Field of the invention

The present invention relates to products from porous materials, generated by foaming with gas hydrates or gas hydrate slurries dosed into matrices of biological, organic or anorganic materials in their liquid to paste-like state.

Background of the invention

Micro-foaming of highly viscous to paste-like (semi-liquid) material systems (> ca. 5 Pas) is difficult, since in case of (1 ) foaming by conventional gas dispersing, applying flow stresses to the paste in order to enable breakup of larger gas bubbles into smaller ones, leads to pronounced dissipation of viscous friction energy into heat.

In the alternative case of (2) foaming by gas dissolution in the highly viscous liquid system under elevated static pressure and subsequent foaming under controlled pressure release, it is likewise difficult to dissolve a sufficiently large gas fraction at subcritical conditions evenly and on a relevant time scale for continuous processing (of e.g. < 1-10 minutes).

A third possibility to foam highly viscous fluid systems is offered by the addition of solid propellants/blowing agents which are mixed into the fluid and release gas when e.g. thermally or mechanically activated. However there is only a limited number of solid propellants/blowing agents without toxic or environmentally non-desirable side effects as well as with sufficient gas release capacity to achieve higher gas fractions in related products without incorporating large fractions of such agents into resulting products with further adverse effects on product functionality.

Accordingly, the invention described in the following applies a small fraction of a concentrated watery suspension (= slurry) of gas hydrate crystals into the viscous/paste-like base material system under temperature and pressure conditions keeping the gas hydrate crystals in a thermodynamically sufficiently stable state. Subsequently temperature is increased and/or static pressure reduced to dissociate the gas hydrate crystals from which during dissociation a large fraction of entrapped gas of up to the 160 -170-fold of the gas hydrate crystal volume is released, thus foaming the paste-like base material system evenly. Gas hydrates are water-based solid gas inclusion compounds, in which gas molecules are physically entrapped in a network of cavities made up of water molecules held together by hydrogen bonds (Marinhas et al., 2007, International J. of Refrigeration 30(5), pp. 758-766). Gas hydrates exist at moderate pressures and low temperatures and possess a high volumetric gas storage capacity. The innovative idea of replacing highly energetically demanding foaming of viscous slurries using pure gas with the gas hydrate based foaming technology using the instability of such under ambient conditions, constitutes the core of this patent application.

Foaming of fluid matrices has a strong impact on (1 ) their rheological behaviour, but as well on (2) other physical characteristics related to heat and mass transfer (e.g. reduction of heat and mass transfer coefficients) or (3) mechanical behaviour (e.g. compressibility, mechanical damping characteristics, lightweight). This makes foamed materials preferred for a large variety of applications in the fields of (i) building materials, (ii) ceramics, (iii) polymers, (iv) foods, (v) cosmetics and even (vi) metals.

In patent literature there are numerous patents found for the generation of foams in the industrial and material-related fields before-mentioned. All of these are either based on: (A) the generation of gas dispersions by introducing a gas into a liquid matrix and refining the gas bubbles by mechanical stresses applied through the fluid flow, as generally practised in mixing/dispersing devices or

(B) by applying natural propelling agents like baking soda in foods, chemical propel lants (exothermic: like e.g. Azodicarbonamid (ADC) and Sulfonylhydrazides or endothermic: like e.g. hydrazine) used for foaming of synthetic polymer systems or titanium hydride for metal foams generation.

In the patent application described here, we focus on the type (B) of microfoaming by the use of a novel type of propellants/blowing agents, being gas hydrates or slurries of the same containing gas hydrate crystals.

There is neither patent literature nor other scientific/non scientific publications on the use of gas hydrates (sometimes also denoted as clathrate hydrates) as propellants/blowing agents in order to generate foams or aerogels from foamable liquid to semi-liquid matrices (low viscous solutions to paste-like/gel-like multi-phase systems). Summary of the invention

The inventors have surprisingly found that gas hydrates (ice powders) or suspensions/slurries of such may be used for foaming various types of liquid to paste-like matrix fluid systems (MF) with watery or non-watery continuous liquid phases. The inventors have surprisingly found that the high gas loading capacity of the gas hydrates (sometimes also denoted as CLAthrate hydrates) may enable foam formation with very high porosity, of up to 90%. Since related gas hydrate slurries were produced successfully in a high pressure loop reactor (in the following also denoted as CLAthrate hydrate Generator, in short CLAG) can flexibly apply different natural non-toxic gases / gas mixtures, there is a wide range of materials for daily use or consumption by people (building materials, ceramics, plastics, wound care materials, foods, cosmetics, metals), such gas hydrate based foaming technology can be applied for.

Accordingly, one aspect the present invention provides use of gas hydrates or gas hydrate slurries for producing foamed liquids, pastes or solid material pieces including powders. The gas may be air and/or may comprise one or more of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, noble gases, hydrocarbons, propane, ethylene, methane and nitrous oxide or mixtures thereof, preferably carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen or mixtures thereof. According to another aspect, the present invention provides use of gas hydrates for gasifying liquid to semi-liquid fluid systems with their viscosities ranging from water like 0.001 Pas to highly paste-like 1000 Pas. The gas may be air and/or may comprise one or more of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, noble gases, hydrocarbons, propane, ethylene, methane and nitrous oxide or mixtures thereof, preferably carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen

According to another aspect, the matrix fluid / gas hydrate (slurry) mixtures can be stored below the critical gas hydrate dissociation conditions (at sufficiently low temperature and sufficiently high static pressure) and when added to a fluid to semi solid matrix material system under supercritical gas hydrate dissociation conditions leading to controlled volume expansion/foaming.

In some embodiments a viscous sugar solution is chosen as representative solution- based liquid material with easy to adjust viscosity by increasing sugar concentration or molecular weight of the sugar type mixture (e.g. varying the dextrose equivalent (DE) of the sugar solutions derived from enzymatically degraded starch, between DE 6 to DE 40, with the number denoting the weight percentage of reducing sugars in the dry matter calculated as glucose; small DE value thus stand for longer Oligosaccharide chain length = less enzymatically degraded starch transferred into glucose units) and with pronounced freezing point depression. Such sugar solutions represent in the following description of the invention any other watery solutions with or without additionally contained disperse components, including non-watery/immiscible fluids or gas bubbles.

