VEHICLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND METHODS

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0001] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference, including: U.S. Patent Application No. 15/253,826, titled“SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR VEHICLE SUBASSEMBLY AND FABRICATION”, filed on August 31, 2016; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent No. 9,895,747, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR FABRICATING JOINT MEMBERS”, filed on June 30, 2015; and U.S. Patent No. 9,884,663, titled“MODULAR FORMED NODES FOR VEHICLE CHASSIS AND THEIR METHODS OF USE”, filed on May 15, 2015.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 15/925,672, entitled "MANUFACTURING CELL BASED VEHICLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND METHOD" and filed on March 19, 2018, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Field

[0003] The present disclosure generally relates to manufacturing systems and methods for a wide variety of vehicles, and more specifically to manufacturing cell based manufacturing systems and methods for a wide variety of vehicles.

Background

[0004] The automotive industry has been evolving over the years. Body-on-frame is the original method for assembling a car or truck. The body and frame are two separate entities. The frame is a ladder frame on which both the body and drivetrain are installed. However, body-on-frame vehicles are heavier, which results in worse fuel efficiency. Also, the rigidity creates a noticeably harsher ride. [0005] Throughout the l930s and l940s, the unibody method began to gain popularity.

Currently, most vehicles are designed by the unibody method, which is now considered standard in the industry. The unibody method integrates the frame into the body construction. Different parts of the vehicle are welded, riveted and screwed together to create its body structure. Unibody construction cuts significant weight out of the vehicle, allowing for better fuel economy. It is generally considered safe, since the entire body can absorb the energy forces in a crash. However, introducing a new unibody model is very expensive and has a very long Research and Development (R&D) cycle, because the entire design of the vehicle and the corresponding assembly line need to be changed. Further, since the unibody design incorporates the frame into the passenger shell, serious accidents become very costly to repair.

[0006] Space frame is another method which is a development of the earlier ladder frame. In a space frame chassis, the suspension, engine, and body panels are attached to a three- dimensional skeletal frame, and the body panels have little or no structural function. Advantages of space frame chassis construction include better torsional rigidity that is required in high performance vehicles. The modular design of the space frame can further allow customized design and easy new product development. However, a conventional space frame chassis includes many parts, which are manually welded or glued together. The process is very time consuming and labor intensive. Due to the complicated manufacturing process, conventional space frame chassis platform is predominantly used for high performance and specialty market cars.

[0007] There is a need to develop new manufacturing systems and methods that are modular in design and flexible for manufacturing a wide variety of vehicles, with high robot utilization and automatic assembling process, while saving weight and space, and enabling easier service and repair.

SUMMARY

[0008] Manufacturing cell based manufacturing systems and methods for a wide variety of vehicles will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to various illustrative aspects of the present disclosure.

[0009] In one aspect of the disclosure, a manufacturing cell configured for assembling a frame of a vehicle is disclosed. The manufacturing cell includes a positioner, a robot carrier and a robot. The positioner is configured to receive a fixture table, where the fixture table is configured to hold the frame. The robot carrier includes a vertical lift, where the vertical lift includes a vertical column and a shelf, where the shelf is movably attached to the vertical column and movable along a vertical direction. The robot is mounted on the shelf and configured to assemble the frame. The positioner is configured to support the frame in a vertical position during an assembling process of the frame.

[0010] In another aspect of the disclosure, a system for manufacturing a vehicle based on a manufacturing cell is disclosed. The system includes a fixture table configured to hold a frame of the vehicle and a manufacturing cell configured for assembling the frame. The manufacturing cell includes a positioner configured to receive the fixture table, a robot carrier, a robot, and a controller. The robot is mounted on the robot carrier and configured to assemble the frame. The controller is configured to control an assembling process of the frame. The positioner is configured to support the frame during the assembling process of the frame. For example, the positioner may be configured to support the frame in a vertical position during the assembling process. The robot carrier may include a vertical lift, and where the vertical lift includes a vertical column and a shelf movably attached to the vertical column, where the shelf is movable along a vertical direction, and where the robot is mounted on the shelf. The robot carrier may include a base, where the base has a base central axis, wherein the base is configured to be rotatable around the base central axis. The system may include the frame, where the frame includes a plurality of connecting components and a plurality of joint members, where each joint member is sized and shaped to mate with at least a subset of the plurality of connecting components to form a three- dimensional frame structure.

