CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 18/223,395, entitled “Securing Access of a Process Control or Automation System” filed July 18, 2023, the entire disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present application relates generally to authentication and authorization frameworks or architectures for industrial process control systems and/or automation systems of industrial process plants, and in particular for next generation industrial process control and/or automation systems which include a generalized compute fabric that is agnostic or indifferent to the physical locations at which the compute fabric is implemented, one or more physical control or field devices located at one or more specific sites at which a product or process is being manufactured, and a transport network that securely provides communications between the compute fabric and the pool of physical devices.

BACKGROUND

[0003] For decades, distributed process control systems and automation systems of various enterprises (such as distributed or scalable process control and/or automation systems used in power generation, chemical, petroleum, or other industrial processes such as pharmaceutical or other types of manufacturing) have typically included one or more dedicated process controller devices communicatively coupled to each other, to at least one host or operator workstation via a process control network, and to one or more instrumentation or field devices via analog, digital, or combined analog/digital buses.

[0004] The field devices perform functions within the process or plant such as opening or closing valves, switching devices on and off, and measuring process parameters. Example field devices include valves, valve positioners, switches, and transmitters (e.g.. devices including sensors for measuring temperature, pressure, or flow rate; and transmitters for transmitting the sensed temperatures, pressures, and flow rates). In many industrial processes, there may be hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of field devices operating to send data to and/or receive commands from the one or more dedicated controller devices.

[0005] The process controllers, which are typically located within the plant environment (i.e., within the physical confines of plant and, in particular, in the vicinity of the field devices), receive signals indicative of process measurements made by the field devices (or other information pertaining to the field devices) and execute a controller application that runs, for example, different control modules which make process control decisions, generate control signals based on the received information, and coordinate with the control modules or blocks being implemented in smart field devices (e.g., HART®, WirelessHART®, and FOUNDATION® Fieldbus field devices).

[0006] Execution of the control modules causes the process controllers to send the control signals over the communication links or signal paths to the field devices, to thereby control the operation of at least a portion of the process plant or system (e.g., to control at least a portion of one or more industrial processes running or executing within the plant or system). For example, a first set of controller(s) and field devices may control a first portion of a process being controlled by the process plant or system, and a second set of controller(s) and field devices may control a second portion of the process.

[0007] Input/output (RO) cards (sometimes called “RO devices” or “RO modules”), which are also typically located within the plant environment, generally are communicatively disposed between a controller and one or more field devices, enabling communications therebetween (e.g., by converting electrical signals into digital values and vice versa). Typically, an RO card functions as an intermediary device between a process controller and one or more field devices that have inputs or outputs configured for the same communication protocol or protocols as those utilized by the RO card.

[0008] The field devices, controllers, and RO devices are generally referred to collectively as “process control devices,” and are generally located, disposed, or installed in a field environment of a process control system or plant. The network formed by one or more controllers, the field devices communicatively connected to the one or more controllers, and the intermediary devices facilitating communication between the controllers and field devices may be referred to as an “RO network” or “RO subsystem.” [0009] Information from the I/O network(s) may be made available over a data highway or communication network (the “process control network”) to one or more other hardware devices, such as operator workstations, personal computers or computing devices, handheld devices, data historians, report generators, centralized databases, or other centralized administrative computing devices that are typically placed in control rooms or other locations away from the harsher field environment of the plant, e.g., in a back-end environment of the process plant.

[0010] The information communicated over the process control network enables an operator or a maintenance person to perform desired functions with respect to the process via one or more hardware devices connected to the network. These hardware devices may run applications that enable an operator or other user such as a configuration engineer or a maintenance personnel to, e.g., configure the process controller, the I/O devices and the field devices, change settings of the process control routine(s), modify the operation of the control modules within the process controllers or the smart field devices, view the current state of the process or status of particular devices within the process plant, view alarms generated by field devices and process controllers, simulate the operation of the process for the purpose of training personnel or testing the process control software, diagnose problems or hardware failures within the process plant, etc. The process control network or data highway utilized by the hardware devices, controllers, and field devices may include a wired communication path, a wireless communication path, or a combination of wired and wireless communication paths.