Such representative sugar solution with an exemplary dissolved sucrose content of 25%and with CO2 as exemplary gas added is cooled between -10°C and 10°C, or to between -5°C and 5°C, or no lower than about -5°C and/or the gas pressure is adjusted from 10 to 300 bar, or from 15 to 100 bar, or from 15 to 30 bar.

In some embodiments the method comprises cooling the sugar solution in steps to between 0 and 8°C, or to about 5°C; and pressurising the sugar solution e.g. with carbon dioxide, preferably at 15-30 bar, or about 20 bar, prior to pressurising the sugar solution with nitrogen, preferably at 30-50 bar or about 35 bar.

In some embodiments the method further comprises a step of distributing the gas hydrate in the concentrated sugar solution.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a sugar solution based slurry (in short denoted as 3S slurry) comprising gas hydrates, wherein the gas is air and/or comprises one or more of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, noble gases, hydrocarbons, propane, ethylene, methane and nitrous oxide or mixtures thereof, preferably carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen, The 3S slurry may be obtained by the above-mentioned method.

In some embodiments the sugar solution comprises 10 wt% to 65 wt%, 10 wt% to 50 wt%, 20 wt% to 40 wt%, or about 30 wt% sugar solids.

In some embodiments the sugar solution-based slurry has a viscosity of between 10 ² and 10 Pas, or between 20mPas and 10 Pas, or between 30mPas and 1 Pas, or about 30 mPas or more, and/or about 100 mPas or less, preferably wherein the viscosity of the sugar solution- based slurry including the gas hydrate crystals is greater than the viscosity of the sugar solution, preferably by up to 8 times.

In some embodiments the 3S slurry comprises 0.01-7.5 mol/L, 0.1-7.5 mol/L, 1-5 mol/L, 1-3 mol/L, or about 1-2mol/L of gas. In some preferred embodiments the 3S slurry comprises carbon dioxide, preferably 0.5-5 mol/L, 1 -5 mol/L, 1 -2 mol/L, or about 1.4 mol/L of carbon dioxide. In some embodiments the 3S slurry has a ratio of gas in the hydrate fraction to gas in the liquid fraction (H:L) of from 5:1 with volumetric hydrate fractions of 10 to 35 vol%, to H:L of about 1.2:1 at about 10 vol% hydrate, or preferably about 2:1 at about 17 vol% gas hydrate fraction. According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing a porous solid powder from the 3S slurry comprising:

(a) mixing the Sugar Solution-based Slurry (3S) comprising gas hydrate crystals and another liquid to semi-liquid Matrix Fluid (MF, solution or dispersion) to provide a mixed 3SMF fluid system;

(b) releasing the pressure and/or increasing the temperature of the 3SMF fluid system to provide a 3SMF foam;

(c) Fixing the 3SMF foam by drying, freezing or freeze-drying, to provide either (i) a frozen or (ii) a dried porous 3SMF product

(d) in case of (ii) additional grinding provides a porous powder.

In some embodiments the MF solution or dispersion comprises 10 wt% to 75 wt%, 30 wt% to 75 wt%, 50 wt% to 75 wt%, 50 wt% to 70 wt%, 60 wt% to 65 wt%, or about 60 wt% solids in the soluble or non-soluble state. Preferably, the MF solution or dispersion does not comprise gas hydrates. In some embodiments the gas hydrates in the 3SMF fluid system substantially disperse upon mixing. In some embodiments the 3S fluid system is added to the MF solution or dispersion under approximately isobaric and isothermal conditions, preferably wherein the approximately isobaric-isothermal conditions are a temperature of between -10°C and 10°C, or between 0°C and 10°C, or between 0°C and 5°C, or about 2°C and/or a gas pressure from 10 to 300 bar, or from 15 to 100 bar, or from 15 to 50 bar, or from 15 to 30 bar. In some embodiments the 3S fluid system is added to the MF solution or dispersion until the 3SMF mixed fluid system reaches an overrun (increase in volume compared to the non-foamed fluid volume) of from 50 to 1000%, or from 100 to 500%, or from 100 to 150%, or from 150% to

200%.

In some embodiments in the step of releasing the pressure and/or increasing the temperature of the 3SMF fluid system, the pressure is released preferably stepwise to between 1 bar and 100 bar, or to between 5 bar to 50 bar before finally extruding it into an atmospheric/ambient surrounding, and/or the temperature of the 3SMF fluid system is increased to between -5°C and 10°C, or to above 0°C, or about 5°C. The method may comprise an additional step of reducing the temperature and/or fast freezing the foamed 3SMF fluid system, prior to freeze-drying or drying. According to another aspect, the present invention provides a porous powder, wherein the powder has a closed porosity of 10% to 90%, or 20% to 50%, or 25% to 35%, or 30% to 35%, or about 30% and/or an open porosity of 10% to 90%, or 20% to 50% or, 25% to 35%, or 30 to 35%, or about 30%.

In some embodiments the finalized dried or frozen 3SMF product has a bimodal closed pore distribution or a mixed open/closed pore distribution. The bimodal closed pore distribution may comprise (i) a larger closed pore fraction (LPF) with an average pore diameter of 20 to 200 microns, or 20 to 50 microns, or about 40 microns; and (ii) a smaller closed pore fraction (SPF) with an average diameter of less than about 20 microns, or 1 to less than 20 microns, or 1-15 or 1-10 microns, or 2-5 microns. In some embodiments (i) contributes 10 to 99% by volume of the total closed pore volume and/or (ii) contributes 1 to 90% by volume of the total closed pore volume; and/or (i) contributes 10 to 90% by number of the total closed pores and/or (ii) contributes 10 to 90% by number of the total closed pores.

Tasks to be fulfilled by the invention: a) The invention has for its object to produce a pore structure tailored foam or porous solid or powder product or gasify a liquid with minimal use of blowing agents/propellants. b) Furthermore, the object of the invention is to propose a method with which gas hydrates as propellants for generating a foam under predetermined temperature or pressure conditions can be created as well as dosed and homogeneously mixed into liquid or pasty fluid systems matrix having a viscosity between 10 ^-3 to 10 ³ Pas measured at a shear rate of 100 s ¹ and at a temperature of 1 °C in a rheometer/viscometer, to reach a high proportion of micropores and high porosity. c) Furthermore, the object of the invention is to create a“porous solid or powder” using gas hydrates as natural propellants.