[0011] In another aspect of the disclosure, a method for manufacturing a vehicle based on a manufacturing cell is disclosed. The method for manufacturing a vehicle includes a step of receiving a fixture table by a positioner. The method can include supporting the fixture table with the positioner. The method can further include introducing parts to the fixture table. The method include a step of assembling a frame of the vehicle using the parts by a robot in an assembling process inside a manufacturing cell. The method further includes a step of controlling the assembling process by a controller. For example, the step of supporting the fixture table with the positioner includes supporting the fixture table in a vertical position with the positioner during the assembling process. [0012] It will be understood that other aspects of manufacturing a vehicle based on a manufacturing cell thereof will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein it is shown and described only several embodiments by way of illustration. As will be realized by those skilled in the art, the disclosed subject matter is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] Various aspects of manufacturing cell based manufacturing systems and methods for a wide variety of vehicles thereof will now be presented in the detailed description by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0014] FIG. 1 A illustrates an example of a schematic of a manufacturing cell configured for assembling a frame of a vehicle, according to one embodiment of this disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of the frame in FIG. 1A.

[0016] FIG. 2A illustrates a schematic of an example positioner coupled to a fixture table, when the fixture table is in one position, according to one embodiment of this disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 2B illustrates a schematic of the example positioner coupled to the fixture table, when the fixture table in another position.

[0018] FIG. 3A illustrates a schematic of another example positioner coupled to a fixture table, when the fixture table is holding a frame in a vertical position, according to another embodiment of this disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 3B illustrates a schematic of the another example positioner coupled to the fixture table, when the fixture table is in a horizontal position.

[0020] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic of an example modular fixture table configured to hold a frame of a vehicle, according to one embodiment of this disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing a vehicle based on a manufacturing cell, according to one embodiment of this disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended to provide a description of various exemplary embodiments and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. The term "exemplary" used throughout this disclosure means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," and should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments presented in this disclosure. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough and complete disclosure that fully conveys the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. However, the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components may be shown in block diagram form, or omitted entirely, in order to avoid obscuring the various concepts presented throughout this disclosure. In addition, the figures may not be drawn to scale and instead may be drawn in a way that attempts to most effectively highlight various features relevant to the subject matter described.

[0023] This disclosure is generally directed to manufacturing cell based systems and methods for manufacturing a vehicle. The term "vehicle" used throughout this disclosure means a transport structure used for transporting people or goods, including automobiles, trucks, trains, metro systems, boats, ships, watercrafts, aircrafts, helicopters, motorcycles, bicycles, space crafts, and the like. The manufacturing cell based systems and methods disclosed herein can be used to manufacture a wide variety of vehicles, including, but not being limited to, automobiles, water vessels, aircrafts and human powered vehicles, etc. The term "frame" used throughout this disclosure means a supporting structure of a vehicle to which other components are attached. Examples of a frame include, but not being limited to, a chassis, a space frame, a three-dimensional frame, an internal frame, an outer frame, a partially inner and partially outer frame, a supporting component/structure, or supporting components/structures, of a vehicle.

[0024] This disclosure presents a system for manufacturing a vehicle based on a manufacturing cell. The system includes a fixture table configured to hold a frame of the vehicle and a manufacturing cell configured for assembling the frame. The manufacturing cell includes a positioner configured to receive the fixture table, a robot carrier, a robot and a controller. The robot is mounted on the robot carrier and configured to assemble the frame. The controller is configured to control an assembling process of the frame. The positioner is configured to support the frame during the assembling process of the frame. For example, the positioner may be configured to support the frame in a vertical position during the assembling process. The robot carrier may include a vertical lift. The vertical lift includes a vertical column and a shelf movably attached to the vertical column. The shelf is movable along a vertical direction, and where the robot is mounted on the shelf. The robot carrier may include a base, where the base has a base central axis, wherein the base is configured to be rotatable around the base central axis. The system may include the frame. The system can serve as a flexible universal constructor, with high robot utilization.

