ruminant. At step 612, the method 600 may include optionally adjusting the environment within the rumen to enhance growth of the methanotroph(s). For example, in some embodiments, changing the environment of the rumen may include increasing the oxygen content of the rumen, changing the pH of the rumen, changing the ionic strength of the rumen, changing the temperature of the rumen, changing the dilution rate of the rumen, and/or changing the salinity of the rumen. Culturing of Microbes Page 45 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0225] Those skilled in the art are familiar with technologies for culturing microbes, including various methane-reducing microbes (e.g., methanotrophs); see, for example, Dedysh & Dunfield, Cultivation of Methanotrophs in Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols Springer Protocols Handbooks. DOI: 10.1007/8623_2014_14, 2014; Meruvu et al., Synth Syst Biotech 5:173, 2020; see also WO2021/071966). [0226] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a microbe (e.g., a naturally- occurring microbe, a genetically engineered microbe, or screened or selected (e.g., by directed evolution) microbe is cultured for a period of time and under conditions sufficient to develop an appropriate preparation for inclusion in or utilization with a provided composition. [0227] In some embodiments, a microbial culture is dried or disrupted or killed prior to utilization in or with a provided composition. In some embodiments, a microbial culture may be treated with one or more steps of fractionation or isolation – e.g., to prepare an enzyme component for use in or with a provide methane-reducing composition. [0228] FIGS.5A and 5B depict a schematic of a non-limiting example of an organism 500 to which a methane-reducing composition may be administered. For example, the organism may be a ruminant 510. In some embodiments, a ruminant may be an organism which has or comprises a rumen 520. For example, a non-limiting embodiment of a ruminant 510 may be a cow. Other examples, include but are not limited to cattle, sheep, antelopes, deer, giraffes, etc. [0229] In some embodiments, a rumen 520 may have a methane-reducing composition 400 disposed within it. For example, a methane-reducing composition 400 may disposed into a rumen by means of administering a methane-reducing composition 400 to a ruminant 510 in a variety of methods. For example, administration may occur by feeding (e.g., oral gavage, e.g., by incorporating in an animal feed). Additional, administration of a methane-reducing composition may occur by use of a fistula and/or cannula. [0230] In some embodiments, a rumen 520 may comprise a rumen fluid 522. A methane-reducing composition 400 may be prepared in a manner in which the composition 400 is capable of being mixed with rumen fluid. In some embodiments, a methane-reducing Page 46 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 composition 400 may float on or at the surface of a rumen fluid 522. In some embodiments, a methane-reducing composition 400 may sink or exist at or below the surface of a rumen fluid 522. [0231] In some embodiments, a methane-reducing composition 400 may be prepared in manner in which the composition is capable of adhering to a rumen wall 524. In some embodiments, a methane-reducing composition 400 may results in a reduction of methane emissions from the ruminant in a range from about 0.1% to about 99%, or from about 1% to about 95%, or from about 5% to about 90%, or from about 15% to about 85%, or from about 20% to about 80%, or from about 25% to about 70%, or from about 30% to about 65%, or from about 35% to about 60%, or from about 25% to about 95%, or from about 30% to about 80%, as well as other subranges therebetween. [0232] Reductions in methane may be detectable at various levels, according to the present embodiments. For example, within a ruminant, a 5% to 10% methane reduction may be detectable whereas in vitro, a 0.0001% reduction in methane may be detectable. The gold standard for reproducible measurement of methane emission in cows is the metabolic chamber technique that uses IR methane sensors to quantify methane in the exhaust air (1). These set ups have methane sensors with a measurement range between 0-1000ppm with an assumed resolution of 1 ppm (2). Therefore, in principle, a shift in methane of as little of 1 ppm or 0.0001% can be detected. [0233] According to aspects of the present embodiments, the percent change in methane that can be statistically detected given a certain experimental group size and the known measurement variability (standard deviations) of the system can be determined using a power analysis. For example, the typical (low end, best case) reported coefficients of variation for day-to-day measurement of the same animal are ~ 5%. The typical (low end, best case) coefficients of variation for animal-to-animal measurement are ~15%. The mean values of typical emission in the chamber method is ~350 g/day. Therefore the power analysis has the following parameters (3): Mean – 350 g/day; SD – 5% = 17.5 or 15% = 52.5; Alpha – 0.05; Power – 80%; N – number of days or animals required per group Results: Page 47 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 % methane decrease N required N required detection limit desired (for repeat measures in (for animal-to-animal Table 1 – Required Sample Size for a given Methane Detection Limit Genetic Engineering of Microbes [0234] In some embodiments, a microbe component (e.g., a methane-reducing microbe component) utilized in or with a provided methane-reducing composition is genetically engineered. [0235] In some embodiments, a microbe component is genetically engineered to have methane-reducing activity (e.g., to express one or more methane-reducing enzyme(s)). In some embodiments, a microbe component is genetically engineered to enhance or modify an existing methane-reducing activity (e.g., by increasing level and/or activity of a methane-reducing enzyme and/or timing of its expression, etc.). [0236] In some embodiments, genetic engineering involves mutagenesis (e.g., chemical mutagenesis). In some embodiments, genetic engineering involves directed mutagenesis. In some embodiments, genetic engineering involves introduction of one or more heterologous nucleic acids, and/or modification (e.g., alteration or removal) of one or more endogenous nucleic acids. Directed Evolution of Microbes Page 48 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0237] In some embodiments, a microbe component (e.g., a methane-reducing microbe component) utilized in or with a provided methane-reducing composition is obtained by directed evolution. [0238] FIG.7 presents a non-limiting embodiment of a process 604b (i.e., a directed evolution process) for preparing a methane-reducing microbe, for example a methane-reducing methanotroph. As can be seen, in some embodiments, “directed” evolution involves mutagenizing a strain and then subjecting it to a screen or to selective pressure. In alternative embodiments, a strain is cultured and is subjected to a screen or, more commonly, to selective pressure, without having been specifically mutagenized. [0239] For example, a process 604b comprises an optional step 704 of mutagenizing a methanotroph (e.g., a culturable methanotroph) provided in step 702, a step 706 comprising screening or selecting a desired methanotroph culture, a step 708 comprising cloning the selected culture of step 706, a step 710 comprising verifying a phenotype of the clone of step 708, and a step 712 comprising optionally characterizing a clone genotype. [0240] FIG.9 demonstrates an exemplary screening/selecting process (e.g., an in vivo or an in vitro selection process) 706, which may be utilized to identify and/or enrich for microbial cultures or other preparations that display a desired trait or function (e.g., a phenotype). In some embodiments, a selection 706 may require that a target trait and/or gene be selectable or linked to a trait that is selectable (e.g., growth under a particular condition). In some embodiments, a screen 706 may identify a target trait and/or gene be detectable or linked to a trait that is detectable (e.g., fluorescence). [0241] In some embodiments, success may be assessed, for example, by quantifying changes to a mean value (e.g., a population mean value) of a selectable or screenable trait (e.g., growth rate, fluorescence). In some embodiments, success may be assessed by quantifying a fraction of mutants with changes in a desired trait (e.g., true hits) at a cloning/screening step 708. In some embodiments, a successful outcome may be the enrichment of mutants with a desired trait to greater than about 1 in 1000, greater than about 1 in 500, greater than about 1 in 250, greater than about 1 in 100, greater than about 1 in 50, greater than about 1 in 25, greater than about 1 in 10. Selection can fail when the enrichment technique enriches false positives Page 49 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 (e.g., mutants that perform well in vitro via a mechanism/trait unrelated to the target application) at rates far greater than true hits. [0242] In some embodiments, methods for a selection/screening process 706 may be competition based (e.g., growth rate advantage) and/or threshold based (e.g., fluorescence above cutoff). Competition methods may require a target trait to be linked to growth and/or another trait comprising a fitness advantage. For example, growth-based competition methods may provide for exponential enrichment. In some embodiments, growth-based competition methods may provide for quick enrichment of very rare mutants or. Additionally, growth-based competition methods may provide for quick enrichment for mutants with only a slight advantage. However, these methods are susceptible to contamination by “cheaters” (e.g., mutants with a fitness advantage unrelated to the target trait). In some cases, threshold-based selection methods may be less efficient at enriching small enhancements in a target trait. [0243] The present disclosure provides a particular insight that selection for a methanotroph that grows better or a more efficient MMO in the cow rumen may be carried out via a competition technique since the target trait is itself faster growth. In this scenario, one important parameter is how well the growth conditions mimic an actual cow rumen. The possible range of conditions ranges from more permissive (e.g., simulated cow rumen possibly diluted with methanotroph growth medium in a fermenter) to more stringent (e.g., real rumen fluid in vivo). In each case, the base growth rate of the parent strain should desirably be measured in the target medium. If no growth occurs, the conditions can be made more permissive until at least a minimal amount of growth occurs. Microbes of interest (e.g., a mutant library or a cultured strain) can then be seeded at a low density (e.g., 10 ⁶ cfu/mL) into the target growth medium at a scale that covers the library size at least 3-fold (e.g., a 1 L culture seeded at 10 ⁶ CFU/mL would contain 10 ⁹ and would be large enough to ensure full coverage of a library of 3x10 ⁸ mutants). The initial density of cells and the permissiveness of the conditions can be tuned depending on the intrinsic growth rate of the parent strain (or strain carrying the parent enzyme). If the parent strain already grows very well, then either the conditions can be made less permissive (e.g., more rumen like) or the initial density can be lowered (i.e. more room for exponential amplification) to better differentiate mutants with even faster growth rates. If the parent strain grows very poorly, then the conditions can be made more permissive or the density Page 50 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 can be increased to allow mutants with some advantage to be enriched in a reasonable time scale even if that advantage is not yet good enough to allow growth in the final conditions (e.g., real cow rumen). [0244] In some embodiments, a control culture (e.g., a culture of a parent strain) can be grown as a reference. This may be useful for detecting changes in a mean population growth rate of a mutant library culture. In a non-limiting exemplary embodiment, this may comprise comparing optical densities over time. In some embodiments, a small increase in a mutant library mean growth rate may indicate the mutants with a target trait are present. In some embodiments, after a selection step 706 is complete, several concentrated aliquots of an enriched mutant library can be stocked (e.g., in glycerol) for further characterization. [0245] Referring still to FIG.9, the screening/screening/selection process 706, may include choosing a selective culture medium (step 860), which may include (but is not limited to) simulated rumen fluids (for example, based on a high-grain diet, a high-forage (i.e., grass) diet, USP standards, etc.), sterile rumen fluid (centrifuged), sterile rumen fluid (whole), fresh rumen fluid (strained), fresh rumen fluid (whole), and/or other suitable mediums. At step 862, the screening/selection process 706 may include titrating the co-medium. In some embodiments, NMS may be used as the co-medium and may be titrated at 50%, 10%, 2%, and 0% (in order of increasing stringency) relative to the selective medium. At step 864, the screening/selection process 706 may include adjusting the methane and CO2 to desired levels. For example, in some embodiments, the atmosphere may be adjust to about 20% to about 40% methane, or about 25% to about 35% methane, or about 28% to about 32% methane, or about 30% methane, and the air may be titrated at the following levels (listed in increasing order of stringency: 50%, 15%, 5%, 1.5% (with the remainder made of carbon dioxide). At step 866, the screening/selection process 706 may include providing at least one culture vessel. In some embodiments, the culture vessel may include a stoppered shake flask (similar to one that may be used during mutagenesis described herein), a fermenter, a RUSITEC apparatus, among other suitable culture vessels. [0246] Still referring to Fig.9, at step 868, the screening/selection process 706 may include measuring a methanotroph growth rate. The growth rate may be established under ideal Page 51 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 conditions (for example, in the presence of NMS, with a 50% methane, and 50% air atmosphere, in a non-limiting example). At step 870, the screening/selection process 706 may include comparing the measured growth rate to the low stringency growth rate (which may be assessed, for example, in the presence of 50% NMS, in an atmosphere of about 30% methane, about 50% air, and about 20% CO ₂ , in a non-limiting example). At step 872, the screening/selection process 706 may include increasing the stringency as needed. At step 874, the screening/selection process 706 may include providing pellet libraries and one or more control cultures. At step 876, the screening/selection process 706 may include washing inoculating, and diluting the cultures. At step 878, the screening/selection process 706 may include monitoring and assessing the culture growth rate. At step 862, the screening/selection process 706 may include harvesting cultures from the high growth vessels [0247] For example, if the measured growth rate is higher than 10% of the ideal, the stringency of the co-medium may be increased (i.e., a lower NMS percent is used) keeping the atmosphere stringency at its lowest until a 10% growth rate is reached. If the growth rate is greater than 10% even at 0% NMS, then the stringency of the atmosphere should be increased until a 10% growth rate is reached. Using these selective medium and atmosphere conditions, the three mutant libraries (i.e., no mutagen, low mutagen, high mutagen), and a freshly grown control culture may be pelleted, washed with the selective medium, and inoculated into the culture vessel at a 1000-fold dilution in replicate, taking care to choose a total culture volume to cover the estimated library size more than 3 times. As such, at step 874, the screening/selection process 706 may include providing pellet libraries and one or more control cultures. In addition, at step 876, the screening/selection process 706 may include washing inoculating, and diluting the cultures. [0248] Referring still to FIG.9, at step 878, the screening/selection process 706 may include monitoring and/or assessing the culture growth rate. At step 862, the screening/selection process 706 may include