Description of drawings

Figure 1 - Gas hydrate phase diagrams for sugar system

1a: Phase diagram for the CO2 hydrate sugar system from thermodynamic model for pure water-C02 and aqueous sugar solutions of 25, 30, 40 and 50 wt% -CO2 systems.

1 b: the CO2/N2 phase diagram in the gas hydrate domain; from Kang, S.P., et al., 2001. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 33(5), pp.513-521. - Abbreviations in Figure: SS = sugar solution; K = Kelvin Figure 2 - High-pressure CLAG (CLAthrate hydrate (= gas hydrate) slurry Generator) reactor processing variables versus processing time from experiments

Sugar Solution-based Slurry (3S) generation processing variables: viscosity, density, pressure and temperature for 25 wt.% and 50 wt.% sugar solutions.

All experiments from 25 wt% sugar (sucrose) solutions. The induction time for the hydrate appearance are labelled on the time axis. (Abbreviations T stand for temperature, p for pressure, h for viscosity and p for density)

Figure 3 - Process variable profiles during transfer of 3S slurries

Operational variable profiles during transfer of the 25 wt% sugar CO2 hydrate slurry (3S slurry) into a Matrix Fluid (here: 40% solids containing emulsion system).

L: refers to side stream (= Gas hydrate slurry, i.e. 3S). E: refers to MF (Matrix Fluid), main stream (here watery emulsion system with 40% dispersed solids). T,IN,E = temperature inlet;

TL = Tioop i.e. isothermal gas hydrate slurry transfer temperature (TL > 0°C); T2,E = temperature in Matrix Fluid (main stream); Tout, E = temperature at outlet of the matrix fluid (MF) / hydrate slurry mixture (here: not yet foamed, pressure not yet released, see PE). Figure 4 - Cryo-Scanning electron microscopy images

Cryo-Scanning electron microscopy images of microstructure of (here frozen) 3SMF (Mixture of Sugar Solution gas hydrate Slurry (3S) with Matrix Fluid (MF, here emulsion-based with 40 wt.% dry matter in dispersion) samples (due to freezing preparation also pure water ice crystals visible besides the gas bubbles generated from the dissociated gas hydrate crystals). - Indications: (b) = gas bubbles/cells; (a) = water ice crystals

Figure 5 - Properties of sucrose solutions

adapted from Mathlouthi and Reiser, 1995, Sucrose: Properties and applications, Springer US.

Figure 6 -Graphical abstract representing of application method (incl. denotation of flow streams and treatment steps)

(Abbreviations: MF = Matrix Fluid; 3S = Sugar Solution based gas hydrate Sslurry (= concentrated suspension of gas hydrate crystals in (watery) fluid/solution,

Detailed description

Gas hydrate

“Gas hydrates” are also known as clathrate hydrates or water clathrates. Gas hydrates are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice, in which gases are trapped inside "cages" of hydrogen bonded water molecules.

Most low molecular weight gases, including O2, H2, N2, N2O, CO2, ChU, H2S, Ar, Kr, Ne, He and Xe, will form hydrates at suitable temperatures and pressures, known to those of skill in the art. For example, Mohammadi, A.H. and Richon, D., 2008. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 54(2), pp.279-281 describes the formation of N2O and CO2 hydrates in pure water. Kang, S.P., et al., 2001. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 33(5), pp.513-521 describes the formation of CO2, N2 and CO2/N2 hydrates in pure water. Barrer, R.M. and Edge, A.V.J., 1967. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 300(1460), pp.1-24 describes the formation of Ar, Kr and Xe hydrates in pure water. Gas hydrates may be formed by providing a suitable gas and reducing the temperature and/or increasing the gas pressure of a suitable solution (e.g. a coffee extract solution). The identity of the gas is not particularly limited. Any gas suitable for producing a porous solid material /or suitable for use in industrial processes may be used. For example, the gas may be air and/or may comprise one or more of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, noble gases, hydrocarbons, propane, ethylene, methane and nitrous oxide or mixtures thereof, preferably carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen. In preferred embodiments the gas comprises carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen. In some embodiments the gas hydrates comprise substantially the same gas. In some embodiments the gas is a pure gas (for example comprising 99% or more, or 99.9% or more, or 100% of a single gas). In preferred embodiments the gas hydrates are CO2 or N2 hydrates. In some embodiments the gas hydrate comprises more than 1 gas.

For example, a CO2 hydrate may be formed in a 25 wt% sugar solution at about 6°C and about 30 bar, or in a 50 wt% sugar solution at about 4°C and about 30 bar. A CO2 hydrate may also be formed in a 25 wt% sugar solution at about -3.5°C and about 10 bar.

They optionally include conditions in which water ice forms and/or in which the gas condenses to form a liquid gas phase. For example, -2.04°C is about the freezing point depression for a 25 wt% sugar solution, so lower temperatures can/or should not be used for forming gas hydrates in such a 25 wt% sugar solution depending on the application. For example, the second quadruple point (the point where liquid, hydrate, vapor and condensed gas phases meet) is about 8.5°C and 43.4 bar for the 25 wt% sugar solution-C02 system. Therefore, CO2 will be a liquid at lower temperatures and/or higher pressures. The temperature and gas pressure can be varied depending on the desired viscosity and/or desired gas concentration of the 3S Sugar Solution-based Slurry.

They optionally include conditions in which water ice forms and/or in which the gas condenses to form a liquid gas phase. For example, -2.04°C is about the freezing point depression for a 25 wt% sugar solution, so lower temperatures can/or should not be used for forming gas hydrates in such a 25 wt% sugar solution depending on the application. For example, the second quadruple point (the point where liquid, hydrate, vapor and condensed gas phases meet) is about 8.5°C and 43.4 bar for the 25 wt% sugar solution-C02 system. Therefore, CO2 will be a liquid at lower temperatures and/or higher pressures. The temperature and gas pressure can be varied depending on the desired viscosity and/or desired gas concentration of the 3S sugar solution-based slurry.