[0025] This disclosure presents a manufacturing cell configured for assembling a frame of a vehicle. The manufacturing cell includes a positioner, a robot carrier and a robot. The positioner is configured to receive a fixture table, where the fixture table is configured to hold the frame. The robot carrier includes a vertical lift, where the vertical lift includes a vertical column and a shelf, where the shelf is movably attached to the vertical column and movable along a vertical direction. The robot is mounted on the shelf and configured to assemble the frame. The positioner is configured to support the frame in a vertical position during an assembling process of the frame.

[0026] Advantageously, the systems and methods disclosed herein are modular in design and flexible for manufacturing a wide variety of vehicles. New products only need minimal retooling, resulting in significantly lower new product development cost, and much shorter R&D cycles. In addition, the systems and methods offer smaller footprint, and higher space utilization. Notably, the manufacturing cell based systems and methods have high robot utilization, and automatic assembly processes, which lends itself useful for high volume production of vehicles. Thus, the manufacturing cell based systems and methods can significantly lower the manufacturing cost of the vehicles.

[0027] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a manufacturing cell 100 of a system for manufacturing a vehicle. The manufacturing cell 100 is configured for assembling a frame 103 ( see FIG. 1B) of a vehicle. The manufacturing cell 100 includes a positioner 112, a robot carrier 122 and a robot 132. The positioner 112 is configured to receive a fixture table 142, where the fixture table 142 is configured to hold the frame 103. The term“frame” may also be referred as“space frame”,“smart frame”, “chassis”,“supporting structure”, or“supporting components” of a vehicle.

[0028] As shown in FIG. 1A, the robot carrier 122 includes a vertical lift 124, where the vertical lift includes a vertical column l24a and a shelf l24b, where the shelf l24b is movably attached to the vertical column l24a, and extends radially outwards from the vertical column l24a. The shelf l24b is movable along a vertical direction. The robot 132 is mounted on the shelf l24b and is configured to assemble the frame 103. The positioner 112 is configured to support the frame 103 in a vertical position, or a primarily vertical position, during an assembling process of the frame 103.

[0029] The robot carrier 122 may further includes a rotary base 126. For example, the vertical lift 124 is attached to the rotary base 126. The base 126 has a base central axis 128, where the base 126 is configured to be rotatable around the base central axis 128. The robot carrier 122 is configured to support the robot 132. In this embodiment, the robot carrier 122 has 2 degrees of freedom, vertical movement and rotation. The robot carrier 122 has an independent rotation of the vertical lift column l24a. Since the base 126 is configured to be rotatable around the base central axis 128, the vertical column l24a mounted on the base 126 is rotatable around the base central axis 128 as well.

[0030] The robot 132 may have various axis configurations. For example, the robot 132 may have a robot base l32b and an arm l32a. The robot base l32b is mounted on the shelf l24b of the vertical lift 124. The robot 132 may have six axes, also called six degrees of freedom. The six axis robot 132 allows for greater maneuverability, and can perform a wider variety of manipulations than robots with fewer axes. In other configurations, however, fewer than six axes may be used. In some embodiments, the robot 132 has a first axis 138 located at the robot base l32b, allows the robot to rotate from side to side. The first axis 138 is the central axis 138 of the robot 132. The robot 132 is configured to rotate around the robot central axis 138. This axis 138 allows the robot 132 to spin up to or past a full 180 degree range from center, in either direction.

[0031] The robot 132 may have a second axis which allows the lower arm l32a of the robot

132 to extend forward and backward. It is the axis powering the movement of the entire lower arm l32a. The robot 132 may have a third axis which extends the robot's reach. It allows the upper arm to be raised and lowered. On some articulated models, it allows the upper arm to reach behind the body, further expanding the work envelope. This axis gives the upper arm the better part access. The robot 132 may have a fourth axis which aids in the positioning of the end effector and manipulation of the part to be assembled. The robot 132 may further have a fifth axis which allows the wrist of the robot arm to tilt up and down. The robot 132 may further have a sixth axis which is the wrist of the robot arm l32a.