harvesting cultures from the high (or early) growth vessels, when compared to the control culture. The harvested cultures may be used directly for clone isolation/screening and/or may be glycerol stocked. If all vessels behave the same, once an OD600 of 0.2 is reached, all vessels may be diluted 1000-fold once again. This sequence may be repeated until a vessel grows to an OD600 of 0.2 significantly earlier than in previous Page 52 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 rounds. This vessel may be harvested as per the above description (step 862). According to aspects of the present embodiments, if mutants that have enhanced growth capabilities relative to the parent strain exist in the libraries, eventually the growth in the vessel would be expected to occur more quickly. The number of rounds that are required depends on the rarity of the mutant and the expected fitness enhancement. For example, if roughly 0.1% of mutants have a 50% faster growth rate, it would take about 3 rounds to detect an accelerated growth advantage. [0249] FIG.10 illustrates a process flow chart or method 708 for cloning a selected culture. The goal of the process illustrated in FIG.10 is typically to isolate clones enriched at the selection step 706 and individually evaluate the target trait in high throughput (~100s of clones) to find true hits. Such assessment can employ the same readout as the selection step (e.g., growth) or an orthogonal one (e.g., fluorescence). Success is determined through quantification of the technical variability of the readout of the baseline or control strains. Typically, a desired outcome is a high throughput screening method with a variability that is low enough to detect meaningful changes in the target trait with statistical robustness. If the selection step was successful, the subsequent high-throughput screening step will yield between 1-10 hit clones for phenotypic and genotypic characterization (see next sections). [0250] At step 882, the cloning method 708 may include plating and diluting portions of the selected culture. The plating may occur at dilutions that give single colonies (in standard methanotroph culture conditions (i.e., NMS agar, 50% methane, and 50% air). In some embodiments, 100-400 individual clones may be sorted into 96-well plates. At step 884, the cloning method 708 may include growing the selected culture to saturation. [0251] Referring still to FIG.10, at step 886, the cloning method 708 may include glycerol stocking of a portion of the plated cultures. At step 888, the cloning method 708 may include reseeding the 96-well culture plate in replicate with the remainder of the plated cultures, under the same selective medium and atmospheric conditions used for the selection step 706. At step 890, the cloning method 708 may include inoculating and diluting the plates (for example, at a 10-fold dilution). At step 892, the cloning method 708 may include measuring the growth rate over time (for example, by optical density measurements). At step 894, the cloning method 708 may include ranking clones by growth rate under the selective conditions. At step Page 53 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 896, the cloning method 708 may include verifying the phenotype of top-ranked clones (i.e., the hit clones). If there is no significant difference between clones, but all grow faster than the control, then the screen can be repeated using more stringent culture conditions to differentiate clones better. As such, at step 898, the cloning method 708 may include repeating steps 882-896 as needed to differentiate the clones. According to aspects of the present disclosed embodiments, if selection was successful, a significant fraction (for example, greater than 10%) of the clones are expected to show enhanced growth in the screen Characterizing Microbes [0252] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to characterize a microbe or microbial preparation to be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure. In particular embodiments, it may be desirable to characterize a mutagenized or screened/selected (e.g., by directed evolution) microbe or microbial preparation. [0253] In some embodiments, a phenotypic characterization is performed. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a genetic characterization is performed. [0254] FIG.11 depicts a process flow chart or method 710 for an exemplary phenotype verification process. Typically, the cloning process as depicted in FIG.10 is performed at a relatively small scale. Since such small scale analyses can lead to large technical variation, it may be desirable to verify each hit clone at a larger scale, for example using the same (or comparable) conditions as were used during the selection. [0255] At step 1100, the method 710 may include providing a reaction vessel. At step 1102, the method 710 may include establishing selection conditions. At step 1104, the method 710 may include verifying the clone phenotype(s). Verified hit clones can be further validated in more stringent culture conditions. Depending on the degree of fitness enhancement, hit clones may also be validated directly in the target application (e.g., growth assessment in vivo). As such, at step 1106, the method 710 may include performing in vivo validation of the clone phenotype(s). According to aspects of the present embodiments, not all clones promoted to the verification step are expected to reproduce the results of the screen. If none replicate, then a larger fraction of clones can be verified. Page 54 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0256] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to characterize the genotype of a microbial strain utilized in accordance with the present disclosure. FIG.12 depicts a process flow chart for an exemplary genotype characterization process 712. As depicted, in some embodiments, in a step 908, whole or partial genome sequencing of one or more hit clones may be performed 908. Particular sequence characteristics (e.g., mutations) may be clustered so that groups of microbes are established in step 910. A particular representative of (each) such group may be chosen 912, and, if desired, further round(s) of directed evolution may be performed. Indeed, in some embodiments, a genotype characterization process 712 may specifically be utilize to prune the number of hit clones prior to one or more round(s) of (further) directed evolution. [0257] Referring to FIGS.7-12, the present disclosure provides an insight that the main technical hurdle for in vivo directed evolution is the inability to set the dilution rate of the vessel (or tune the stringency of the selection), which can lead to loss of the mutant library before selection is complete. [0258] The present disclosure furthermore provides an insight that this hurdle may be overcome through use of a parent methanotroph that already has a growth rate faster than the dilution rate of the cow rumen, for example, and has a base level of growth in this environment. If this is the case, then the protocol depicted in FIGS 7-12 can be modified (relative to in vitro embodiments described herein). Whereas identical or substantially similar processes can be used for in vitro and in vivo aspects of the present embodiments with respect to mutagenesis 704, cloning 708, phenotype verification 710, and genotype characterization 712, the screening/selection process 706 would be modified to accommodate the in vivo embodiments. FIG.9 (and the accompany paragraphs in this disclosure) describe the in vitro selection process. According to aspects of the present embodiments, an in vivo selection process may include replacing the reaction vessel with a fistulated or cannulated cow (or ruminant) model. In some embodiments, a rumen cannula is preferred as it does not impact the oxygen content of the rumen as strongly as an open fistula. As noted, the stringency cannot be as easily tuned in the in vivo embodiment. Possible alternatives may include increasing the oxygen content of the rumen through the cannula or fistula. Due to the constant dilution of the rumen, the growth rate cannot be as easily compared between a control animal and one containing the mutant library. Page 55 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 Instead, the steady state concentration of the library, or alternatively the steady state level of methane, may be tracked. As mutants with enhanced fitness are enriched, the steady state level of the library is expected to increase (analogously, the steady state level of methane is expected to decrease). If this is observed a fraction of the cow rumen can be taken and used for clone isolation and/or screening. [0259] Specifically, a sample of the selected (i.e. enriched) library of mutant methanotrophs can be plated on solid medium at a dilution that gives individual colonies. The fraction should be large enough (e.g., multiple plates) to give between ~100 – 1000 individual colonies. Each clone (i.e. colony) is picked into microtiter plates (e.g., 96-well plates) in an ideal medium (e.g., methanotroph growth medium) and grown to amplify the isolated clones allowing for glycerol stocking and follow-up screening. In the case of a methanotroph, the ability to grow in a microtiter plate format can permit efficient isolation and screening. There are established methods to allow this type of high throughput growth of methanotrophs under controlled atmospheres (11). [0260] Follow up screening of isolated mutant methanotrophs selected for faster growth rate in rumen-like conditions can involve growth assays, for example using the same conditions used in the selection as well as more stringent conditions to probe the extent of the fitness advantage. In some embodiments, such growth assays can be run kinetically (e.g., multiple optical density measurements over time) to quantify small differences in growth rates or as end- point assays under more stringent conditions to quantify growth/no growth outcomes. Internal control wells may desirably be included to assess the growth rate of the parent strain under the high throughput conditions. Quantitative results can be used to rank order the isolated clones to prioritize them for follow up evaluation. Alternatively or additionally, histograms of isolated clones can be used to assess the quality of the selection step (e.g., many clones with faster growth than the parent or just a few) or to detect grouped subpopulations among the isolated clones that may represent mutations leading to the same phenotype. In addition to promoting the best functioning clones to subsequent evaluation a few “false positives” (e.g., isolated clones with no change from parent or a decrease relative to parent) should be included to act as negative controls. Page 56 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0261] FIG.8 demonstrates an exemplary process for a mutagenesis step 704, for example as a protocol to mutagenize a methanotroph (e.g., a culturable methanotroph). In a non-limiting exemplary mutagenesis step 704, a library of genetically diverse mutants of a parent strain (e.g., a methanotroph strain) may be generated. In some embodiments, a mutagenesis step 704 can be either targeted to a specific gene or be applied genome wide. Success of a mutagenesis step 704 may be assessed, for example, by quantifying a total number of variants generated through quantification of library size and diversity through sub-sample sequencing. In some embodiments, a successful outcome may result in a library comprising a total number of variations of about 50 to about 200, or about 75 to about 150, or about 100 to about 120, or about 104 to about 109. Larger library sizes may be more likely to successfully produce hit clones that require multiple mutations for function. [0262] In some embodiments, a mutagenesis step 704 may be targeted to a specific gene. Accordingly, a mutagenesis step 704 may require a genetically tractable methanotroph (e.g., Methylomicrobium buryatense) and linking of that gene to a fitness advantage (e.g., a more efficient enzyme methane monooxygenase (MMO) leads to faster growth on methane in rumen-like conditions). In some embodiments, an exemplary mutagenesis step 704 (e.g., a targeted gene mutagenesis step) may comprise generation of a DNA library of gene mutants by biochemical techniques (e.g., error prone PCR) and introduction (e.g., by electroporation) of the DNA library into the parent strain. Additionally, an exemplary mutagenesis step 704 (e.g., a targeted gene mutagenesis step) may further require previous deletion of an endogenous copy of a target gene, if and/or when present. In some embodiments, success of a mutagenesis step 704 (e.g., a targeted gene mutagenesis step) may depend on DNA library introduction efficiency (e.g., efficiency of electroporation). In some embodiments, the efficiency of DNA library introduction may determine captured DNA library size. For example, in some embodiments, an exemplary efficiency of a genetically tractable methanotroph (e.g., Methylomicrobium buryatense) is ~105/µg which may limit exemplary approaches to small libraries of a single gene. [0263] Further, in some embodiments, a mutagenesis step 704 may comprise genome- wide mutagenesis (e.g., a genome-wide mutagenesis step.) Accordingly, a genome-wide mutagenesis may require a methanotroph amenable to non-selective mutagenesis techniques. In Page 57 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 some embodiments, techniques involving introduction of DNA into cells (e.g., a transposon mutagenesis step) may require a genetically tractable methanotroph. A transposon mutagenesis step may be limited in a DNA library size. [0264] Further, in some embodiments, a mutagenesis step 704, may comprise chemical mutagenesis (e.g., a chemical mutagenesis step). In some embodiments, a chemical mutagenesis step may not require a genetically tractable methanotroph, but may require a methanotroph that is susceptible to available mutagens (e.g., UV light). Additionally, a chemical mutagenesis may require a methanotroph which comprises DNA repair pathways allowing for mutations to be fixed into a population (e.g., error prone DNA repair). For example, exemplary methanotrophs may be susceptible to chemical mutagenesis with N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, but not other mutagens. In such exemplary embodiments, a mutation rate of in the range of about 10 ^-4 and 10 ^-5 may be associated with a ~2000bp gene. Accordingly, it may be reasonable to estimate that ~ 10% of viable cells have at least 1 mutation. Accordingly, this may provide for a library generation of ~10 ⁹ mutants in a typical culture volume (10-100 mL) and density (10 ⁸ - 10 ¹⁰ CFU/mL). [0265] Referring to FIG.8, in some embodiments, a mutagenesis step or process 704 may include (at step 802) providing a culturable methanotroph strain. The culturable methanotroph may include a published genome sequence and an intrinsically high growth rate in ideal culture conditions (for example, Methylococcus capsulatus Bath strain ATCC 33009 from ATCC). The strain may be mutagenized using N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) following established protocols. At step 804, the process 704 may include culturing the strain in Nitrate Mineral Salts Medium (NMS). For example, the strain may be cultured in 50 mL of NMS at 37C in a 250 mL stoppered flask at 200 rpm in an environment of 50% methane and 50% air until an OD600 (i.e., optical density) of 0.5 is achieved. At step 806, the process 704 may include pelleting aliquots from the cultured strains. For example, the process 704 may include pelleting 10 mL of aliquots and then performing a citrate buffer wash (step 808) in 100 mM citrate buffer at a pH of 5.5 before re-pelleting (step 810) the aliquots and re- suspending (step 812) the aliquots into three aliquot volumes of 100 uL each in the citrate buffer. At step 814, the process 704 may include adding MNNG to each of the three aliquot volumes in concentrations of 0, 10 and 30 ug/mL, respectively (that is, no MNNG is added to Page 58 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 the first aliquot volume). At step 816, the process 704 may include incubated shaking of the aliquots (for example, at a temperature of 37C for 10 minutes). [0266] Still referring to FIG.8, at step 818, the process 704 may include pelleting the aliquots. At step 820, the process 704 may include performing a citrate buffer wash on the pelleted aliquots (for example, the wash including 500 uL of 10 mM phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.0). At step 822, the process 704 may include re-suspending each aliquot (for example, in 500 uL of NMS). At step 824, the process 704 may include extracting a portion of each aliquot (for example, 50 uL) in order to assess a killing rate by, for example, counting colony forming units (CFUs). Alternatively or additionally, viability rates of the aliquots may be assessed. Step 824 may include inoculating the remainder of each aliquot (for example, the remaining 450 uL) into 5 mL NMS. At step 826, the process 704 may include re-culturing the aliquots until a desired optical density (for example, an optical density of about 0.2) is achieved. At step 828, the process 704 may include plating, isolating, and sequencing individual clones (for example, 10-20 clones). At step 830, the process 704 may optionally include using the remaining mutagenized cultures in the screening/selection process 706. At step 830, instead of step 828) the process 704 may optionally include concentrating the remaining mutagenized cultures (for example, in a 10X concentration) and subsequently stocking the cultures in glycerol (step 834). [0267] Referring still to Fig.8, the mutagenesis process 704 according to the present embodiments is expected to result in survival of greater than 10% of the cells in the aliquots that receive the MNNG. According to the mutagenesis process 704 described in the present embodiments, genome sequences from the mutagenized cultures are expect to result in each close having a distinct set of mutations ranging from about 1 to about 100 mutations per clone. [0268] In some embodiments, success for selection may be assessed, for example, by quantifying changes to a mean value (e.g., a population mean value) of a selectable trait (e.g., growth rate, fluorescence). In some embodiments, success may be assessed by quantifying a fraction of mutants with changes in a desired trait (e.g., true hits) at a cloning/screening step 708. In some embodiments, a successful outcome may be the enrichment of mutants with a desired trait to greater than about 1 in 1000, greater than about 1 in 500, greater than about 1 in 250, greater than about 1 in 100, greater than about 1 in 50, greater than about 1 in 25, greater Page 59 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 than about 1 in 10. Selection can fail when the enrichment technique enriches false positives (e.g., mutants that perform well in vitro via a mechanism/trait unrelated to the target application) at rates far greater than true hits. [0269] In some embodiments, methods for a selection step 706 may be competition based (e.g., growth rate advantage) and/or threshold based (e.g., fluorescence above cutoff). Competition methods may require a target trait to be linked to growth and/or another trait comprising a fitness advantage. For example, growth-based competition methods may provide for exponential enrichment. In some embodiments, growth-based competition methods may provide for quick enrichment of very rare mutants or. Additionally, growth-based competition methods may provide for quick enrichment for mutants with only a slight advantage. However, these methods are susceptible to contamination by “cheaters” (e.g., mutants with a fitness advantage unrelated to the target trait). In some cases, threshold-based selection methods may be less efficient at enriching small enhancements in a target trait. [0270] Selection for a methanotroph that grows better or a more efficient MMO in the cow rumen can be carried out via a competition technique since the target trait is itself faster growth. In this scenario the key parameter is how well the growth conditions mimic an actual cow rumen. The possible range of conditions ranges from more permissive (e.g., simulated cow rumen possibly diluted with methanotroph growth medium in a fermenter) to more stringent (e.g., real rumen fluid in vivo). In each case, the base growth rate of the parent strain should first be measured in the target medium. If no growth occurs the conditions can be made more permissive until at least a minimal amount of growth occurs. The mutant library is then seeded at a low density (e.g., 10 ⁶ cfu/mL) into the target growth medium at a scale that covers the library size at least 3-fold (e.g., a 1 L culture seeded at 10 ⁶ CFU/mL would contain 10 ⁹ and would be large enough to ensure full coverage of a library of 3x10 ⁸ mutants). The initial density of cells and the permissiveness of the conditions can be tuned depending on the intrinsic growth rate of the parent strain (or strain carrying the parent enzyme). If the parent strain already grows very well, then either the conditions can be made less permissive (e.g., more rumen like) or the initial density can be lowered (i.e. more room for exponential amplification) to better differentiate mutants with even faster growth rates. If the parent strain grows very poorly, then the conditions can be made more permissive or the density can be increased to allow mutants Page 60 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 with some advantage to be enriched in a reasonable time scale even if that advantage is not yet good enough to allow growth in the final conditions (e.g., real cow rumen). [0271] In some embodiments, a control culture (e.g., a culture of a parent strain) can be grown as a reference. This may be useful for detecting changes in a mean population growth rate of a mutant library culture. In a non-limiting exemplary embodiment, this may comprise comparing optical densities over time. In some embodiments, a small increase in a mutant library mean growth rate may indicate the mutants with a target trait are present. In some embodiments, after a selection step 706 is complete, several concentrated aliquots of an enriched mutant library can be stocked (e.g., in glycerol) for further characterization. [0272] Specifically, a sample of the selected (i.e. enriched) library of mutant methanotrophs can be plated on solid medium at a dilution that gives individual colonies. The fraction should be large enough (e.g., multiple plates) to give between ~100 – 1000 individual colonies. Each clone (i.e. colony) is picked into microtiter plates (e.g., 96-well plates) in an ideal medium (e.g., methanotroph growth medium) and grown to amplify the isolated clones allowing for glycerol stocking and follow-up screening. In the case of a methanotroph, the ability to grow in a microtiter plate format is critical to allow efficient isolation and screening. There are established methods to allow this type of high throughput growth of methanotrophs under controlled atmospheres (11). [0273] Follow up screening of isolated mutant methanotrophs selected for faster growth rate in rumen-like conditions can involve growth assays using the same conditions used in the selection as well as more stringent conditions to probe the extent of the fitness advantage. These growth assays can be run kinetically (e.g., multiple optical density measurements over time) to quantify small differences in growth rates or as end-point assays under more stringent conditions to quantify growth/no growth outcomes. Internal control wells should be included to assess the growth rate of the parent strain under the high throughput conditions. The quantitative results can be used to rank order the isolated clones to prioritize them for follow up evaluation. In addition, histograms of all isolated clones can be used to assess the quality of the selection step (e.g., many clones with faster growth than the parent or just a few) or to detect grouped subpopulations among the isolated clones that may represent mutations leading to the Page 61 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 same phenotype. In addition to promoting the best functioning clones to subsequent evaluation a few “false positives” (e.g., isolated clones with no change from parent or a decrease relative to parent) should be included to act as negative controls. [0274] Referring still to FIG.9, the selection step or process 706, may include choosing a selective culture medium (step 860), which may include (but is not limited to) simulated rumen fluids (for example, based on a high-grain diet, a high-forage (i.e., grass) diet, USP standards, etc.), sterile rumen fluid (centrifuged), sterile rumen fluid (whole), fresh rumen fluid (strained), fresh rumen fluid (whole), and/or other suitable mediums. At step 862, the screening/selection process 706 may include titrating the co-medium. In some embodiments, NMS may be used as the co-medium and may be titrated at 50%, 10%, 2%, and 0% (in order of increasing stringency) relative to the selective medium. At step 864, the screening/selection process 706 may include adjusting the methane and CO2 to desired levels. For example, in some embodiments, the atmosphere may be adjust to about 20% to about 40% methane, or about 25% to about 35% methane, or about 28% to about 32% methane, or about 30% methane, and the air may be titrated at the following levels (listed in increasing order of stringency: 50%, 15%, 5%, 1.5% (with the remainder made of carbon dioxide). At step 866, the screening/selection process 706 may include providing at least one culture vessel. In some embodiments, the culture vessel may include a stoppered shake flask (similar to one that may be used during mutagenesis described herein), a fermenter, a RUSITEC apparatus, among other suitable culture vessels. [0275] Still referring to Fig.9, at step 868, the screening/selection process 706 may include measuring a methanotroph growth rate. The growth rate may be established under ideal conditions (for example, in the presence of NMS, with a 50% methane, and 50% air atmosphere, in a non-limiting example). At step 870, the screening/selection process 706 may include comparing the measured growth rate to the low stringency growth rate (which may be assessed, for example, in the presence of 50% NMS, in an atmosphere of about 30% methane, about 50% air, and about 20% CO2, in a non-limiting example). At step 872, the screening/selection process 706 may include increasing the stringency as needed. At step 874, the screening/selection process 706 may include providing pellet libraries and one or more control cultures. At step 876, the screening/selection process 706 may include washing Page 62 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 inoculating, and diluting the cultures. At step 878, the screening/selection process 706 may include monitoring and assessing the culture growth rate. At step 862, the screening/selection process 706 may include harvesting cultures from the high growth vessels. [0276] FIG.10 demonstrates an exemplary selection process (e.g., an in vivo selection process, e.g., an in vitro selection process) for a selection step 706. The goal of screening is to isolate clones enriched at the selection step and individually evaluate the target trait in high throughput (~100s of clones) to find true hits. Screening can employ the same readout as the selection step (e.g., growth) or an orthogonal one (e.g., fluorescence). The success of the screening step is assessed through quantification of the technical variability of the readout of the baseline or control strains. The ideal outcome is a high throughput screening method with a variability that is low enough to detect meaningful changes in the target trait with statistical robustness. If the selection step was successful, the screening step will yield between 1-10 hit clones for phenotypic and genotypic characterization (see next sections). Characterizing Compositions and/or Components Thereof [0277] In some embodiments, provided composition(s), and/or component(s) thereof, are subjected to one or more assessments, for example to characterize one or more structural features and/or functional properties thereof (e.g., for quality control and/or after storage under particular conditions and for a particular period of time). In some embodiments, batches that do not meet designated criteria may be discarded or not further utilized. Particle Characterization [0278] In some embodiments, methane-reducing compositions provided and/or utilized in accordance with the present disclosure are or comprise particles (e.g., polymer microparticles). Some aspects of the present disclosure provide technologies making and/or characterizing particle preparations – e.g., that are or comprise polymers (e.g., polymeric matrices) described herein, and/or compositions that include them. In some cases, polymeric matrices, and particle preparations thereof, are made via aqueous-based atomization. In some cases, solvent-based atomization is utilized. In some embodiments, emulsion-based methods are Page 63 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 utilized. In some embodiments, extrusion-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, spray congealing-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, high shear granulation- based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, thermal or wet extrusion-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, lyophilization followed by milling-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, fluid bed agglomeration-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, lyophilization-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, pan granulation and coating-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, wet milling-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, tablet press-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, roller compaction-based methods are utilized. In some embodiments, crosslinking-based methods are utilized. [0279] In some embodiments, particle preparations are characterized by a distribution of particle diameter (e.g., D50, D90, D99, etc.). Regardless of the shape of particles, a particle “diameter” is the longest distance from one end of the particle to another end of the particle. In some embodiments, an average diameter (e.g., D ₅₀ , D ₉₀ , D ₉₉ , etc.) of particles in provided nutraceutical compositions may be 1-200 micrometers, 5-175 micrometers, 5-100 micrometers, 1-50 micrometers, 1-10 micrometers, 4-6 micrometers, 200-1000 micrometers, 500-2000 micrometers, or 1000-5000 micrometers. [0280] In some embodiments, particles may have any shape or form, for example, having a cross-section shape of a sphere, an oval, a triangle, a square, a hexagon, or an irregular shape. In some embodiments, methane-reducing preparations comprise particles (e.g., micro- particles), wherein a majority of particles have a common shape. In some embodiments, methane-reducing preparations are or comprise particles of various such shapes in combination. [0281] In some embodiments, particle preparations (e.g., utilized in or with methane- reducing compositions) are characterized by low residual solvent content. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides technologies for preparing and/or characterizing methane-reducing preparations comprising low residual solvent content. [0282] In some embodiments, provided particle preparations (e.g., utilized in or with methane-reducing compositions) are characterized by low water activity. In some embodiments, Page 64 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 the present disclosure provides technologies for preparing and/or characterizing nutraceutical compositions comprising low water activity. [0283] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides technologies for preparing and/or characterizing particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) comprising low residual solvent content and low water activity. [0284] In some instances, particle preparations (e.g., utilized in or with methane- reducing compositions) disclosed herein comprise a residual solvent content lower than a predetermined amount. In some cases, the residual solvent is an organic solvent, for example, hexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, methylene chloride, methanol, dichloromethane, isopropyl alcohol (i.e., 2-propanol), or any combination thereof. In some cases, the total residual solvent content is lower than 5000 ppm. In some cases, the total residual solvent content is lower than 1000 ppm. In some cases, the total residual solvent content is lower than 100 ppm. [0285] In some instances, the residual solvent is dichloromethane, and the residual dichloromethane content is less than 5 ppm. In some instances, the residual solvent is hexane, and the residual hexane content is less than 50 ppm. [0286] In some instances, the residual solvent is isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol), and the residual isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) content is less than 50 ppm. In some instances, the residual solvent is ethanol, and the residual ethanol content is less than 50 ppm. [0287] In some instances, the residual solvent is methanol, and the residual methanol content is less than 50 ppm. In some instances, the residual solvent is ethyl acetate, and the residual ethyl acetate content is less than 50 ppm. In some instances, the residual solvent is acetone, and the residual acetone content is less than 50 ppm. [0288] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides particle preparations (e.g., nutraceutical compositions) with low water activity. Disclosed technologies provide benefit over existing products because high water activity formulations lead to rapid degradation of methane-reducing preparations. Page 65 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0289] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) with low water activity. In some instances, provided particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) may have a water activity of < 0.3, < 0.2, or < 0.1. [0290] In some embodiments, particle preparations (e.g., nutraceutical compositions) with low water activity are particularly useful for combination with microbes (e.g., microbes sensitive to loss of colony forming units when exposed to high-water-reactivity agents). In some embodiments, particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) may further comprise a probiotic. [0291] In some embodiments, provided particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) may comprise both low residual solvent content and have low water activity. [0292] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methane-reducing preparations that may be or comprise particles (e.g., polymer microparticles). In some embodiments, particles (e.g., polymer microparticles) may comprise a polymer component (e.g., rumen-stable component). Other rumen-stable polymer systems for nutrients have been described in the art; however, none have been described for methanotrophs. [0293] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methane-reducing preparations that may be or comprise particles (e.g., polymer microparticles) comprising a payload component (e.g., a microbe payload component). In some embodiments a payload component is or comprises a microbe or methanotroph. Release Characterization [0294] In some instances, particle preparations (e.g., utilized in or with methane- reducing compositions) may be effective to protect payload component against light-induced degradation. In some instances, payload component is stable (> 80% CFU viability) when exposed to light (>80,000 lux) at elevated temperatures (37°C) for up to 1 week. Page 66 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0295] In some instances, particle preparations (e.g., utilized in or with methane- reducing compositions) may be effective to protect payload component against humidity- or oxygen-induced degradation. In some instances, payload component is stable (> 80% CFU viability) when exposed to humidity (>50% relative humidity) at elevated temperatures (40C) for up to 1 year. [0296] In some instances, viability of the payload component (>80% viability) is maintained after storage in a freezer (-85C to 0C), a refrigerator (1-10C), or atmospheric temperature (-10C-40C) for time periods between 0-1 week, 0-1 month, 0-1 years, or 1-5 years of storage. [0297] In some instances, protection against heat, light, water, and oxidation of payload component is maintained after storage in a freezer (-85C to 0C), a refrigerator (1-10C), or atmospheric temperature (-10C-40C) for time periods between 0-1 week, 0-1 month, 0-1 year, or 1-5 years of storage. Stability Characterization [0298] In some instances, a particle preparation (e.g., utilized in or with methane- reducing compositions) provides for stability of a payload component (e.g., a microbe component) in the rumen or in any liquid (e.g., water, animal drink, etc.). [0299] In some instances, release of payload component may occur at least in part due to at least partial dissolution of polymer component. [0300] In some instances, stability of payload component 50% of the payload. [0301] In some instances, stability of payload component results in 50% or less of the payload being released or disassociated from the polymer component after 1 hour or after 6 hours or after 24 hours or after 1 week. [0302] In some instances, particle preparation (e.g., utilized in or with methane-reducing compositions, e.g., that is or comprises a particle preparation) may be or are effective at protecting payload component (e.g., microbe payload component) against a physical change, a Page 67 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 chemical change, or both (e.g., degradation, oxidation, hydrolysis, isomerization, fragmentation, or a combination thereof). In some instances a physical or chemical change may be induced by one or more of heat, light, or water. [0303] In some instances, a payload component (e.g., microbe payload component) may be or is protected against oxidation. In some instances, at least 80% of the CFUs remain viable for at least 1 year at ambient temperature. [0304] In some instances, a particle preparation (e.g., utilized in or with methane- reducing compositions, e.g., that is or comprises a particle preparation) may be or remain stable, e.g., to store for a particular period of time under particular conditions. For example, in some embodiments, 99% of a payload component present in a provided composition at a particular point in time remains present, and/or one or more size characteristics (e.g., average diameter and/or one or more features of size distribution of a particle composition) remains stable throughout a period of time during which the composition is maintained under particular conditions. In some embodiments, the period of time is at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 weeks or more, and/or at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months or more, and/or at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 years or more. In some such embodiments, the particular conditions comprise ambient temperature; in some such embodiments, the particular conditions comprise elevated (above ambient) temperature. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, the particular conditions comprise aqueous conditions (e.g., aqueous liquid conditions). In some embodiments, the period of time is at least two months and the particular conditions comprise ambient temperature. [0305] In some instances, less than 10% of payload component (e.g., microbe component) is released after soaking a provided particle preparation (i.e., methane-reducing preparation) (e.g., that is or comprises a particle preparation) in water or rumen fluid or total meal ration mixture for 12 hours at 40 degrees Celsius. In some instances, less than 10% of payload component) is released from particles after soaking a provided particle preparation (i.e., nutraceutical composition) in water or rumen fluid or total meal ration mixture for 12 hours at 40 degrees Celsius. Page 68 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0306] In some instances, disclosed particle preparations (e.g., utilized in or with methane-reducing compositions) are stable (> 50% CFU viability) up to 2 weeks in water. [0307] In some instances, particle preparations (e.g., utilized in or with methane- reducing compositions) are stable (> 99.99% microbe viability) when combined with animal feed (e.g., total meal ration, animal feed pellets, etc.). [0308] In some cases, the polymer component of the methane-reducing preparation enables stability in the rumen to limit loss of viability of methanotroph function (e.g., methane reduction/deactivation/digestion/consumption/etc., production of beneficial molecules/compounds, etc.) after 1 hour or after 2 hours or after 4 hours or after 12 hours or after 24 hours or after 48 hours or after 1 week or after 1 month or after 6 months or after 1 year; in some embodiments, the methane-reducing preparation without the polymer component enables rumen stability. [0309] In some cases, stability in a rumen (e.g., rumen stability) is defined as there being at least 10 ⁹ CFU/rumen remaining. Rumen stability may be characterized utilizing rumen and/or rumen-like conditions (e.g., a rumen and/or a rumen-like environment.) [0310] In some cases, the polymer component of the methane-reducing preparation enables stability in various liquids (e.g., water, animal drink, etc.) to limit loss of viability of methanotroph function (e.g., methane reduction/deactivation/digestion/consumption/etc., production of beneficial molecules/compounds, etc.) after 1 hour or after 2 hours or after 4 hours or after 12 hours or after 24 hours or after 48 hours or after 1 week or after 1 month or after 6 months or after 1 year; in some embodiments, the methane-reducing preparation without the polymer component enables liquid stability. [0311] In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ¹⁶ CFU/ml remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ¹⁵ CFU/ml remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ¹⁴ CFU/ml remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ¹³ CFU/ml remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ¹² CFU/ml remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ¹¹ CFU/ml Page 69 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ¹⁰ CFU/ml remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ⁹ CFU/ml remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ⁸ CFU/ml remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ⁶ CFU/ml remaining; In some cases, stability in liquids is defined as there being at least 10 ⁵ CFU/ml remaining. [0312] In some cases, remaining methane-reducing preparation in liquids refers to the remaining CFUs after storage at -20C or 4C or 25C or 37C or 50C for 1 month or 2 months or 3 months or 6 months or 1 year or 2 years or 3 years. [0313] In some cases, the polymer component of the methane-reducing preparation resists digestion to limit the release or disassociation of the microbe after 1 hour or after 2 hours or after 4 hours or after 12 hours or after 24 hours or after 48 hours or after 1 week or after 1 month or after 6 months or after 1 year in the rumen; in some embodiments, the methane- reducing preparation without the polymer component enables this digestion resistance where the methane-reducing preparations remains viable at a value of 10 ⁹ CFU per rumen. Payload Component Protection [0314] In some embodiments, provided methane-reducing compositions (e.g., that are or comprise particle preparations) provide for protection against degradation (e.g., oxidation, hydrolysis, isomerization, fragmentation, or a combination thereof) of payload component (e.g., microbe component). In some embodiments, methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane- reducing particle preparations) provide for protection against light-induced degradation of payload component (e.g., microbe component). In some embodiments, methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane-reducing particle preparations) provide for protection against heat- induced degradation of payload component (e.g., microbe component). In some embodiments, methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane-reducing particle preparations) provide for protection against water-induced degradation of payload component (e.g., microbe component). [0315] In some embodiments, methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane-reducing particle preparations) provide for protection against degradation payload component (e.g., Page 70 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 microbe component) for at least about 1 month, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 4 months, at least about 5 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 7 months, at least about 8 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 10 months, at least about 11 months, at least about 12 months, at least about 24 months at ambient temperature. [0316] In some embodiments, particles disclosed herein are effective to protect against permeation of fluids (e.g., aqueous liquids, water). [0317] In some embodiments, the polymer component enables diffusion or convection or advection of products (e.g., methionine, methanotrophs) out of the particle and the diffusion or convection or advection of reactants (e.g., methane, oxygen) into the particle. [0318] In some embodiments, a provided particle preparation (i.e., methane-reducing preparation) is stable in that viability (e.g., CFU) of a majority of a payload component it includes is maintained after passage of a period of time (e.g., at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks) under a particular environmental condition (e.g., ambient temperature). In some embodiments, viability of at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95% or more of a payload component is maintained over the period of time under the environmental condition. In some embodiments, the period of time is up to about 8 weeks and the environmental condition is or comprises ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the period of time is up to about 2 weeks and the environmental condition is or comprises presence of water (e.g., in aqueous solution). In some embodiments, the period of time is up to about 72 hours and the environmental condition is or comprises exposure to light at elevated temperatures (e.g., about 37°C); in some such embodiments, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 9-%, or at least about 95% or more of a payload component retains its integrity over the period of time under the environmental condition. [0319] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition including a methanotroph or microbe (e.g., as a powder). [0320] In some embodiments, microbe viability is stable in a provided composition (e.g., as described above), e.g., over a period of time at a particular environmental condition. In Page 71 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 some embodiments, viability is assessed after 6 months at ambient temperature. In some such embodiments, probiotic viability is > 99.99%, >95%, >90%, >85%, or >80%. Payload Stability in Rumen [0321] In some embodiments, methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane-reducing particle preparations) disclosed herein provide for rumen stability of payload components. [0322] In some instances, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, or less than about 1% of payload component is released from methane- reducing preparations (e.g., methane-reducing particle preparations) after soaking in water for 12 hours in rumen fluid at 40°C. [0323] In some instances, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, or less than about 1% of microbes (e.g., microbe payload, methanotroph payload, etc.) is released from methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane- reducing particle preparations) after soaking in water or simulated rumen fluid for 72 hours at 37°C. [0324] In some instances, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, or less than about 1% of microbes compound (e.g., microbe payload, methanotroph payload, etc.) is released from methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane- reducing particle preparations) after soaking in water or simulated rumen fluid for 72 hours at 25°C. [0325] In some instances, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.05%, or less than about 0.01% of microbes compound (e.g., microbe payload, methanotroph payload, etc.) is released from methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane- Page 72 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 reducing particle preparations) after soaking in water or simulated rumen fluid for 72 hours at 37°C. [0326] In some instances, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.05%, or less than about 0.01% of microbes compound (e.g., microbe payload, methanotroph payload, etc.) is released from methane-reducing preparations (e.g., methane- reducing particle preparations) after soaking in water or simulated rumen fluid for 72 hours at 