The temperature and pressure required to form gas hydrates are interdependent and will vary depending on the gas and the solution (e.g. the wt% of solids in the sugar solution). Exemplary condition ranges for forming CO2 hydrates in a 25 wt% sugar solution are 1-7°C and 20-40 bar, or about 20 bar or more. Exemplary condition ranges for forming N2 hydrates in a 30 wt% sugar solution are -2.5°C to 5.5 ^° C and 140 to 285 bar. Exemplary condition ranges for forming N2O hydrates in a 25 wt% sugar solution are about 0 to 9°C at 12 to 38 bar. To form hydrates at lower pressures, lower temperatures must be used.

In some embodiments the gas hydrates are formed by a first gas prior to introducing one or more further gases. Thus, the final gas hydrates may contain two or more gases i.e. are mixed gas hydrates. For example, in mixed CO2/N2 hydrates CO2 allows N2 to get embedded at lower pressures by leaving small hydrate cages unoccupied. First the CO2 hydrate may be prepared at lower pressures, then N2 may be added at higher pressures. Similar methods may be used for any combination of suitable gases. In preferred embodiments the gas hydrates are mixed CO2/N2 hydrates. The molar fraction of CO2 trapped in the CO2/N2 hydrates may be from 0.1 to 0.99, or from 0.5 to 0.99, or from 0.8 to 0.99, or from 0.9 to 0.99, or from 0.95 to 0.99, or about 0.97. In other embodiments the gas hydrates are N2O/N2 hydrates (Yang, Y., et al., 2017. Environmental science & technology, 51 (6), pp.3550-3557) or N2O/CO2 hydrates or N2O/CO2/N2 hydrates.

In preferred embodiments CO2 hydrates (or alternatively N2O or CO2/N2O hydrates) are formed prior to introduction of nitrogen gas. For example, the CO2 hydrates may be formed with carbon dioxide introduced at 10-50 bar, 15-25 bar, or about 20 bar and at 0 to 5°C or about 2°C (e.g. 1-2°C and about 20 bar or more, or 20-30 bar). Once a small amount of CO2 hydrates form (as shown by a drop in pressure and an exothermic peak on the temperature profile), nitrogen may be introduced to increase the total gas pressure. The amount of nitrogen introduced (i.e. the C02:N2 ratio) and the required pressure will vary depending on the desired ratio of CO2/N2 in the gas hydrates. The total gas pressure may be increased to above 10-300 bar, 20-50 bar, 30-40 bar or about 35 bar, at -5°C to 5°C, at 0 to 5°C or about 2°C. The molar fraction of CO2 (in the final gas mix) for forming the mixed CO2/N2 hydrates may be from 0.1 to 0.9, or from 0.2 to 0.8, or from 0.4 to 0.6, or from 0.47 to 0.54, or about 0.54. The fraction of CO2 (in the final gas mix) should be such that CO2 does not condense. For example, CO2 will condense at about 8.5°C and 43.4 bar for the 25 wt.% sugar or lower temperatures and/or higher pressures.

As described above, the temperature and pressure required to form gas hydrates are interdependent and will vary depending on the gas and the composition of the aqueous solution used for the formation of the gas hydrate slurry comprising gas hydrates (e.g. the wt% of solids in the sugar solution) and the colligative properties of the solution comprising water (e.g. the freezing point depression).

To dissociate the gas hydrates present in the gas hydrate/matrix fluid mix, pressure must be decreased and/or temperature must be increased moving the system outside the stability region of given gas (or gas mixture) hydrate’s phase diagram. Consequently, no gas hydrates may be present in the foamed (sugar) solution prior to drying, or in the porous (sugar) powder. Sugar Solution-based Slurry comprising gas hydrates (3S slurry)

A“sugar solution” according to the present invention could also be a Matrix Fluid (MF) comprising soluble sugar components.

In the definition of this patent application the Matrix fluid is the fluid system to be micro-foamed in order to derive the final product from it, and into which into which the gas hydrate crystals containing slurry (e.g. based on a sugar solution or any another watery solution) is dosed to act as the propellant (see Fig. 4). In the special case or Sugar Solution-based gas hydrate containing Slurry the abbreviation (3S) is used here.

More complex Matrix Fluids may also comprise non-soluble components and/or such components in dispersion (suspension or emulsion). Another class of Matrix Fluids is oil-based and contains watery drops (W/O-emulsion type) as disperse phase.

An exemplary and representative sugar solution or such sugar solution-based slurry (3S) for use in the present invention may originate from different sugar sources. At the same time the sugar solution stands representative for any solution-based water continuous or disperse fluid system in which various soluble components can be contained and thus, depending on their concentration and possible interaction potential between each other as well as with the water and the gas molecules may impact on the temperature/pressure ranges in which gas hydrates can be formed. The present invention provides a method for producing a representative sugar solution-based slurry (3S) comprising gas hydrates. The method comprises:

(a) providing a sugar solution;

(b) cooling the sugar solution; and

(c) pressurizing the sugar solution with gas, to provide a 3S sugar slurry comprising gas hydrates, wherein the gas comprises air and/or one or more of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, noble gases, hydrocarbons, propane, ethylene, methane and nitrous oxide or mixtures thereof, preferably carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen.

The method may further comprise a step of distributing the gas hydrate in the sugar slurry. The gas hydrate may be distributed during and/or after formation. Preferably the gas hydrate is distributed by mixing the 3S sugar slurry e.g. by using a dynamic or static mixer device for effective mixing. The gas hydrate may also be mixed in a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE) and/or through a pump conveying action.

The exemplary sugar solution may be any suitable sugar solution (or the-like), for example a sugar solution suitable for producing a porous sugar powder (possibly also containing other soluble or non-soluble components) . Preferably the (sugar) solution comprises 10 wt.% to 65 wt.%, 10 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 20 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 25 wt.% to 35 wt.%, 30 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 30 wt% solids. Preferably the (sugar) solution has a viscosity of between 10 ^-2 and 100 Pas, or 10 ² and 10 Pas, or 10 ² and 10 ¹ Pas, or between 20 and 100 mPas, or between 20 and 60 mPas, or about 20 mPas or more and/or about 100 mPas or less. The viscosity will be interdependent on the wt.% of solids, i.e. a higher wt.% will result in a higher viscosity (see Figure 4). For instance, a 60 wt.% sugar solution may have a viscosity of around 2.3 Pas at 30 bar, 7°C and 100s ¹ shear rate, whilst a 30 wt.% sugar solution may have a viscosity of around 14-16 mPas at 30 bar, 7°C and 100s ¹ shear rate. The viscosity may be determined by any method known for instance by a rheometer.