[0032] In some embodiments, the robot central axis 138 is offset from the base central axis

128, as shown in FIG. 1A. The robot base l32b is mounted on the shelf l24b of the vertical lift 124. Since the shelf l24b is extending radially outwards from the base central axis 128, the robot central axis 138 has a distance from the base central axis 128. When the vertical lift 124 is rotatable around the base central axis 138, the shelf l24b is also rotatable around the base central axis 138. Thus, the robot 132 is further rotatable about an arc movement around the base central axis 128, in addition to being rotatable around the first axis 138 of the robot 132. This sweeping motion of robot base l32a about the base central axis 128 extends the work area of the robot 132 to include the area on either side, and behind the vertical axis 128. In this way, the robot 132 is capable of independently moving vertically up and down, rotating from side- to-side, and in a combination of the aforementioned movements. Therefore, the robot 132 is not limited to its own degrees of freedom. The robot 132 has a larger work envelope. The robot carrier 122 and the robot 132 together have eight degrees of freedom. The more degrees of freedom enables the manufacturer to use fewer robots, which can reduce cost and increase efficiency.

[0033] In some embodiments, the robot carrier 122 may include a control unit (not shown).

The control unit is configured to control the robot carrier 122. The manufacturing cell 100 may further include a controller 185, which can be configured to control the robot carrier 122, the robot 132, the positioner 112, and controls for the rest of the system. The controller 185 can be configured to control an assembling process of the frame 103, for example, an automatic assembling process. The entire assembling process can be automated with high efficiency and low cost. In other embodiments, a central control station may communicate to the robot carrier 122 to issue instructions for the assembling process. In still other embodiments, the robot carrier 122 may be authorized to perform certain functions and make certain decisions on its own, while a central station or an on-site server may have control over other, potentially more important decisions which may be conveyed to the robot carrier 122 electronically or otherwise. In short, a wide variety of control automation configurations may be implemented into the system depending on the application and objectives, and each such configuration is intended to fall within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of the frame 103. The frame 103 can includes a plurality of connecting components 101 a, 101 b, 101 c, a plurality of joint members 102, or nodes 102. For example, the joint members or nodes may be produced by a 3-D printer. Each joint member may be sized and shaped to mate with at least a subset of the plurality of the connecting components 101 a, 101 b, lOlc to form a three- dimensional frame structure 103. The plurality of joint members 102 include mounting features, which provide panel mounts for mounting of panels on the three- dimensional frame structure 103. For example, the mounting features may be produced by a 3-D printer.

[0035] The frame 103 may form the framework of a vehicle. The frame 103 may provide the structure for placement of body panels of the vehicle, where body panels may be door panels, roof panels, floor panels, or any other panels forming the vehicle enclosure. Furthermore, the frame 103 may be the structural support for the wheels, drive train, engine block, electrical components, heating and cooling systems, seats, storage space, and other systems.

[0036] The vehicle may be a passenger vehicle capable of carrying at least about 1 or more,

2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, ten or more, twenty or more, or thirty or more passengers. Examples of vehicles may include, but are not limited to sedans, trucks, buses, vans, minivans, station wagons, RVs, trailers, tractors, go-carts, automobiles, trains, or motorcycles, boats, spacecraft, or airplanes. The frame may provide a form factor that matches the form factor of the type of vehicle. Depending on the type of vehicle, the frame may have varying configurations. The frame may have varying levels of complexity. In some instances, a three-dimensional frame may provide an outer framework for the vehicle. In some other instances, a three-dimensional frame may provide an inner framework for the vehicle. In yet some other instances, a three-dimensional frame may provide partially inner and partially outer framework for the vehicle. The framework may be configured to accept body panels to form a three-dimensional enclosure. Optionally, inner supports or components may be provided. The inner supports or components can be connected to the frame through connection to the one or more joint members of the frame. Different layouts of multi-port nodes and connecting components may be provided to accommodate different vehicle frame/chassis configurations. In some cases, a set of nodes can be arranged to form a single unique frame/chassis design. Alternatively at least a subset of the set of nodes can be used to form a plurality of frame/chassis designs. In some cases at least a subset of nodes in a set of nodes can be assembled into a first frame/chassis design and then disassembled and reused to form a second frame/chassis design. The first frame/chassis design and the second frame/chassis design can be the same or they can be different. Nodes may be able to support components in a two or three-dimensional plane. The details of the frame/chassis are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 15/253,826, U.S. Patent No. 9,895,747, and U.S. Patent No. 9,884,663, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0037] In some other embodiments, the frame may include other types of frame or other features which include nodes, channels to inject adhesives, pick-up features which allow robots to pick up or otherwise manipulate portions or all of the frame, and tooling features built into the frame. The frame may be assembled entirely by robots, or by an automatic assembling process.