25°C. [0327] In some embodiments, the compositions and/or the particle preparation is characterized in that it does not release the payload component in a rumen. [0328] Alternatively or additionally, in some such embodiments, the compositions and/or the particle preparation is characterized in that it does release the payload component in a rumen. [0329] In some cases, the polymer component of the methane-reducing preparation enables enhanced colonization through enhanced binding to, the mucus in the rumen or other microbes in the rumen or rumen epithelial cells or food/feed in the rumen; in some embodiments, via directed evolution the methane-reducing preparation (e.g., without the polymer component) enables enhanced colonization through enhanced binding to, the mucus in the rumen or other microbes in the rumen or rumen epithelial cells or food/feed in the rumen; in some embodiments, via natural methanotroph function the methane-reducing preparation (e.g., without the polymer component) enables enhanced colonization through enhanced binding to, the mucus in the rumen or other microbes in the rumen or rumen epithelial cells or food/feed in the rumen. [0330] In some cases, colonization of methane-reducing preparations is characterized as having detectable CFU (colony forming units) in the feces of the animal 8 weeks after a single administration of a methane-reducing preparation. Page 73 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 Uses of Methane-Reducing Compositions [0331] It is contemplated that provided methane-reducing compositions, and particularly those that are or comprise particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) are particularly useful to reduce methane from biological or environmental sources, specifically including methane produced by ruminants and most particularly by cows, and also methane found in other sites such as, for example, methane swamps, landfills, rice paddies, wetlands, coal mines, wastewater, soil, manure, oceans, volcanoes, wildfires, termites, solid waste, oil and gas reserves, oil wells, gas depots, oil deposits, etc. [0332] In some embodiments, provided methane-reducing compositions, and particularly those that are or comprise particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) are particularly suitable for use in consumable compositions (e.g., in animal- consumable, and particularly ruminant-consumable, product that is dry or liquid or both). [0333] In some instances, provided methane-reducing compositions, and particularly those that are or comprise particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations) provide for stability of polymer component (e.g., rumen stable polymer component), payload component (e.g., microbe payload component), or a combination thereof when used with consumable compositions (e.g., an animal-consumable product that is dry or liquid or both). [0334] Further, this disclosure provides methane-reducing compositions, and particularly those that are or comprise particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations)which may improve animal health. [0335] Provided technologies provide benefits over existing products, among other things, because (i) in some embodiments, provided methane-reducing preparations (e.g., particle preparations) both reduce methane and provide a source for host-beneficial molecules/compounds such as methionine or vitamin B12, and (ii) there have been no feasible technologies (e.g., cost-efficient, time-efficient, physically and/or chemically-capable) which remove and/or reduce methane in ruminants. [0336] Some aspects of the current disclosure provide methods of promoting health or longevity in an animal, comprising providing an effective amount of particle preparations (e.g., Page 74 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 methane-reducing preparations) described herein in combination with a consumable composition (e.g., an animal-consumable product that is dry or liquid or both) to an animal. In some cases, consumable compositions comprise particle preparations (e.g., methane-reducing preparations). EXEMPLIFICATION [0337] The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the disclosed embodiments. The following examples are useful to confirm aspects of the disclosure described above and to exemplify certain embodiments of the disclosure. These non-limiting examples demonstrate particular features and advantages of provided technologies – e.g., of provided microbe preparations in which a methanotroph component reduces methane content in a rumen and methane output from a ruminant. [0338] Among other things, provided preparations can be utilized in a new approach to reducing methane – specifically by utilizing methanotrophs to digest/reduce/sequester/remove/eliminate/consume methane in the rumen of a ruminant, and/or in another biological or environmental context such as a methane swamp). As exemplified herein, provided microbe preparations can achieve one or more of the following advantages: 1) Decreased methane content in a rumen; 2) Decreased methane output from ruminant(s); 3) Stability (for example, viability of methanotrophs) in water, light, and oxidative environments, providing shelf-stability (i.e., in storage and/or pre-rumen conditions); 4) Amenability to combination (e.g., mixing) with other components or materials, which enables payload components (specifically including methanotrophs) to be combined with and/or incorporated into complex ingestible items such as foods and/or drinks (e.g., animal drinking water) and/or ingredients (e.g., nutraceuticals); 5) Low water activity, even when characterized by high water content, and specifically including when a preparation is provided in powder form, which provides a particular advantage of compatibility with microbial viability; 6) Stability (i.e., viability) of microbe payload in rumen conditions; 7) Ability to allow diffusion or advection or convection of products (e.g., methionine) out of the preparation and, for example, into the rumen and/or environment; 8) Ability to allow diffusion or advection or convection of reactants (e.g., methane, oxygen) into preparation; 9) Technological modularity that permits control over Page 75 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 particle size characteristic(s) (e.g., average particle [e.g., microparticle] size and/or size distribution), loading, and/or release; 10) Ability to modulate the local environment (e.g., within the preparation itself and/or at a site of application such as within a rumen and/or in an environmental site such as a methane swamp) toward conditions that accelerate or increase microbe (e.g., methanotroph and/or other microbe(s)) growth or growth rate; and/or 11) Ability to provide a beneficial product of the methanotroph itself (i.e., a daughter cell). Example 1: Morphology of exemplary microbe preparations [0339] This example shows bright field microscopy images that document morphology of non-limiting exemplary embodiments of disclosed microbe preparations as described herein that comprise certain microbe payloads. [0340] For example, FIG.1A – 1B presents images of an exemplary microbe preparations as provided by the present disclosure. As can be seen, preparations are shown to comprise various shapes and sizes, with consistent distribution of included microbe payloads. [0341] These particular exemplified microbe preparations utilized an exemplary probiotic powder (e.g., Lactobacillus rhamnosus) and/or methionine. It is contemplated that non-limiting exemplary embodiments of microbe preparations include microbe payloads that can be homogenously or non-homogenously distributed within the microbe preparation. Example 2: Characteristics of microbe preparations in rumen and water [0342] This example illustrates certain physical stability and buoyancy characteristics of exemplary provided microbe preparations in both rumen fluid and water. [0343] For example, FIGs.2A – 2B present images of exemplary microbe preparations containing an exemplary probiotic powder (e.g., Lactobacillus rhamnosus) and/or methionine, that remain physically stable (in-tact, undissolved, etc.) and buoyant in simulated rumen fluid (Panel 1, Panel 2) or water (Panel 3, Panel 4) after 72 hours at an elevated temperature of 37°C. FIG.2C – 2D present brightfield microscopy images of the preparations exemplified in FIG.2A – 2B, but after being separated from rumen fluid and dried. These images demonstrate that at Page 76 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 the microscopic level, microbe preparations remain physically stable after 72 hours at an elevated temperature of 37°C. FIG.2E presents brightfield microscopy of an exemplary microbe preparation containing an exemplary probiotic powder (e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus) in water, demonstrating stability while still contained within the liquid. Physical stability can be important to ensure integrity of a microbe preparation. Buoyancy is a tunable property that can facilitate continuous conferral of one or more of the advantages as described herein. Example 3: Incorporation of microbe preparations into animal feed [0344] This example shows that microbe preparations are compatible with, and can be incorporated into solid animal feed. [0345] For example, FIG.3A – 3B present images of model animal feed in dry pellet form prepared with 5% w/w microbe preparation or 0% w/w microbe preparation. The pellets with microbe preparations incorporated are physically stable and not significantly visually different from the pellets without. [0346] FIG.3C presents cross-sectional images of the same animal feeds. The preparation of dry pellets requires hydration with water, mixing and subsequent drying. It is contemplated that embodiments of provided microbe preparations are stable through all such processes and maintain stability until finally delivered to a rumen. [0347] The present disclosure teaches that administration (e.g., by feeding) of provided microbe preparations to ruminants can beneficially impact methane emissions from the ruminants at least in part due to methane metabolism by microbes in the preparations. Thus the present disclosure specifically proposes that methanotrophs (including specifically methanotrophs provided in preparations as described herein) can survive and metabolize within rumens. It is noted that evidence of natural methanotrophs in rumen environments is lacking – indeed several untargeted and targeted sequencing searches have not found genetic signatures of methanotrophs in rumen contents (3, 4). One study found methanotrophs in cow rumens but only in exclusively grain-fed animals and confirmed the lack of methanotrophs in grass-fed animals (5). On the other hand, the present disclosure notes that the measured fraction of Page 77 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 methanotrophs (~10 ⁴ – 10 ⁵ CFU / mL in a total of 10 ¹⁰ – 10 ¹¹ CFU / mL) suggested that in situ growth must be occurring (5), and observes that finding supports the idea that the cow rumen falls within the acceptable tolerated ranges of methanotroph growth in terms of pH, temp, salinity and dilution rate (Table 1). [0348] Furthermore, the present disclosure notes that mention has been made in the literature of a goal of being able to reduce methane emissions from ruminants through use of methanotrophs fed as probiotics to ruminants (see, Soren et al., in Livestock production and climate change, Malik, et al., Eds. (CABI, Wallingford, 2015). One non-peer reviewed report provides a tantalizing suggestion that a pig-derived methanotroph (Brevibacillus parabrevis) might be able to survive when administered once a day to sheep (which are ruminants, although with much lower methane production than cows), and might even be able to impact methane emissions – the report indicated a drop from 30.4 L/day to 28.6 L/day (7). On the other hand, the extensive body of research on the culture and metabolic analysis of methanotrophs (see, for example, Khider et al., World J Microbiol. Biotechnol.37:72, 2021; Kalyuzhnaya et al., Syst Appl Microbio; 24:166, 2001; Ward et al., PLOS iol 2:e303, 2004; Gilman et al. Microb. Cell Factories 14:182, 2015; Puri et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol.81:1775, 2015) has not provided guidance on how or whether methanotrophs might be administered to survive in rumens/under rumen conditions, let alone to grow and/or to metabolize methane. Indeed, the focus of most such literature reports tends to be either on basic methanotroph biology or on finding strains, culture conditions and genetic tools to make an “industrially viable” methanotroph for the remediation of wasted methane (e.g., to avoid the need for methane flaring at oil rigs (see, in particular, Gilman et al. Microb. Cell Factories 14:182, 2015; Puri et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol.81:1775, 2015). Such research has identified culture conditions to optimize growth rate, however not much if any has been done to measure exact growth rates in non-ideal conditions. [0349] Teachings provided herein address the desire to develop technologies for reducing methane using methanotrophs. Among other things, the present disclosure establishes that functional growth of exogenously added methanotrophs in the cow rumen can be achieved. Given that methanotrophs are generally resilient (i.e. exhibit some growth/survival) over a wide range of conditions (e g., pH, temp, salinity, etc.), and furthermore, at least in certain Page 78 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 circumstances, can survive freeze drying (see, for example, Kalyuzhanya et al., Syst. Appl. Microbiol.24, 166–76 (2001), teachings provided herein establish utility and feasibility of using methanotrophs, and particularly of using methanotroph preparations as described herein, for reducing methane emitted by ruminants. [0350] Culturable aerobic methanotrophs use methane as their main (often only) carbon and energy source to grow. Therefore, lack of growth indicates conditions that would not support methane consumption. All culturable aerobic methanotrophs use a reaction of methane and oxygen to generate methanol as the key reaction to consume methane. Therefore, oxygen is chemically required for methane consumption. [0351] The present disclosure compared six (6) key parameters in cow rumen vs “ideal” conditions vs acceptable conditions (see Table 1). The present disclosure establishes that a particularly useful methanotroph in the context of the present disclosure is one that is (a) culturable (e.g., under defined conditions such as in a laboratory or production facility); (b) relatively fast-growing [e.g., doubling time less than about 5 hours or 4 hours or, preferably 3 hours), in particular under rumen conditions; and, optionally but preferably (c) genetically tractable). The present disclosure determines that methanotrophs can survive in cow rumen based on these key parameters, including with a preferred doubling time. However, it is expected that oxygen would be a limiting factor. [0352] The provided comparison of ideal culture conditions with those present in a cow rumen (Table 1) suggests that methanotrophs are capable of growing in rumen conditions (e.g.,., temperature, pH, methane content, etc.). Furthermore, without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the present disclosure proposes that, in order to materially impact methane emission levels, methanotrophs may need to grow at a rate that exceeds the dilution rate of the rumen) and at a certain concentration (e.g., within a range of about 10 ¹⁴ -10 ¹⁵ CFU/rumen). Appropriate calculations (not shown) indicate feasibility of achieving these levels through administration of methanotrophs (e.g., in provided preparations) as described herein. [0353] The provided comparison of ideal culture conditions with those present in the cow rumen (Table 2) suggests that the largest limiting factors to the functional growth of methanotrophs (and therefore methane reduction) in the cow rumen may be the dissolved Page 79 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 oxygen content and the dilution rate. The present disclosure provides an insight that such factors might be addressable via providing methanotroph(s) via a particular formulation. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the present disclosure proposes that a formulation could improve growth, could favor the methane oxidation reaction, could increase residence time in the rumen (e.g., overcoming impact(s) of dilution rate of the rumen), could improve one or more of methanotroph stability, survival, and/or colonization in the rumen, etc.). Among other things, the present disclosure provides formulation technologies particularly useful for administration of methanotrophs and/or to provide one or more such benefits, such as changing the macro-environment of the rumen. Table 2. Certain parameters of non-limiting exemplary conditions demonstrating that methanotrophs can grow in physiological rumen conditions in ruminants (e.g., cow, camel, goat, etc.). Rumen Ideal for a fast- Acceptable range for Example 4: Methods for Preparing Methane-Reducing Preparations Page 80 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0354] The present example demonstrates non-limiting exemplary embodiments of preparations comprising microbes. For example, in some instances, preparations may comprise methane-reducing microbes disclosed herein. Methane-reducing particle preparations are prepared by one or more of extrusion, spray drying (e.g., tri-fluid nozzle spray drying, e.g., spray drying with a bi-fluid nozzle with a single aqueous liquid feed and air atomization, e.g., spray drying with a bi-fluid nozzle with a single organic solvent liquid feed and air atomization), and emulsion. Example 5: Characterizing Stability of Methane-Reducing Microbes and/or Methane- Reducing Preparations [0355] The present example demonstrates the stability of non-limiting exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the present example demonstrates improvements in the stability of methane-reducing microbes by means of methane-reducing microbe preparations. Stability improvements are evaluated by comparing the stability of methane-reducing microbe preparations relative to reference methane-reducing microbes (e.g., methane-reducing microbes which are not associated with preparations described herein.) Stability improvements may be or are temperature stability improvements, humidity stability improvements, liquid and/or aqueous environment stability improvements, rumen and/or rumen-like environment stability, or a combination thereof. In some instances, stability improvements may be defined as having >20%, > 30%, > 40%, >50%, > 60%, >70%, >80%, >90% survival of methane-reducing microbes. [0356] Temperature Stability: Further, the present example demonstrates the temperature stability of non-limiting exemplary embodiments. For example, non-limiting exemplary embodiments are tested at a temperature within a range of about 0°C to about 100°C. Further, to evaluate improvements in temperature stability, a reference is tested at a temperatures within a range of about 0° C to about 100°C for comparison. [0357] Temperature Stability Results: Non-limiting exemplary embodiments of methane-reducing microbe preparations have improved temperature stability as compared to reference methane-reducing microbes (e.g., methane-reducing microbes which are not associated with presently disclosed preparations.) Page 81 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0358] Humidity Stability: Further, the present example demonstrates the humidity stability of non-limiting exemplary embodiments. For example, non-limiting exemplary embodiments are tested at a relative humidity (RH) within a range of about 0% RH to about 100% RH. Further, to evaluate improvements in humidity stability, a reference is tested at a relative humidity (RH) within a range of about 0% RH C to about 100% RH for comparison. [0359] Humidity Stability Results: Non-limiting exemplary embodiments of methane- reducing microbe preparations have improved humidity stability as compared to reference methane-reducing microbes (e.g., methane-reducing microbes which are not associated with presently disclosed preparations.) [0360] Light Stability: Further, the present example demonstrates the light (e.g., sunlight) stability of non-limiting exemplary embodiments. For example, non-limiting exemplary embodiments are tested by being exposed to light, for example in direct sunlight for a period of time. To evaluate improvements in light stability, a reference is tested by being exposed to light, for example in direct sunlight for a period of time. [0361] Light Stability Results: Non-limiting exemplary embodiments of methane- reducing microbe preparations have improved light stability as compared to reference methane- reducing microbes (e.g., methane-reducing microbes which are not associated with presently disclosed preparations.) [0362] Liquid and/or Aqueous Environment Stability: Further, the present example demonstrates the stability of non-limiting exemplary embodiments in liquid and/or aqueous environments. For example, a liquid and/or aqueous may be or comprise water. To evaluate improvements in liquid and/or aqueous environment stability, a reference is tested by being exposed to a liquid and/or aqueous environment (e.g., an environment that may be or comprise water) for comparison. [0363] Liquid and/or Aqueous Environment Stability Results: Non-limiting exemplary embodiments of methane-reducing microbe preparations have improved stability in liquid and/or aqueous environments as compared to reference methane-reducing microbes (e.g., methane-reducing microbes which are not associated with presently disclosed preparations.) Page 82 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0364] Rumen and/or Rumen-like Environment Stability: Further, the present example demonstrates the stability of non-limiting exemplary embodiments in rumen and/or rumen-like environments. To evaluate improvements in rumen and/or rumen-like environment stability, a reference is tested by being exposed to a rumen and/or rumen-like environment for comparison. [0365] Rumen and/or Rumen-like Environment Stability Results: Non-limiting exemplary embodiments of methane-reducing microbe preparations have improved stability in rumen and/or rumen-like environments as compared to reference methane-reducing microbes (e.g., methane-reducing microbes which are not associated with presently disclosed preparations.) For example, methane-reducing microbe preparations demonstrate enhanced colonization, improved mucoadhesion, improved ability to float in rumen fluid and/or rumen- like fluid, improved residence time in rumen and/or rumen-like environments. [0366] Animal Feed Stability: Further, the present example demonstrates the stability of non-limiting exemplary embodiments in animal feed. To evaluate improvements in stability in animal feed, a reference is tested in animal feed for comparison. [0367] Animal Feed Stability Results: Non-limiting exemplary embodiments of methane-reducing microbe preparations have improved stability in animal feed as compared to reference methane-reducing microbes (e.g., methane-reducing microbes which are not associated with presently disclosed preparations.) Example 6: Administering Methane-Reducing Microbes and/or Methane-Reducing Microbe Preparations [0368] The present example demonstrates methods for administering non-limiting exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, in some instances, methods may comprise administering methane-reducing microbes (e.g., Methanotrophs). Administration methods may include, for example, feeding methane-reducing microbe preparations to an organism (e.g., a ruminant [e.g., a cow]). In some embodiments, a methane-reducing composition (e.g., a methane-reducing preparation, e.g., a methane-reducing particle preparation) may be administered to an organism (e.g., a ruminant) through varying delivery technologies. Varying delivery technologies include, but are not limited to, (a) delivery via a Page 83 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 salt lick (e.g., a methane-reducing salt lick preparation), (b) delivery via drinking water (e.g., a methane-reducing drinking water preparation), (c) delivery via a feed and/or feed trough (e.g., a methane-reducing feed preparation), and (d) delivery via routine nutrient gavages. [0369] In some instances, an organism may be administered a methane-reducing composition (e.g., by a delivery technology) voluntarily and/or forcefully. [0370] In some embodiments, a methane-reducing composition is disposed into a rumen of an organism (e.g., a ruminant, e.g., a pasture-fed cow.) Example 7: Characterizing Reduction in Methane Output [0371] The present example demonstrates non-limiting exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure reduce methane output. For example, methane output from ruminants (e.g., at least one ruminant [e.g., at least one cow]) is reduced. [0372] Exemplary in vitro protocols: Methane output from ruminants (e.g., at least one ruminant [e.g., at least one cow]) may be demonstrated by an in vitro protocol. For example, an exemplary in vitro protocol comprises subjecting exemplary embodiments to conditions which simulate a rumen and/or rumen-like environment. For example, subjected exemplary embodiments may comprise a dose (e.g., a dose quantified by CFU) of at least one presently disclosed methane-reducing microbe. [0373] Results: Non-limiting exemplary embodiments demonstrate reduction in methane production by subjecting exemplary embodiments to conditions which may be or simulate a rumen and/or rumen-like environment. Methane reductions are determined by comparison to a reference methane production (e.g., methane emi from a reference rumen and/or rumen-like environment. [0374] Exemplary in vivo protocols: Methane output from ruminants (e.g., at least one ruminant [e.g., at least one cow]) may be demonstrated by an in vivo protocol. Ruminants (e.g., at least one ruminant [e.g., at least one cow]) are administered presently disclosed non-limiting exemplary embodiments. For example, administered embodiments may comprise a dose (e.g., a dose quantified by CFU) of at least one presently disclosed methane-reducing microbe. Doses Page 84 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 may comprise certain values of embodiments. Ruminant methane output are measured over the course of administering non-limiting exemplary embodiments. [0375] Results: Non-limiting exemplary embodiments demonstrate reduction in methane output from ruminants (e.g., at least one ruminant [e.g., at least one cow]) administered methane-reducing microbes.) Methane output reductions are determined by comparison to a reference methane output (e.g., methane output from reference ruminants [e.g., at least one ruminant [e.g., at least one cow.]]) Example 8: Protocol for in vitro directed evolution [0376] This example demonstrates a non-limiting exemplary in vitro protocol for directed evolution of a microbe (e.g., a methanotroph, e.g., a culturable aerobic methanotroph.) In some embodiments, an exemplary directed evolution protocol may proceed similar or identical to an exemplary directed evolution process 604b, as presented in FIG.7. [0377] 1. Mutagensis: FIG.8 presents a diagram for a non-limiting exemplary protocol for a mutagenesis step 704. A culturable methanotroph with a published genome sequence and an intrinsically high growth rate in ideal culture conditions is sourced (e.g.,Methylococcus capsulatus Bath strain ATCC 33009 from ATCC). [0378] A strain is mutagenized using N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) following an established protocol (8–10). Briefly, the strain is cultured in 50 mL of Nitrate Mineral Salts Medium (NMS) at 37°C in 250 mL stoppered flasks at 200 rpm under an atmosphere of 50% methane and 50% air to an OD600 of 0.5. Then 10 mL aliquots are pelleted, washed in 100 mM citrate buffer, pH 5.5, pelleted again and resuspended into three 100 uL aliquots in citrate buffer. MNNG is added to each aliquot to a final concentration of 0, 10, and 30 ug/mL, and incubated shaking at 37C for 10 min. Each aliquot is pelleted, washed in 500uL 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 and resuspended in 500 uL NMS.50 uL of each aliquot is used to determine killing rate by colony forming unit (CFU) counting and the remaining 450uL are inoculated into 5 mL NMS and cultured as above until OD 0.2.50 uL of each culture should be plated to isolate individual clones, and ~10-20 clones should be genome sequenced. The Page 85 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 remaining bulk of each of these mutagenized (and no mutation control) cultures can be used directly in the selection step or concentrated 10-fold and glycerol stocked. [0379] Results: Greater than 10% of the cells are expected to survive in the aliquots receiving MNNG compared to the no mutagenesis control. Genome sequences from the mutagenized cultures should show each clone having a distinct set of mutations ranging from 1 to 100 per clone. [0380] 2. Selection: FIG.9 presents a diagram for a non-limiting exemplary protocol for a selection step 706. A selective culture medium can be chosen from the following, listed in order of increasing complexity and presence of other bacterial: simulated rumen fluids (High- Grain Diet or High-Forage Diet, USP) (14), sterile rumen fluid (centrifuged), sterile rumen fluid (whole), fresh rumen fluid (strained), fresh rumen fluid (whole). [0381] The co-medium (NMS) can be titrated at the following levels relative to the selective medium, listed in increasing order of stringency: 50%, 10%, 2%, 0%. [0382] The atmosphere can be set to 30% methane, and the percent of air can be titrated at the following levels, listed in increasing order of stringency: 50%, 15%, 5%, 1.5% (with the remainder made of carbon dioxide) (15). [0383] The culture vessel can be chosen from the following listed in order of increasing complexity: stoppered shake flask (as in the mutagenesis section), fermenter (12), RUSITEC apparatus (16). [0384] The baseline growth rate of the methanotroph should be measured under ideal conditions (NMS, 50% methane, 50% air) in the chosen reaction vessel. This growth rate should be compared to growth in the chosen medium at the lowest level of stringency (50% NMS, 30% methane/50% air). If the growth rate is higher than 10% of the ideal, the stringency of the co- medium should be increased (i.e. lower NMS percent) keeping the atmosphere stringency at its lowest until a 10% growth rate is reached. If the growth rate is >10% even at 0% NMS, then the stringency of the atmosphere should be increased until a 10% growth rate is reached. Page 86 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0385] Using these selective medium and atmosphere conditions the three mutant libraries (i.e. no mutagen, low mutagen, high mutagen) and a freshly grown control culture should be pelleted, washed with the selective medium and inoculated into the culture vessel at a 1000-fold dilution in replicate taking care to choose a total culture volume to cover the estimated library size >3-fold. Growth should be monitored in all culture vessels. Cells from any vessel showing earlier growth than the control culture should be harvested by pelleting and used directly for clone isolation/screening or glycerol stocked. If all vessels behave the same, once an OD600 of 0.2 is reached, all vessels should be diluted again 1000-fold. This sequence is repeated until a vessel grows to OD 0.2 significantly earlier than in previous rounds. This vessel should be harvested as above. [0386] Growth can be assessed through optical density measurements were possible, or through selective plating on NMS agar plates under a 50% methane 50% air atmosphere. Methanotroph growth may also be indirectly assessed through measurements of reduction of methane in the culture vessel atmosphere. [0387] Results: If mutants exist in the libraries that have enhanced growth capabilities relative to the parent strain, eventually the growth in the vessel will occur more quickly. How many rounds are required depends on the rarity of the mutant and expected fitness enhancement. If ~0.1% of mutants have a 50% faster growth rate it would take ~ 3 rounds to detect an accelerated growth advantage. [0388] 3. Clone isolation & screening: FIG.10 presents a diagram for a non-limiting exemplary embodiment of a protocol for an isolation/screening step 708. A fraction of the “Selected” culture is plated at a dilution that gives single colonies (in standard methanotroph culture conditions, NMS agar 50% methane/50%air).100-400 individual clones are picked into 96-well plates, grown under standard conditions to saturation (11). A fraction of this plate is glycerol stocked and the remainder is used to seed 96-well culture