The temperature and pressure required to form gas hydrates are interdependent and will vary depending on the gas and the solution (e.g. the wt.% of solids in the 3S solution). For example, Figure 1 provides a phase diagram for formation of CO2 hydrate in a sugar solution. Conditions in which ice forms and/or in which the gas condenses should be avoided. For example, a 25wt% sugar solution has a freezing point of about -2.04°C and a 50 wt.% sugar solution has a freezing point depression at -7.61 °C.

For example, the sugar solution within which the gas hydrates shall be generated may be cooled to between -10°C and 8°C, or to between -8°C and 7°C, or to between -5°C and 5°C, or to no lower than about -7.5°C, -5°C or -2°C or now lower than -1 °C, depending on the gas, sugar concentration in solution and gas pressure. The gas pressure for gas hydrate formation may be from 10 to 300 bar, 10 to 100 bar, 10 to 50 bar, or from 15 to 40 bar, or from 15 to 35 bar, or from 15 to 30 bar, depending on the gas, sugar solution and temperature. Preferably, when a CO2 hydrate is desired a 25 wt% sugar solution is cooled to 3-5°C and pressurised with CO2 to about 20-30 bar, or 20 bar or more. Preferably, when a N2 hydrate is desired then a 25 wt% sugar solution is cooled to -2.5°C to 5.5°C and pressurised with N2 to 135 to 285 bar. To form hydrates at lower pressures, lower temperatures must be used. Preferably, when a CO2/N2 mixed hydrate is desired the solution is cooled to about 2°C and pressurised to about 20 bar with CO2, prior to pressurising to about 35 bar with N2 (and a molar fraction of CO2 of about 0.54). Alternatively, when a CO2/N2 mixed hydrate with a high amount of N2 is desired the solution is cooled to about 2°C and pressurised to about 20 bar with CO2, prior to pressurising to about 100 to 200 bar with N2 (and a molar fraction of CO2 of about 0.1 or less).

The 3Sslurry comprising gas hydrates according to the present invention may be made of a sugar solution comprising 10 wt.% to 65 wt.%, 10 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 20 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 25 wt.% to 35 wt.%, 30 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or about 25 wt.% solids.

The 3S slurry comprising gas hydrates may have a viscosity of between 10 ² and 10 Pas or between 20 to 1 Pas or between 30 mPas and 500 mPas or about 30-40 mPas and/or about 300 mPa or more. The viscosity of the sugar solution may be increased by formation of the gas hydrates. Thus, the formation of the gas hydrates may be monitored by measuring the viscosity of the 3S slurry. Preferably the viscosity of the 3S slurry is greater than the solution provided without contained gas hydrates, for example 1-8 times greater. The viscosity may be determined by any method known, for example by a rheometer or a viscometer.

The 3S slurry may comprise one or more of air or carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, noble gases, hydrocarbons, propane, ethylene, methane and nitrous oxide or mixtures thereof, preferably carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen. The sugar slurry may comprise 0.01-7.5 mol/L, 0.1 -7.5 mol/L, 1-5 mol/L, 1-3 mol/L, or about 1-2mol/L of gas. In some preferred embodiments the 3S slurry comprises carbon dioxide, preferably 0.5-5 mol/L, 1-5 mol/L, 1-2 mol/L, or about 1.4 mol/L. In some other preferred embodiments, the 3S slurry comprises carbon dioxide, preferably 0.5-5 mol/L, 0.5-2 mol/L, or about 1 mol/L; and nitrogen, preferably 0.01-0.5 mol/L, 0.02- 0.1 mol/L, or about 0.05 mol/L. The amount of gas refers to the total amount of gas in the 3S sugar slurry, i.e. in both the hydrate fraction and in the liquid fraction. The amount of gas may be measured by any method known to those skilled in the art, for example chromatography, FBRP, optical methods, piezo electrical sensors, impedance, or conductance measurements. The 3S sugar slurry may have a ratio of gas in the hydrate fraction to gas in the liquid fraction (H:L) of from 5:1 with volumetric hydrate fractions of 10 to 35 vol%, or from 3:2 at volumetric hydrate fractions of 12 to 14 vol%, or 1.2:1 at 10 vol% hydrate, preferably 2:1 at 17 vol% gas hydrate fraction. The H:L ratio may be determined by any method known to those of skill in the art such as high-pressure chromatography, scattering or spectroscopy or thermodynamic modeling. Preferably, the majority of the gas is trapped in the gas hydrates.

Method of producing a porous powder

The present invention provides a method for producing a dried, frozen or freeze dried porous powder mixture. The method comprises:

(a) mixing a (sugar) slurry comprising gas hydrates (3S) and another liquid to semi liquid Matrix Fluid (MF, solution or dispersion) to provide a mixed 3SMF fluid system;

(b) releasing the pressure and/or increasing the temperature of the 3SMF fluid system to provide a 3SMF foam;

(c) Fixing the 3SMF foam by drying, freezing or freeze-drying, to provide either (i) a frozen or (ii) a dried porous 3SMF product

(d) additional grinding provides a porous powder. Advantageously, mixing gas into a sugar solution in a solid form (e.g. as a gas hydrate) facilitates the mixing of the gas in the sugar solution and/or decreases the length of time required to gasify the solution and/or reduces the energy required to gasify the solution.

In the method for producing a porous dry sugar powder according to the present invention, the 3S sugar solution-based slurry may be produced by a method herein described. The 3S slurry may be produced in a side stream.