[0038] FIG. 2A is an illustration of a positioner 212 coupled to a fixture table 242, when the fixture table 242 is in one position. FIG. 2B illustrates the positioner 212 coupled to the fixture table 242, when the fixture table 242 is in another position. Referring to FIG. 2 A and FIG. 2B, . the positioner 212 is configured to support the fixture table 242. The fixture table 242 is configured to hold the frame 103, and to be coupled to the positioner 212.

[0039] The positioner 212 is configured to perform one or more of lifting the fixture table

242, tilting the fixture table 242, and rotating the fixture table 242. In some embodiments, the positioner 212 is a 3 -axis positioner, which adds 3 degrees of freedom to the manufacturing cell. The positioner 212 can lift the fixture table 242 up and down, from and to the ground. The positioner 212 can further tilt the fixture table 242 from a horizontal position to a vertical position, and anywhere in between. In some embodiments, it can go beyond the horizontal and vertical positions. Moreover, the positioner 212 can rotate the fixture table 242 around a positional axis 118 (see FIG. 1A). For example, the fixture table 242 may further include a backbone (not shown), which is integrated with the fixture table. The backbone is configured to be coupled to the positioner 212 and may facilitate such rotations or other manipulating actions. The positioner 212 is capable of performing either independent movements, or dependent movements of all the aforementioned movements.

[0040] In some embodiments, the positioner 212 includes a 3-point kinematic mount 215 and a positioner base 219. The fixture table 242 may be secured to the positioner 212 with the 3-point kinematic mount 215. For example, the positioner 212 may be attached to the fixture table 242 by various fail-safe methods, including bolting or a zero-point quick release mechanism. For example, the positioner 212 may include one or more zero point pins to secure the fixture table 242 to the positioner 212. In some embodiments, a mechanical lock between the fixture table 242 and positioner 212 can be used to securely lock the fixture table 242 to the positioner 212. Therefore, the positioner 212 can support the fixture table 242 at various positions, including a vertical position, a horizontal position, and anywhere in between, as shown in FIG. 2 A and FIG. 2B.

[0041] FIG. 3A illustrates another embodiment of a positioner 312 coupled to a fixture table

342, when the fixture table 342 is holding a frame 103 in a vertical position. FIG. 3B illustrates the positioner 312 coupled to the fixture table 342, when the fixture table 342 is in a horizontal position. For example, the positioner 312 may further includes a backbone 316. The backbone 316 is integrated with the positioner 312. The fixture table 342 is configured to be coupled to the backbone 316 of the positioner 312. As shown in FIG. 3 A, the positioner 312 may further include an actuator 317, a positioner base 318, and a turntable 319.

[0042] As shown in FIG. 3 A and FIG. 3B, the positioner 312 is configured to perform one or more of lifting the fixture table 342, tilting the fixture table 342, and rotating the fixture table 342. The positioner 312 is capable of performing either independent movements, or dependent movements of all the aforementioned movements. The backbone 316 of the positioner 312 is configured to be movable between a horizontal position and a vertical position. The positioner 312 can flip the fixture table 342 from a horizontal position to a vertical position, and vice versa. Moreover, the positioner 212 can rotate the fixture table 342 by rotating the turntable 319.

[0043] In an embodiment, the fixture table 342 as shown in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B is a customized fixture table, which is configured to match different frame of different types of vehicles, or different models of the same type of vehicles. For example, the manufacturing cell can be used to manufacture different types of vehicles by using different fixture tables. [0044] FIG. 4 is an illustration of a modular fixture table 442 configured to hold a frame 103 of a vehicle. The modular fixture table 442 includes a plurality of locating features 444 (e.g., holes) and securement features 446. The modular fixture table 442 further includes a plurality of movable support plates 448. The plurality of locating features 444 and securement features 446, and the plurality of movable support plates 448 provide the flexibility to match different frame of different types of vehicles, or different models of the same type of vehicles.

[0045] Referring generally to FIGS. 1A - 4, the manufacturing cell 100 can assemble a plurality of frame with minimum tooling changeover (retooling). Customized or modular fixture tables can be used to accommodate different frame for a plurality of vehicles. When changing the models, or types, of the vehicles, the necessity for tooling changeover is limited. Thus, the manufacturing cell 100 can serve as a flexible universal constructor for a wide variety of vehicles. The effort for changing to a new model can be reduced, and the cycle for developing a new model can be shortened as well.