plates in replicate under the same selective medium and atmosphere conditions used for the selection step. The plates are inoculated at a 10-fold dilution and growth is assessed by optical density over time. Clones are rank ordered by growth rate under the selective conditions. The top fraction of these clones (i.e. hit clones) are promoted to phenotype verification. If there is no significant difference between Page 87 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 clones but all grow faster than the control, then the screen can be repeated using more stringent culture conditions to differentiate clones better. [0389] Results: If selection is successful, a significant fraction (>10%) of clones are expected to show enhanced growth in the screen. [0390] 4. Hit clone phenotype verification: FIG.11 presents a diagram for a non- limiting exemplary embodiment of a protocol for a hit clone phenotype verification step 710. Since the small scale of the screening step can lead to large technical variation, each hit clone needs to be verified at a larger scale at least by using the same vessel and conditions used during the selection. Verified hit clones can be further validated in more stringent culture conditions. Depending on the degree of fitness enhancement, hit clones may also be validated directly in the target application (e.g., growth assessment in vivo). [0391] Results: Not all clones promoted to the verification step are expected to reproduce the results of the screen. If none, replicate then a larger fraction of clones can be verified. [0392] 5. Hit clone genotype characterization: To carry out further rounds of directed evolution the number of hit clones needs to be pruned. To do this either just the hit clone with the best phenotype can be submitted to a subsequent round of directed evolution or several hit clones can be genome sequenced to make a more informed choice. If genome sequencing is carried out for several hit clones, the clones can be grouped by those with mutations in the same gene or gene class. Only one representative within each class showing the best phenotype or least number of total mutations can be promoted to subsequent rounds of directed evolution. Example 9: Protocol for in vivo directed evolution [0393] This example demonstrates a non-limiting exemplary in vivo protocol for directed evolution of a microbe (e.g., a methanotroph, e.g., a culturable aerobic methanotroph). In some embodiments, an exemplary directed evolution protocol may proceed similar or identical to an exemplary directed evolution process 604b, as presented in FIG.7. In some instances, the main technical hurdle for in vivo directed evolution is the inability to set the Page 88 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 dilution rate of the vessel (or tune the stringency of the selection) which can lead to loss of the mutant library before selection is complete. [0394] In some embodiments, in vivo directed evolution may require a parent methanotroph comprises a growth rate faster than the dilution rate of an exemplary rumen (e.g., a cow rumen) and has a base level of growth in this environment. If this is the case, then the above protocol can be modified as follows. [0395] 1. Mutagenesis: This step proceeds similar and/or identical to the Mutagenesis step presented in Example 8. In some embodiments, there are no modifications relative to an in vitro protocol exemplified above. [0396] 2. Selection: The reaction vessel is replaced with a fistulated or cannulated cow model (13). A rumen cannula is preferred as it does not impact the oxygen content of the rumen as strongly as an open fistula. As noted, the stringency cannot be as easily tuned. Possible alternatives may include increasing the oxygen content of the rumen through the cannula or fistula. [0397] Due to the constant dilution of the rumen, the growth rate cannot be as easily compared between a control animal and one containing the mutant library. Instead, the steady state concentration of the library or alternatively the steady state level of methane could be tracked. As mutants with enhanced fitness are enriched the steady state level of the library is expected to increase (analogously the steady state level of methane is expected to decrease). If this is observed a fraction of the cow rumen can be used for clone isolation/screening. [0398] 3. Clone isolation & screening: This step proceeds similar and/or identical to the Clone isolation & screening step presented in Example 8. In some embodiments, there are no modifications relative to an in vitro protocol exemplified above. [0399] 4. Hit clone phenotype verification: This step proceeds similar and/or identical to the hit clone phenotype verification step presented in Example 8. In some embodiments, there are no modifications relative to an in vitro protocol exemplified above. Page 89 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0400] 5. Hit clone genotype characterization: This step proceeds similar and/or identical to the hit clone genotype characterization step presented in Example 8. In some embodiments, there are no modifications relative to an in vitro protocol exemplified above. Example 10: Enzyme Calculation [0401] This example presents an exemplary calculation for a rate of methane reduction using non-limiting exemplary embodiments disclosed herein. [0402] There is only one known biological reaction with methane as a substrate the hydroxylation of methane to methanol. There are only three enzyme classes that are known to carry out this reaction (EC 1.14.13.25, EC 1.14.18.3, EC 1.14.13.230). For the most studied (EC 1.14.13.25, EC 1.14.18.3) catalytic parameters are only known for EC 1.14.13.25 the “soluble methane monooxygenases (sMMO).” Table 3. Summary of Enzymes Enzyme EC 1.14.13.25 - methane EC 1.14.18.3 - EC 1.14.13.230 - U/mg of protein in vitro.1 unit is equal to production of 1 µmol of propene oxide/min. (Propane is used as the model substrate). With 835 mg obtained from 200g cell paste with 63% recovery. [0404] A calculation determined max rate of methanol consumption per CFU assuming an enzyme expression and rate equivalent to that from the purified enzyme from the natural host (i.e., methane consumption rate [mol/min/CFU]): 835 mg of sMMO hydroxylase can be Page 90 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 purified from 200g cell paste at a recovery of 63% (i.e.6.6 mg sMMO / g cell paste at 100% theoretical protein content); Cell paste mass can be assumed to be in the range of 1X - 3X the mass of pure cells (i.e.1 - 3 g cell paste / g of cells); Cell mass of Methylosinus trichosporium is 1e-12 g / CFU; the specific activity measured for purified sMMO hydroxylase (under ideal in vitro conditions for the purified enzyme complex) is 1.7 umol / min / mg protein; Therefore, the theoretical range of methane consumption in cells is: ^^^^ ^^^ℎ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ 6 ∗ 1 ^^ 3 ∗ 10 ^{^^} ^ ^^^^ 1.7 ∗ 6. ^{^} ^^^ ⋅ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ − 3 × 10 ^{^} ^^^^ ^^^ℎ^^^ ≈ 1 ^{^^} ^^^ ⋅ ^^^ [0405] An industrially-promising methanotroph (Methylomicrobium buryatense 5GB1) was grown in a bioreactor under various conditions and gave a methane uptake rate of ~ 10 - 20 mmol / g dry cell weight / hour. (See microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s 12934-015-0372-8.pdf). [0406] A calculation determined the rate of methanol consumption per CFU (i.e. mol/min/CFU): 1g wet cell weight (aka cell mass) is equal to 0.2 g dry cell weight; as above, cell mass of the related Methylosinus trichosporium is 1e-12 g / CFU; Therefore the methane consumption rate is: ##$% #&'()*& ,-. /&%% 0&1+(' ^{^^} + /&%% ($2- 10 ^^ 20 /&%% 0&1+(' ⋅ ($2- ∗ 0.20&' /&%% 0&1+(' ∗ 1 ^{^} + ,-. 0 345 ∗ 0.0167 #1* ∗ 6 2#$% ^{^^} 2#$% #&'()*& 10 $% ≈ 3 − ^{^} ## 7 × 10 #1* ⋅345 . [0407] Conclusion: Both independent calculations (from in vitro and bioreactor values) agree on the order of methane consumption being: 1 - 10 x 10 ^-11 umol methane / min / CFU. [0408] A cow rumen hosts between 1E10 - 1E11 CFU/mL of bacteria and has a volume of ~ 25 gallons (or ~ 100 L) giving a total bacterial load of 1E15 - 1E16 CFU / cow; Cows are known to produce methane (burps) at a rate of ~ 300 g / day / cow equal to 18.7 mol of methane / day (Methane MW = 16.04 g/mol). This is equivalent to production of methane at 13 mmol/min or 1.3 x 10 ⁴ umol/min. Page 91 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 [0409] Therefore it would take 10 ¹⁴ to 10 ¹⁵ of methanotrophic bacteria to reduce methane to zero: 7 ^^^^ ^^^ℎ^^^ 1 ^^^ ⋅ ^^^ ^{^7 ^9} ^^^ 1.3 × 10 ∗ ^{^^^} ≈ 10 − 10 ^^^ ⋅ ^^8 1 ^^ 10 × 10 ^^^^ ^^^ℎ^^^ ^^8 of the total bacteria that the rumen of a cow can host. Therefore, it is theoretically possible that with the highest possible efficiency and expression it would take ~ 10% of the cow rumen microbiome worth of bacteria to reduce methane output. [0411] The iGEM 2014 team “Braunschweig” made an E. coli expressing sMMO. They showed a reduction of 0.5% methane in 100 min by 50 mL of a culture with an OD600 of 4 (in 2% methane atmosphere) in “rumen like conditions”. (See 2014.igem.org/Team:Braunschweig/Results-content). This reference does not give enough details or reliable account to calculate the rate of methane consumption. However, the results are internally consistent and show that expression of the key enzymes is possible in an E. coli heterologous host. EXEMPLARY ENUMERATED EMBODIMENTS [0412] The following enumerated embodiments, while non-limiting, are exemplary of certain aspects of the present disclosure: 1. A method for preparing a methane-reducing microbe (e.g., a methanotroph), the method comprising a step of: (i) culturing; (ii) directed evolution (e.g., to optimize performance of the methane-reducing microbe in a particular environment, e.g., to produce a particular compound, e.g., to maximize growth or growth rate); (iii) genetic engineering [e.g., applied in vitro to a microbe, e.g., transformation (e.g., heat-shock, e.g., electroporation)]; or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), and (iii). Page 92 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the methane-reducing microbe (e.g., methanotroph) is prepared to consume at least one compound of interest (e.g., at least one hydrocarbon, e.g., at least one greenhouse gas e.g., methane). 3. The method of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the methane-reducing microbe (e.g., methanotroph) is prepared to produce at least one compound of interest (e.g., a compound beneficial to a host organism, e.g., a compound beneficial to the microbe, e.g., a compound beneficial to a host environment, e.g., a compound detrimental to a pathogenic organism, e.g., at least one vitamin, e.g., at least one amino acid, e.g., methionine). 4. The method of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the methane-reducing microbe has substantially improved fitness (e.g., survival, e.g., growth, e.g., proliferation, e.g., consumption of a compound of interest, e.g., production of a compound of interest) in a particular environment (e.g., a microenvironment, e.g., a macroenvironment, e.g., a rumen, etc.). 5. The method of embodiment 4, wherein the fitness of the methane-reducing microbe is compared to the fitness of a reference microbe [e.g., a microbe which has not undergone any of (i), (ii), or (iii), e.g., a naturally-occurring microbe]. 6. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the methane-reducing microbe is a methane-metabolizing microbe. 7. A microbe prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 1-6. 8. A methane-reducing preparation comprising a carrier component and a payload component, wherein the payload component is associated with (e.g., encapsulated in, adhered to, dispersed in) the carrier component; and wherein the payload component comprises: (i) a microbe component; (ii) an enzyme component; (iii) one or more other payload component(s), or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), or (iii). 9. The preparation of embodiment 8, wherein the carrier component comprises at least one carbohydrate, at least one polymer, and/or at least one lipid. Page 93 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 10. The preparation of embodiment 8 or 9, wherein the carrier component further comprises at least one binder (or compound) configured to promote in muco adhesion within a rumen. 11. The preparation of any one of embodiments 8-10, wherein the at least one microbe component comprises a microbe selected from the group consisting of: a naturally-occurring microbe (e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph), and a microbe prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 5. 12. The preparation of any one of embodiments 8-11, wherein the at least one enzyme component comprises an enzyme selected from the group consisting of: a purified enzyme, an enzyme contained in microbe cellular debris, an enzyme formulated by an immobilized enzyme technology, and an enzyme prepared by directed evolution. 13. The preparation of any one of embodiments 8-12, wherein the excipient component comprises a microenvironment modulator, wherein the microenvironment modulator is characterized as: (i) useful in improving the microbe growth (e.g., at least one methanotroph nutrient, e.g., at least one methanotroph growth activator); (ii) useful in allowing the methane-reduction reaction to occur (e.g., oxygen); (iii) useful in modulating an environment in which the microbe is disposed in (e.g., modulating pH, e.g., modulating salinity, e.g., modulating features of a rumen that will affect methanotroph growth, survival, etc.) (iv) useful in hindering the growth of a methane-producing microbe (e.g., methanogen). 14. The preparation of any one of embodiments 8-13, comprising at least 10^12 methanotrophs. 15. The preparation of any one of embodiments 8-14, wherein the preparation comprises particles. Page 94 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 16. The preparation of any one of embodiments 8-15, wherein the preparation comprises a specific gravity of less than 1.001. 17. The preparation of embodiment 16, wherein the preparation comprises a specific gravity in a range from about 0.8 to about 0.95. 18. A formulation comprising a methane-reducing preparation of any one of embodiments 8-17 and a methane-reducing microbe, wherein the payload component of the methane-reducing preparation consists of the at least one excipient component. 19. The formulation of embodiment 18, wherein the at least one excipient component comprises a microenvironment modulator, wherein the microenvironment modulator is characterized as: (i) useful in improving the microbe growth (e.g., at least one methanotroph nutrient, e.g., at least one methanotroph growth activator); (ii) useful in allowing the methane-reduction reaction to occur (e.g., oxygen); (iii) useful in modulating an environment in which the microbe is disposed in (e.g., modulating pH, e.g., modulating salinity, e.g., modulating features of a rumen that will affect methanotroph growth, survival, etc.) (iv) useful in hindering the growth of a methane-producing microbe (e.g., methanogen). 20. The preparation of any one of embodiments 8-17, wherein the preparation, when administered to an organism (e.g., administered to a ruminant) is characterized by a reduced output of a product (e.g., a compound, e.g., a greenhouse gas, e.g., a hydrocarbon, e.g., methane). 21. A consumable composition (e.g., an animal feed, e.g., an animal water) comprising the preparation of any one of embodiments 8-17. 22. An agricultural composition (e.g., a fertilizer, e.g., a pesticide, e.g., an herbicide) comprising the preparation of any one of embodiments 8-17. Page 95 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 23. A method for reducing a methane output (e.g., greenhouse gas outputs, e.g., methane) from an organism, the method comprising the step of administering a methane-reducing microbe to (e.g., feeding) an organism (e.g., a ruminant). 24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the microbe is selected from the group consisting of: a naturally-occurring microbe (e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph species), a microbe prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 5. 25. A reduced-output organism (e.g., an organism comprising a rumen, e.g., a ruminant) prepared (e.g., cultivated, e.g., reared, e.g., raised) by administering to (e.g., feeding) the reduced-output organism at least one microbe. 