In the method for producing a porous dry powder according to the present invention, the initial sugar solution may be produced by any method known. Such initial sugar solution does not comprise gas hydrates. The initial sugar solution may comprise 10 wt.% to 65 wt.%, 30 wt.% to 65 wt.%, 50 wt.% to 65 wt.%, 55 wt.% to 65 wt.%, 60 wt.% to 65 wt.%, or about 60 wt.% solids. Preferably such initial sugar solution, may comprise about 25 wt% sugar solids with a viscosity of around 15-20 mPas at 30 bar, 7°C and 100s ¹ shear rate. Upon gas hydrate generation thus forming the 3S slurry the viscosity increases since the gas hydrates form a crystalline disperse phase. The 3S fluid is preferably adjusted close to the viscosity of the matrix fluid (MF) system into which it is mixed for foam generation, because the mixing efficiency is facilitated by equal viscosities of the two fluid to be mixed. Respective viscosity levels range between 10 ^-2 and 100 Pas, or 10 ² and 10 Pas, or 10 ² and 1 Pas, or between 20 and 100 mPas, or between 20 and 60 mPas, or about 20 mPas or more and/or about 100 mPas or less. The viscosity of the matrix fluid (MF) will depend on its base fluid viscosity and the concentration of dissolved and/or dispersed components. The viscosity of the 3S slurry will be interdependent on the wt.% of dissolved (sugar) solids, i.e. a higher wt.% will result in a higher viscosity and probably reduced fraction of gas hydrate crystals generated.

In a special case of the inventive embodiment the 3S slurry and the matrix fluid (MF) will be of similar nature (e.g. sugar solution based). In such case the MF may contain e.g. 60 wt.% of dissolved sugar whereas the 3S slurry is based on a 30 wt.% containing sugar solution which upon a 10-15 vol% gas hydrate crystal fraction formation can reach a comparable viscosity with the gas hydrate free MF fluid, which then facilitates the mixing of 3S and MF thus efficiently reaching a homogeneous 3SMF mixed fluid system, ready for foaming under temperature increase and /or static pressure release.

The viscosity may be determined by any method known, for instance by a rheometer. Preferably the viscosity is determined at a shear rate of 100 s ¹ and a temperature of 1°C.

The 3S slurry (side stream) and the MF fluid (main stream) may be mixed by adding the 3S slurry to the MF fluid, i.e. by dosing the 3S side stream into the MF main stream. The mixing of the 3S side stream into the MF main stream produces the 3SMF mixed fluid system. Preferably 3SMF fluid remains in the main stream at the end of mixing. In some embodiments the 3S side stream rate is 5-200 ml/min, or 10- 100 ml/min, or about 15 ml/min and the MF main stream rate is 15-1000 ml/min or 100-200 ml/min, or about 170 ml/min. For example, when the 3S sugar slurry comprises a CO2 hydrate the 3S side stream may be added at a rate of 10-20 ml/min into a 150-200 ml/min MF main stream. In some embodiments the ratio of the side stream rate: main stream rate is less than 1 , or 0.01 to 0.5, or 0.05 to 0.1 , or about

0.04-0.05.

In some embodiments the 3S slurry is added to the MF by dosing (i.e. by adding a specific amount (volume) of the 3S slurry at discrete time intervals). In some embodiments the amount (volume) of 3S slurry added is 1 to 1000cm ³ , 1 to 100cm ³ , 1 to 50 cm ³ , 10 to 50 cm ³ , or 5 to 20 cm ³ , or about 15 cm ³ . In some embodiments such 3S dose is added every 1 to 1000 seconds, or every 5 to 200 seconds, or every 60 to 100 seconds. In some embodiments 10 to 50 cm ³ is added every 60 to 100 seconds.

In some embodiments the amount (volume) of 3S added and/or the rate is sufficient to provide 0.001 to 1 mol/min, or 0.02 to 0.1 mol/min of gas to the MF. For example, when the 3S comprises a CO2 hydrate the volume of slurry added to the MF and the rate may be such that 0.02 to 0.1 mol/min of CO2 is provided; and when the 3S comprises a CO2/N2 hydrate the volume of slurry added and the rate may be such that 0.02 to 0.1 mol/min of CO2 and 0.001 to 0.005 mol/min of N2 is provided.

In some embodiments the 3S (side stream) and the MF (main stream) are mixed and/or the side stream is added to the main stream under close to (i.e. approximately or about) isobaric-isothermal conditions, preferably isobaric-isothermal conditions. “Isobaric-isothermal conditions” according to the present invention are those in which mixing is at a constant temperature and constant static pressure. Preferably the isobaric-isothermal conditions are the same as the conditions of the 3S (side stream) prior to mixing, i.e. the isobaric-isothermal conditions refer to the pressure and temperature at the inlet where the 3S side stream enters the MF main stream. Approximately isobaric-isothermal conditions may be within ±2°C and ±5 bar of isobaric-isothermal conditions. Preferably the temperature and gas pressure are suitable for the formation and/or retention of the gas hydrates, as described above. Accordingly, the temperature may be between -10°C and 10°C, or between 0°C and 10°C, or between 0°C and 5°C, or about 2°C, depending on the gas, sugar solution and gas pressure, and/or the gas pressure may be from 10 to 300 bar, 10 to 100 bar, 10 to 50 bar, from 15 to 40 bar, or from 15 to 35 bar, or from 15 to 30 bar, depending on the gas, sugar solution and temperature. As described above, the skilled person will know that the temperature and pressure required to form and/or retain gas hydrates are interdependent and will vary depending on the gas and the solution (e.g. the wt% of solids in the sugar solution). In preferred embodiments the 3S and the MF streams are mixed at about 20-30 bar, or about 20 bar or more pressure and/or 1-2°C (wherein the 3S comprises a CO2 hydrate). In other embodiments the 3S and the MF are mixed at about 135 to 155 bar pressure and/or about -2.5°C to 2.3°C (wherein the 3S comprises a N2 hydrate). In preferred embodiments the 3S and the MF are mixed at about 35 bar CO2/N2 total gas pressure and/or 1-5°C, or about 3°C (wherein the 3S comprises a CO2/N2 mixed hydrate). In some embodiments the 3S (side stream) and the MF (main stream) are mixed under the same temperature and/or pressure used to produce the 3S comprising gas hydrates.