[0046] In addition, the manufacturing cell 100 is configured for volume production. The manufacturing cell 100 may have high robot utilization, where required, for high volumes. The manufacturing cell 100 can be configured to be fully automatic, for example. The automatic assembling process can significantly reduce the manufacturing effort of the frame, thereby enabling vehicles with the frame to be produced more efficiently and economically.

[0047] As shown in FIG. 1 A, the positioner 112 is configured to support the fixture table 142 in a vertical position during an assembling process of the frame 103. Some advantages of the vertical manufacturing cell 100 include better accessibility, increased degrees of freedom, reduced footprint, fewer part transfer, reduced component count, and lower maintenance than conventional assembly or manufacturing technologies. The vertical space utilization can be maximized. The robots can access the frame from more angles, which can increase the efficiency of an assembling process of the frame 103.

[0048] In some embodiments, the manufacturing cell 100 may further include a second robot carrier 125 and a second robot 135. Both robots 132, 135 work together to assemble the frame 103, or parts thereof. For example, the second robot carrier 125 may be positioned at an opposite side of the positioner 112 than the robot carrier 122. For another example, the robot carrier 122 may be positioned at +45 degrees relative to the positioner 112, and the second robot carrier 125 may be positioned at -45 degrees relative to the positioner 112. The manufacturing cell 100 may further include one or more robot carriers. There is no limit to the number of robot carriers. There are also many configurations to place the one or more robot carriers. The examples discussed above are only for illustration purpose, and there is no limitation to the relative positions of the one or more robot carriers.

[0049] In some embodiments, the manufacturing cell 100 may further include one or more stationary robots 162. For example, each of the one or more stationary robots 162 may be placed on a corresponding pedestal 164, which elevates the stationary robot to a desired working height to enable greater accessibility and reach. The stationary robots 162 may perform a variety of tasks, such as assembling assemblies, subassemblies, assisting, etc.

[0050] As shown in FIG. 1A, the manufacturing cell 100 may offer twenty -five or more degrees of freedom, redundant or otherwise. The robot 132 may offer six degrees of freedom. The robot carrier 122 may offer two degrees of freedom. The positioner 112 may offer three degrees of freedom. The manufacturing cell 100 with one robot and one robot carrier may have eleven degrees of freedom. The second robot carrier 125 and the second robot 135 may offer an additional 8 degrees of freedom. The manufacturing cell 100 with two robots and two robot carriers may offer a total of nineteen degrees of freedom. When manufacturing cell 100 includes a stationary robot 162 with additional six degrees of freedom, there may be a total of twenty-five degrees of freedom. The manufacturing cell 100 can have a lower number of robots than would otherwise be necessary because of the large number of degrees of freedom. The manufacturing cell 100 offers agility and dexterity for assembling a frame of a wide variety of vehicles.

[0051] The manufacturing cell 100 allows for a plurality of robots to be positioned strategically inside the cell, enabling pooled work envelopes. The compact footprint of the manufacturing cell 100 further has the advantage of saving space. The manufacturing cell 100 may have various dimensions. For example, the manufacturing cell 100 may have an area between 400 square feet and 3600 square feet. The space of the manufacturing cell 100 can be significantly lower than the conventional assembly line for vehicles. [0052] Moreover, the vertical manufacturing cell 100 enables robots to act as fixtures, in place of a customary stationary fixture, to thereby achieve an overall reduction or elimination of fixtures during the assembling process.

[0053] For example, the fixture table may have legs with wheels that enable movement on the floor, while holding the frame within the required tolerance.

[0054] Referring back to FIG. 1 A, the manufacturing cell 100 can be configured to assemble, bond, fasten, and measure the frame 103. For example, the manufacturing cell 100 can be configured to assemble, apply adhesive, bolt, and measure the frame 103. The robot 132, 135 can be configured to perform multiple tasks, including, but not being limited to, assembling, bonding, fastening, and measuring the frame. For example, the arms l32a, l35a of the robots 132, 135 may be configured to be coupled to a plurality of end effectors. Each of the plurality of end effectors can be configured to perform different functions. The plurality of end effectors can be configured to be quickly exchanged. The manufacturing cell 100 further includes tool tables 172. The tool tables can be configured to hold the plurality of end effectors, or subassemblies, or parts, of the frame 103.