26. The reduced-output organism of embodiment 25, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of: a naturally-occurring microbe (e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph species), a microbe prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 5. 27. A method of in vitro methanotroph directed evolution comprising: providing a culturable methanotroph, the culturable methanotroph comprising a known or determinable genome sequence; mutagenizing the culturable methanotroph, creating a mutagenized methanotroph; growing a selected culture from the mutagenized methanotroph, wherein growing comprises: disposing the mutagenized methanotroph within a reaction vessel; establishing desired atmospheric conditions within the reaction vessel; and repeating one or more process steps within the reaction vessel until a desired methanotroph culture growth rate is achieved; cloning the selected culture; optionally verifying a hit clone phenotype of the selected culture; and optionally characterizing a hit clone genotype of the selected culture. 28. A method of in vivo methanotroph directed evolution comprising: Page 96 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 providing a culturable methanotroph, the culturable methanotroph comprising a known or determinable genome sequence; mutagenizing the culturable methanotroph, creating a mutagenized methanotroph; growing a selected culture from the mutagenized methanotroph, wherein growing comprises: disposing the mutagenized methanotroph within a rumen via at least one of a fistula and a cannula coupled to a rumen; optionally changing the environment of a rumen via the at least one fistula / cannula; optionally establishing desired conditions within a rumen; and optionally adjusting the desired conditions within a rumen until a desired methanotroph culture growth rate is achieved; optionally cloning the selected culture using a portion of a rumen; optionally verifying a hit clone phenotype of the selected culture; and optionally characterizing a hit clone genotype of the selected culture. 29. The method of embodiment 28, comprising changing the environment of a rumen via the at least one fistula / cannula, wherein changing the environment of a rumen comprises at least one of increasing the oxygen content of a rumen, changing the pH of a rumen, changing the ionic strength of a rumen, changing the temperature of a rumen, changing the dilution rate of a rumen, and changing the salinity of a rumen. 30. A method of promoting health or longevity in an animal, the method comprising: (i) providing an effective amount of the preparation of any one of embodiments 8-20 to the animal. 31. A method of reducing methane outputs from a ruminant comprising: providing a methanotroph in a native state; and disposing the methanotroph in a rumen of the ruminant. 32. The method of embodiment 31, further comprising disposing at least one enzyme in a rumen. Page 97 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 33. The method of embodiment 32, wherein the at least one enzyme comprises as least one of EC 1.14.13.25, EC 1.14.18.3, and EC 1.14.13.230. 34. A method for preparing a microbe (e.g., a methanotroph), the method comprising a step of: (i) culturing; (ii) directed evolution (e.g., to optimize performance of the microbe in a particular environment, e.g., to produce a particular compound, e.g., to maximize growth or growth rate); (iii) genetic engineering [e.g., applied in vitro to a microbe, e.g., transformation (e.g., heat-shock, e.g., electroporation)]; or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), and (iii). 35. The method of embodiment 34, wherein the microbe comprises a methane-metabolizing microbe. 36. A formulation comprising: a methane-reducing preparation of any one of embodiments 8-17; and the methane-metabolizing microbe of embodiment 34. 37. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the methane-reducing microbe results in an methane emissions reduction from a ruminant in a range of about 25% to about 100%. 38. The preparation of any one of embodiments 8-17, wherein the preparation, when administered to an organism (e.g., administered to swamps, landfills, rice paddies, wetlands, coal mines, wastewater, soil, manure, oceans, volcanoes, wildfires, termite colonies, solid waste, oil and gas reserves, oil wells, gas depots, oil deposits, etc.) is characterized by a reduced output of a product (e.g., a compound, e.g., a greenhouse gas, e.g., a hydrocarbon, e.g., methane). 39. A method of reducing methane outputs from an environment comprising: providing a methanotroph in a native state; and disposing the methanotroph in the environment. Page 98 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 40. A methane-reducing preparation comprising a carrier component and a payload component, wherein the payload component is associated with (e.g., encapsulated in, adhered to, dispersed in) the carrier component; and wherein the payload component comprises: (i) a microbe component; (ii) an enzyme component; (iii) one or more other payload component(s), or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), or (iii). 41. The preparation of embodiment 40, wherein the microbe component comprises at least one methane-reducing microbe selected from the group consisting of: a naturally-occurring methanotroph, a methane-reducing methanotroph prepared by directed evolution, a methane- reducing methanotroph prepared by genetic engineering, and any combination thereof. 42. The preparation of any one of embodiments 40-41, wherein the carrier component comprises at least one carbohydrate, at least one polymer, and/or at least one lipid. 43. The preparation of any one of embodiments 40-42, wherein the carrier component comprises at least one binder (or compound) configured to promote in muco adhesion within a rumen. 44. The preparation of any one of embodiments 40-43, wherein the at least one enzyme component comprises an enzyme selected from the group consisting of: a purified enzyme, an enzyme contained in microbe cellular debris, an enzyme formulated by an immobilized enzyme technology, and an enzyme prepared by directed evolution. 45. The preparation of any one of embodiments 40-44 comprising an excipient component, wherein the excipient component comprises a microenvironment modulator, wherein the microenvironment modulator is characterized as: Page 99 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 (i) useful in improving the microbe growth (e.g., at least one methanotroph nutrient, e.g., at least one methanotroph growth activator); (ii) useful in allowing the methane-reduction reaction to occur (e.g., oxygen); (iii) useful in modulating an environment in which the microbe is disposed in (e.g., modulating pH, e.g., modulating salinity, e.g., modulating features of a rumen that will affect methanotroph growth, survival, etc.); (iv) useful in hindering the growth of a methane-producing microbe (e.g., methanogen); or (v) any combination thereof. 46. The preparation of any one of embodiments 40-45 comprising at least 10 ¹² methane- reducing microbes (e.g., methane metabolizing microbes, e.g., methanotrophs). 47. The preparation of any one of embodiments 40-46, wherein the preparation comprises particles. 48. The preparation of embodiment 47, wherein the preparation comprises a specific gravity of less than 1.001. 49. The preparation of embodiment 48, wherein the preparation comprises a specific gravity in a range from about 0.8 to about 0.95. 50. The preparation of any one of embodiments 40-49, wherein the preparation, when administered to an organism (e.g., administered to a ruminant) is characterized by a reduced output of a product (e.g., a compound, e.g., a greenhouse gas, e.g., a hydrocarbon, e.g., methane). 51. The preparation of any one of embodiments 40-50, wherein the preparation, when administered to an environment (e.g., administered to swamps, landfills, rice paddies, wetlands, coal mines, wastewater, soil, manure, oceans, volcanoes, wildfires, termite colonies, solid waste, oil and gas reserves, oil wells, gas depots, oil deposits, etc.) is characterized by a reduced Page 100 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 output of a product (e.g., a compound, e.g., a greenhouse gas, e.g., a hydrocarbon, e.g., methane). 52. The preparation of embodiment 50 or 51, wherein a value of the reduced output is in a range of about 25% to about 100%. 53. A method for preparing a methane-reducing microbe (e.g., a methane-metabolizing microbe, e.g., a methanotroph), the method comprising a step of: (i) culturing; (ii) directed evolution (e.g., to optimize performance of the methane-reducing microbe in a particular environment, e.g., to produce a particular compound, e.g., to maximize growth or growth rate); (iii) genetic engineering [e.g., applied in vitro to a microbe, e.g., transformation (e.g., heat-shock, e.g., electroporation)]; or (iv) a combination of (i), (ii), and (iii). 54. The method of embodiment 53, wherein the methane-reducing microbe (e.g., methanotroph) is prepared to consume at least one compound of interest (e.g., at least one hydrocarbon, e.g., at least one greenhouse gas, e.g., methane). 55. The method of embodiment 53 or 54, wherein the methane-reducing microbe is a methane- metabolizing microbe. 56. The method of any one of embodiments 53-55, wherein the methane-reducing microbe (e.g., methanotroph) is prepared to produce at least one compound of interest (e.g., a compound beneficial to a host organism, e.g., a compound beneficial to the microbe, e.g., a compound beneficial to a host environment, e.g., a compound detrimental to a pathogenic organism, e.g., at least one vitamin, e.g., at least one amino acid, e.g., methionine). 57. The method of any one of embodiments 53-56, wherein the methane-reducing microbe has substantially improved fitness (e.g., survival, e.g., growth, e.g., proliferation, e.g., consumption Page 101 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 of a compound of interest, e.g., production of a compound of interest) in a particular environment (e.g., a microenvironment, e.g., a macroenvironment, e.g., a rumen, etc.). 58. The method of embodiment 57, wherein the fitness of the methane-reducing microbe is compared to the fitness of a reference microbe [e.g., a microbe which has not undergone any of (i), (ii), or (iii), e.g., a naturally-occurring microbe]. 59. The method of any one of embodiments 53-58, wherein disposing the methane-reducing microbe in a ruminant results in a methane emissions reduction from the ruminant in a range of about 25% to about 100%. 60. A methane-reducing microbe (e.g., a methane-metabolizing microbe, e.g., a methanotroph) prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 53-59. 61. A formulation comprising a methane-reducing preparation of any one of embodiments 40- 52, wherein the microbe component of the methane-reducing preparation comprises at least one methane-reducing microbe, and the payload component of the methane-reducing preparation comprises at least one excipient component. 62. The formulation of embodiment 61, wherein the at least one excipient component comprises a microenvironment modulator, wherein the microenvironment modulator is characterized as: (i) useful in improving the microbe growth (e.g., at least one methanotroph nutrient, e.g., at least one methanotroph growth activator); (ii) useful in allowing the methane-reduction reaction to occur (e.g., oxygen); (iii) useful in modulating an environment in which the microbe is disposed in (e.g., modulating pH, e.g., modulating salinity, e.g., modulating features of a rumen that will affect methanotroph growth, survival, etc.) (iv) useful in hindering the growth of a methane-producing microbe (e.g., methanogen). Page 102 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 63. The formulation of embodiment 61 or 62, wherein the at least one methane-reducing microbe (e.g., methane-metabolizing microbe, e.g., methanotroph) is prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 53-59. 64. A consumable composition (e.g., an animal feed, e.g., an animal water) comprising the preparation of any one of embodiments 40-52. 65. An agricultural composition (e.g., a fertilizer, e.g., a pesticide, e.g., an herbicide) comprising the preparation of any one of embodiments 40-52. 66. A method for reducing a methane output (e.g., greenhouse gas outputs, e.g., methane) from an organism, the method comprising the step of administering at least one methane-reducing microbe to (e.g., feeding) an organism (e.g., a ruminant). 67. The method of embodiment 66, wherein the at least one methane-reducing microbe is selected from the group consisting of: a naturally-occurring methane-reducing microbe (e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph, e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph species), and a microbe prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 53-59. 68. A reduced-output organism (e.g., an organism comprising a rumen, e.g., a ruminant) prepared (e.g., cultivated, e.g., reared, e.g., raised) by administering to (e.g., feeding) the reduced-output organism at least one microbe (e.g., at least one methane-reducing microbe, e.g., at least one methane-metabolizing microbe, e.g., at least one methanotroph). 69. The reduced-output organism of embodiment 68, wherein the at least one microbe is selected from the group consisting of: a naturally-occurring microbe (e.g., a naturally-occurring methanotroph species), and a methane-reducing microbe prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 53-59. 70. A method of in vitro methanotroph directed evolution comprising: Page 103 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 providing a culturable methanotroph, the culturable methanotroph comprising a known or determinable genome sequence; mutagenizing the culturable methanotroph, creating a mutagenized methanotroph; and growing a selected culture from the mutagenized methanotroph, wherein growing comprises: disposing the mutagenized methanotroph within a reaction vessel; establishing desired atmospheric conditions within the reaction vessel; and repeating one or more process steps within the reaction vessel until a desired methanotroph culture growth rate is achieved; and cloning the selected culture. 71. The method of embodiment 70, wherein growing comprises verifying a hit clone phenotype of the selected culture. 72. The method of embodiment 70 or 71, wherein growing comprises characterizing a hit clone genotype of the selected culture. 73. A method of in vivo methanotroph directed evolution comprising: providing a culturable methanotroph, the culturable methanotroph comprising a known or determinable genome sequence; mutagenizing the culturable methanotroph, creating a mutagenized methanotroph; growing a selected culture from the mutagenized methanotroph, wherein growing comprises: disposing the mutagenized methanotroph within a rumen via at least one of a fistula and a cannula coupled to a rumen. 74. The method of embodiment 73, wherein growing comprises changing the environment of the rumen via the at least one fistula / cannula. 75. The method of embodiment 74, wherein changing the environment of the rumen comprises at least one of increasing an oxygen content of the rumen, changing the pH of the rumen, Page 104 of 117 11546436v1 Docket No.: 2017299-0077 changing the ionic strength of the rumen, changing the temperature of the rumen, changing the dilution rate of the rumen, and changing the salinity of the rumen. 76. The method of any one of embodiments 73-75, wherein growing comprises establishing desired conditions within the rumen. 77. The method of any one of embodiments 73-76, wherein growing comprises adjusting the desired conditions within the rumen until a desired methanotroph culture growth rate is achieved; 78. The method of any one of embodiments 73-77, wherein growing comprises cloning the selected culture using a portion of the rumen. 79. The method of any one of embodiments 73-78, wherein growing comprises verifying a hit clone phenotype of the selected culture. 80. The method of any one of embodiments 73-79 comprising characterizing a hit clone genotype of the selected culture. 81. A method of promoting health or longevity in an animal, the method comprising providing an effective amount of the preparation of any one of embodiments 40-52 to the animal. 82. 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