According to the present invention, the 3SMF is preferably a foamed solution or dispersion after mixing of the 3S and the MF and pressure release. Preferably the mixing continues until the 3SMF (i.e. foamed sugar containing solution / dispersion) reaches an overrun of from 50 to 1000%, or from 100 to 500%, or from 100 to 200%, or from 100 to 150%, or from 150% to 200%. In some embodiments after reaching the desired overrun (e.g. 50 to 1000%, or from 100 to 500%, or from 100 to 200%, or from 100 to 150%, or from 150% to 200%) the 3S side stream (sugar solution-based slurry) is added continuously at a constant dosing rate to the main stream MF to maintain the desired overrun, for example at a dosage rate sufficient to provide 0.001 to 1 mol/min, or 0.02 to 0.1 mol/min of gas to the MF in the main stream. In some embodiments the mixing continues until the 3SMF mix comprises 0.01-7.5 mol/L, 0.1 -7.5 mol/L, 0.5-2 mol/L, or about 1 mol/L of gas. In some embodiments the method comprises an additional step of releasing the pressure and/or increasing the temperature of the 3SMF to provide a foamed liquid product stream. Preferably this step decomposes the gas hydrates and releases the gas into the 3SMF. As described above, the skilled person will know that the temperature and pressure required to decompose gas hydrates are interdependent and will vary depending on the gas and the solution (e.g. the wt% of solids in the MF). The gas pressure and temperature will thus depend on the identity of the gas hydrates. The gas pressure may be released. In some embodiments, the gas pressure may be lowered to between 1 bar and 10 bar, or to between 5 bar to 10 bar. The temperature may be increased (optionally in combination with lowering the gas pressure). In some embodiments the temperature of the 3SMF may be increased to between -5°C and 10°C, between -5°C and 5°C, between 0°C and 10°C, between 0°C and 5°C, above about 0°C, or about 5°C. Preferably the gas pressure is released (i.e. the temperature is not increased). For example, for CO2 (or mixed CO2) hydrates in a 25 wt% sugar solution the gas pressure may be lowered below about 20 bar (e.g. 1-15 bar, 1-10 bar, or 1-5 bar) at a temperature of 1-2°C. For example, for N2 hydrates in a 25 wt% sugar solution the gas pressure may be lowered below about 135 bar (e.g. 1-100 bar, 1-50 bar, 1-20 bar) at a temperature of -2.5°C to 2.3°C.

In some embodiments the method comprises an additional step of reducing the temperature of the 3SMF(or foamed mixed fluid system) prior to drying. Preferably the temperature is reduced to between -5°C and -15°C or about -10°C. Advantageously this step prepares the solution for freeze drying. Preferably this step is prior to fast-freezing of the foamed 3SMF.

In some embodiments the method of producing the porous powder may comprise an additional step of fast-freezing the 3SMF (or foamed matrix fluid), prior to drying, to provide a stabilized foamed matrix fluid. The fast-freezing may stabilize the foam microstructure of the foamed matrix fluid system by avoiding any further gas bubble expansion or coalescence. Any fast-freezing method known to those of skilled in the art may be used. In some embodiments the 3SMF is kept at -100°C to -20°C, or -80°C to -40°C, or -80°C to -65°C, preferably about -60°C after fast-freezing. In some embodiments the step of fast-freezing is prior to an additional step of further releasing the pressure. For example, the method may comprise releasing the pressure to provide a foamed 3SMF (e.g. 15 to 25 bars), followed by a step of fast freezing (e.g. stabilization with liquid nitrogen), followed by a further release of pressure (e.g. to 1 bar).

In the step of drying the foamed 3SMF, any method known to those of skilled in the art may be used, for example spray- or freeze- drying. In some embodiments the step of drying the 3SMF is freeze-drying. Preferably, the freeze-drying reduces and/or avoids rapid sublimation of water in the system, thereby reducing and/or avoiding coalescence of small gas pockets. Suitable freeze-drying methods to reduce and/or avoid rapid sublimation of water will be well known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments the drying rate is 1 °C/hour until the 3SMF reaches 0°C, preferably wherein the initial temperature of the 3SMF is -60°C to -20°C, preferably about - 40°C.

In the step of grinding the foamed and dried 3SMF, any method known may be used. The step of grinding the foamed and dried 3SMF may further comprise a step of sieving the resulting foamed and dried 3SMF powder (following in short: 3SMF powder) . After grinding (and optionally sieving) the 3SMF powder may for example consist of granules that have an average diameter of greater than 0.5 mm and/or less than 4 mm. Preferably, the 3SMF powder granules may have an average diameter of about 3 mm.

Thus, in some embodiments the method for producing a 3SMF powder comprises:

(a) mixing a 3S comprising gas hydrates and a MF to provide a 3SMF;

(b) releasing the pressure of the 3SMF to provide a foamed 3SMF;

(c) optionally reducing the temperature of the foamed 3SMF;

(d) fast freezing the foamed 3SMF to provide a stabilized foamed 3SMF;

(e) optionally further releasing the pressure;

(f) drying the stabilized foamed 3SMF, preferably freeze-drying, to provide a dried foamed 3SMF solid; and (g) grinding the dried, foamed 3SMF solid, to provide a porous particle 3SMF powder.

“Porosity” of a porous powder is a measure of the void spaces (pores) and is a fraction of the volume of pores over the total volume of the porous powder, with values of between 0 and 1 , or as a percentage between 0% and 100%.

“Closed porosity” is the fraction of the total volume of closed pores in the porous powder. “Open porosity” is the fraction of the total volume of open pores in the porous powder.

The size of pores in the porous solid or powder is given by a“pore size distribution”. The pore size distribution may be defined by the incremental volume as a function of pore diameter and/or defined by the number of pores as a function of pore diameter.

The size of closed pores in the porous powder particles is given by a“closed pore size distribution”. The closed pore size distribution may be defined by the incremental volume as a function of closed pore diameter and/or defined by the number of closed pores as a function of closed pore diameter. The porosity, closed porosity, open porosity, pore size distribution, and closed/open pore size distribution can be measured by any means known in the art. For example, they can be measured by standard measurements such as mercury porosimetry, x- ray tomographic techniques, SEM and/or methods described in the Examples.

In some embodiments the porous powder according to the present invention has a total porosity (closed and open) of 10% to 95%, or 50% to 90%, or 70% to 85%, or about 80%.

In some embodiments the porous powder according to the present invention has a closed porosity of 10% to 90%, 15% to 50%, or 20% to 35%, or 20% to 34%, or 25% to 34%, or 30% to 34%, or about 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31 %, 32%, 33%, 34% or 35%, preferably about 30%, preferably wherein the closed pores were formed from a 3S slurry comprising mixed CO2/N2 or N2O hydrate). In some other embodiments the powder of the present invention has a closed porosity of 10% to 20%, preferably wherein the closed pores were formed from a 3S comprising CO2 hydrate.