[0055] In some embodiments, the manufacturing cell 100 may include an adhesive injection subsystem. The robots 132, 135 are further configured to apply an adhesive to bond the frame 103. The adhesive injection subsystem may include adhesive injection end effectors l32c, l35c. The frame 103 includes a plurality of connecting components 101 a, 101 b, 101 c, a plurality of joint members 102, or nodes 102 (FIG. 1B). Each joint member may be sized and shaped to mate with at least a subset of the plurality of the connecting components 101 a, 101 b, lOlc to form a three-dimensional frame structure 103. The plurality of joint members 102, or nodes 102, may have built-in adhesive ports. For example, the robots 132, 135 of FIG. 1A may be configured to grab adhesive injection end effectors l32c, l35c. The arms l32a, l35a of the robots 132, 135 may be configured to be coupled to the adhesive injection end effectors l32c, l35c.

[0056] In some embodiments, the manufacturing cell 100 may include one or more fastener drivers (not shown). The robots 132, 135 are further configured to install fasteners to the frame 103 by using the fastener drivers. For example, the arms l32a, l35a of the robots 132, 135 may be configured to be coupled to end effectors for fastener drivers. The one or more fastener drivers may be attached to the arms l32a, l35a of the robots 132, 135, to reach all necessary locations, by leveraging all axes of freedom that the manufacturing cell 100 offers. The number of robots and fastener drivers needed may be minimized because of the better reach and accessibility offered by the increased number of degrees of freedom of the manufacturing cell 100.

[0057] In some embodiments, the manufacturing cell 100 may include one or more metrology devices (not shown). Metrology devices may include, for example, a laser scanner. The robots 132, 135 are further configured to measure multiple points on the frame 103 to perform a general measurement of the frame 103. For example, the arms l32a, l35a of the robots 132, 135 may be configured to be coupled to end effectors for metrology devices. The one or more metrology devices may be attached to the arms l32a, l35a of the robots 132, 135. For example, the robots 132, 135 may be configured to scan and measure the frame 103. As an example, the robots 132, 135 may be configured to measure the frame 103 by scanning the frame 103. As another example, the robots 132, 135 may be configured to measure the frame 103 by probing the frame 103. The vertical manufacturing cell 100 may advantageously ensure full access of the frame 103, avoiding need for additional components or hardware (e. g., overhead gantry rail system).

[0058] In some embodiments, the manufacturing cell 100 may include one or more subassembly robots and one or more subassembly tables. For example, each of the one or more subassembly robots may be configured to assemble a subassembly or subsection of the frame 103 on a corresponding subassembly table. The subassembly robots may pass the assembled subassemblies to the robots 132, 135 on the robot carriers 122, 125. The robots 132, 135 may assemble the frame 103 from the subassemblies. The one or more subassembly robots may enable concurrent assembling and therefore may further reduce the overall time of the assembling process.

[0059] For example, the manufacturing cell 100 may include one or more tool changers. The tool changers are configured to exchange the plurality of end effectors for the robots. For example, tool changers may be used to switch from specially designed end effectors for assembly, scanning heads for measurements, fastener drivers for bolt installations, and adhesive injection end effectors for adhesive and sealer applications.

[0060] As shown in FIG. 1 A, the manufacturing cell 100 may be surrounded by safety barrier

194 with safety sensors, and interlocks. For example, the safety barrier 194 enable the fixture table 142 holding the frame 103 to enter the manufacturing cell 100 and exit the manufacturing cell 100, and further provide a safety measure to the manufacturing cell 100. For example, when the safety sensors detect an unexpected violation, the safety sensors may send signals to the controller 185 to safely halt the assembling process. Accordingly, if an individual inadvertently enters the manufacturing cell 100, the controller 185 may safely halt the assembling process which in turn may render stationary the currently moving parts that may otherwise be dangerous and may cause significant harm to the individual. In sum, harm may be avoided using the safety barrier 194. In some embodiments, the safety barrier 194 includes photoelectric light presence sensors.