In some embodiments the porous powder of the present invention has a bimodal pore distribution. A bimodal pore distribution is a continuous pore size distribution with two different modes. Advantageously, the larger and open pores in porous powders are beneficial for the easy and fast reconstitution of the sample making powder accessible for water or other fluids' penetration. Advantageously, the smaller pores in the porous powder are beneficial for generation of small gas bubbles / foam structure from the reconstituted porous powder.

The terms “comprising”, “comprises” and “comprised of as used herein are synonymous with “including” or“includes”; or“containing” or“contains”, and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, non-recited members, elements or steps. The terms “comprising”, “comprises” and “comprised of also include the term“consisting of.

As used herein the term“about” means approximately, in the region of, roughly, or around. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical value or range, it modifies that value or range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical value(s) set forth. In general, the term“about” is used herein to modify a numerical value(s) above and below the stated value(s) by 10%.

Examples

Example 1 - Characterisation of gas hydrate formation in exemplary sugar solutions

Gas solubility in sugar solutions

Gas solubility in sugar solutions was assessed experimentally with a tempered high- pressure vessel reactor and a pressure sorption decay method. The experiments were performed at 5°C and 10°C at 10, 20, 30 for 25 wt.% sugar solutions. The initial loading was 100 ml of the 25 wt% sugar solution. The amount of gas was measured with a Coriolis flow meter.

Table 1 show the experimental results for CO2 solubility in sugar solutions. Values for arbitrary sugar concentrations were evaluated with a thermodynamic UNIFAC model for sucrose solutions based on Catte et al. (1995) and Gros et al. (1999).

Table 1 - Comparison of CO2 solubilities as molar fractions of C02 (xC02) in the 25 wt% sugar solution

Suqar-C02 and suaar-N2 phase diagrams

Figure 1a shows the resulting equilibrium hydrate existence boundaries for the 25 wt% sugar solution/C02 systems resulting from a thermodynamic model, which was validated using a pressure-temperature analysis in a small scale high-pressure stirred reactor and differential scanning calorimetry.

Figure 1 b includes a phase diagram for mixed hydrates with CO2/N2 guest (gas) molecules in water adapted from literature (Kang, S.P., et al., 2001. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 33(5), pp.513-521 ). The boundary lines are represented for various CO2/N2 ratios, which lie between the boundaries for single CO2 (2-digit pressure values in bar) and N2 hydrates (3-digit pressure values in bar).

Rheology of sugar solutions

The viscosity of sugar solutions of 25 and 50 wt.% were measured without the presence of gas hydrates and after gas hydrate formation using a bench-top rheometer and using pipeline rheometry. The 25 wt.% sugar solutions were measured with a Couette and Pin geometry at 0-4°C at 30 to 35 bar. The experiments were and resulted in viscosities of 9 mPas with gas hydrates and 4-5 mPas for 25 wt. % saturated sugar solutions without gas hydrates. The flow meter measured viscosities ranging from 7-8.9 mPas for the 25 wt.% sugar solutions containing gas hydrates (see figure 2).

To increase mixing power and gas hydrate nucleation ,the 50 wt. % sugar solutions were measured with a vane geometry. Sugar solutions containing gas hydrates ranged from 60-390 mPas in a temperature range of -1 to 3°C and 50-90 mPas on the flow meter at 2.5°C (see figure 2).

The sugar solutions were Newtonian before the gas hydrate appearance, where they became shear thinning fluids.

Example 2 - Production of sugar solution-based slurries (3S) comprising gas hydrates

For producing 3S slurries comprising gas hydrates, the high pressure Clathrate Hydrate Slurry Generator (CLAG) reactor was loaded with 3 liters of 25 or 50 wt.% sugar solution (SS) and cooled down to around 4 to 7°C (for the 25 wt.% SS) or around 2.5°C (for the 50 wt% SS). The GLAG reactor was then pressurized to 30-35 bar (or 400-600 g CO2). During pressurization, the SSHE unit was spun at 800 rpm and the pump at 40 to 50 Hz (up to 330 LTr ¹ ). After supersaturation was achieved, gas hydrates were formed after at a certain time. This time, when gas hydrates first appeared is called the induction point. After the induction point, the gas hydrates entered the growth phase. This was indicated by a pressure drop and an exothermic increase on the temperature curve. The initiation of the growth was also observed as an increase in viscosity and decrease of slurry density, as the hydrogen bonded water cages were being occupied by gas molecules.

Highly viscous initial sugar solutions were desirable to reduce the amount of water for specific foaming applications. However, higher viscosity slurries with e.g. 60-65 wt% (250-800 mPas) were difficult to pump. Furthermore, the higher sugar concentrations bounded more water increasing the inhibition effect for gas hydrate formation. When led to longer induction times at 4-7°C and so the gas hydrate formation temperature was decreased to 2.5°C for the 50 wt% SS. After gas hydrate formation however, the highly concentrated sugar solutions containing gas hydrates were prone to blockages as the solid content increased. Thus, the 25 wt% sugar solution was chosen for the transfer experiments.

C02:N2 hydrate sugar slurries

For the trials, where gas hydrates were formed with CO2 and N2, ratios of up to 0.64 Oddish were tested. CO2 ratios between 0.47 and 0.54 had a homogeneous flow profile after gas hydrate formation and were easy to handle. After forming a small amount of gas hydrates with the CO2 at pressures around 20 bar, N2 was added by pressurizing to 35 bar of pressure assuming the non-occupied hydrogen bonded cages could be further filled up by smaller N2 molecules.

High-pressure CLAG reactor conditions for transfer trials

Figure 5 and Table 4 show the density and viscosity trends in the high-pressure CLAG reactor trials, with increasing viscosity and decreasing density after gas hydrate appearance for CO2 and C02:N2 hydrate coffee slurries.

Table 4 - Comparison of 30 wt. % sugar gas hydrate slurries. The pressure and temperatures in the last row are given for the condition before the gas hydrate slurry transfer into the EGLI main stream line. The pressure on the high-pressure CLAG reactor for the CO2/N2 experiments before the nitrogen injection was around 19 bar. H stands for hydrate, p for pressure, T for temperature.