[0061] The manufacturing cell 100 offers agility and dexterity with reduced duplication of bonding, fastening, and measurement equipment. Scalability of the manufacturing cell 100 can be accomplished through the addition of derivative manufacturing cells to the vertical manufacturing cell 100, or decoupling of fastening, bonding, and or measurement operations. Scalability can also be achieved through duplication of the manufacturing cells in series or parallel, or a combination of the two. Flexibility can be attained through the robots’ use of a virtually unlimited number of customized end effectors and other tools for performing a wide variety of specialized operations on the vehicle.

[0062] FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram of a method 500 for manufacturing a vehicle. The method 500 for manufacturing a vehicle includes a step 502 of receiving a fixture table by a positioner. The method 500 can include supporting the fixture table with the positioner 504. The method 500 can further include introducing parts to the fixture table 506. The method includes a step 508 of assembling a frame of the vehicle using the parts by a robot in an assembling process inside a manufacturing cell. The method 500 further includes a step 510 of controlling the assembling process by a controller.

[0063] For example, the step 504 of supporting the fixture table with the positioner includes supporting the fixture table in a vertical position with the positioner during the assembling process.

[0064] The method 500 includes the step 508 of assembling the frame by a robot inside a manufacturing cell. The method 500 may further include moving the robot along a vertical direction by placing the robot on a vertical lift. The method 500 may include moving the robot along an arc by placing the vertical lift on a base rotatable around a central base axis. The method 500 may include performing one or more of lifting the fixture table, tilting the fixture table, and rotating the fixture table by the positioner. In some embodiments, the method 500 may include assembling the frame by a second robot.

[0065] The method 500 further includes supporting the frame by the positioner during the assembling process inside the manufacturing cell. For example, the method 500 of supporting the frame by the positioner may comprise supporting the frame in a vertical position by the positioner during the assembling process. There are many advantageous to assemble the frame in the vertical position, such as easy accessibility, large degrees of freedom, a compact footprint, low moving parts and convenient maintenance. The overhead space can be utilized. The robots can access the frame from many angles, which can increase the efficiency of the assembling process of the frame.

[0066] The method 500 further includes a step 510 of controlling the assembling process by a controller. The entire assembling process of assembling the frame may include high robot utilization, and can be fully automated in some embodiments. Further attributes and advantages of the controlling step 510 are described throughout this disclosure.

[0067] The method 500 may include applying an adhesive to bond together sections of the frame by the robot during the assembling process inside the manufacturing cell. Further, the method 500 may include installing fasteners to the frame by the robot using a fastener driver during the assembling process inside the manufacturing cell. The method 500 may also include measuring multiple points on the frame for measurement of the frame by the robot through a metrology device inside the manufacturing cell during the assembling process. The method 500 may include using a safety sensor to provide safety measure to the manufacturing cell. The method 500 may also include assembling one or more subassemblies of the frame by one or more subassembly robots on one or more subassembly tables inside the manufacturing cell. It will be appreciated that the above are merely non-exhaustive examples of the wide variety of tasks that the robots or other devices can undertake during the assembling process.

[0068] Advantageously, the systems and methods disclosed herein are modular in design and flexible for manufacturing a wide variety of vehicles. Newly developed products only require minimal retooling, resulting in significantly lower new product development efforts, and a reduced R&D cycle. [0069] Notably, the manufacturing cell based systems and methods involve high robot utilization and a potentially fully automatic manufacturing process, which lead to the possibility of cost effective mass production. Thus, the manufacturing cell based systems and methods significantly lower the manufacturing efforts of the vehicles.

[0070] Importantly, the frame design results in weight savings and enables easier repair and service. The manufacturing cell enables easy assembling in a small space, which significantly saves overall manufacturing space. Therefore, the manufacturing cell based systems and methods provide a new platform for manufacturing vehicles.

[0071] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these exemplary embodiments presented throughout this disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the concepts disclosed herein may be applied to other techniques for assembling a frame. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments presented throughout the disclosure, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims.

[0072] As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in the examples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may be read as if prefaced by the word "about" or“approximately,” even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase“about” or“approximately” may be used when describing magnitude and/or position to indicate that the value and/or position described is within a reasonable expected range of values and/or positions. For example, a numeric value may have a value that is +/- 0.1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/- 1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/- 2% of the stated value (or range of values), +/- 5% of the stated value (or range of values), +/- 10% of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.

[0073] All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the exemplary embodiments described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112(f), or analogous law in applicable jurisdictions, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase

“step for.”