[0011] Generally speaking, a communication network (e.g.. an I/O network in a process control environment) includes communication nodes which are the senders and recipients of data and communication links or paths connecting the communication nodes. Additionally, communication networks typically include dedicated routers (including firewalls) responsible for directing traffic between communication nodes, and, optionally, dedicated devices responsible for configuring and managing the network. Some or all of the communication nodes may be also adapted to function as routers in order to direct traffic sent between other network devices. Network devices may be inter-connected in a wired or wireless manner, and network devices may have different routing and transfer capabilities. For example, dedicated routers may be capable of high-volume transmissions while some communication nodes may be capable of sending and receiving relatively little traffic over the same period of time. Additionally, the connections between communication nodes on a network may have different throughput capabilities and different attenuation characteristics. A fiber optic cable, for example, may be capable of providing a bandwidth several orders of magnitude higher than a wireless link because of the difference in the inherent physical or fundamental limitations of the medium.

[0012] Industrial control system providers and users have, for many years, organized control systems for industrial processes around the Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy logical framework standardized by ISA (International Society of Automation) 95.01 - IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 62264-1 (“the Purdue model”). The Purdue model is a network segmentation model for industrial control systems that helps conceptualize and organize concepts of industrial process architecture and, in particular, the security of the various network segments within an industrial process.

[0013] Much like the OSI model for network communications conceptually organizes computer communication networks into layers, the Purdue model divides an industrial process architecture into multiple levels and zones. Levels 0, 1, 2, and 3 represent, respectively, the physical process (e.g., the physical equipment being controlled - field devices and attendant physical I/O devices), basic control (e.g., the controllers, PLCs, etc. that monitor and control Level 0 equipment and safety instrumented systems), area supervisory control (e.g., operator workstations and the human machine interface (HMI), historian databases, configuration, etc., as well as supervisor and data acquisition (SCAD A) functionality and other control logic that analyzes and acts on Level 1 data), and site operations (e.g., plant- wide control and monitoring, data aggregation, reporting, etc.), and are part of a manufacturing zone. Levels 4 and 5, respectively, represent business and logistics systems of the enterprise (e.g., database servers, application servers, file servers, etc.), and the enterprise or corporate network (e.g., a broader set of enterprise Information Technology (IT) systems, including connections to the public Internet), and are part of an enterprise zone. A demilitarized zone (DMZ) sits between the enterprise and manufacturing zones. The process control levels 0-2 generally require a higher level of trust in the safety and validity of messages, packets, and other communications, while manufacturing, corporate, and enterprise systems in levels 3-5 generally require a lower level of trust. For example, process plant systems, networks, and devices at security levels 0-3 may be protected against threats from enterprise networks at security levels 4-5, and/or from any external networks higher than security level 5 exploiting the enterprise networks, e.g., by using the DMZ and/or one or more firewalls. [0014] As industrial processes and the associated control systems for those processes have become more complex, the operation technology (OT) that enables industrial control (i.e., the systems that monitor events, processes and devices, and make adjustments in industrial operations) has started to converge with the information technology (IT) (i.e., the systems used for data-centric computing and analysis) that has developed around it. Data from the OT system is now sought after for, and analyzed by, various IT systems. For instance, data from the operational levels of the plant may be used by various IT systems (e.g., at the enterprise level) to monitor plant efficiency, to create or update production schedules, product delivery schedules, and deliveries of input materials, and for myriad other uses. However, achieving desired levels of security within the Purdue model is exceedingly difficult, as the desired levels of security require significant infrastructure and correspondingly difficult configuration that can take upwards of a month or more during plant commissioning. Transporting the data between the layers of the Purdue model (e.g., sending data from layer 2 to layers 3 or 4), while retaining a modicum of security, has necessitated numerous security workarounds including data relays, data diodes, and a proliferation of firewall devices. In some implementations, in order to alleviate communications issues caused by these complex security features, system providers and/or site engineers have circumvented the Purdue model to send data directly from control devices to the cloud, which undermines the plant security features provided by the Purdue model.

[0015] Complicating things further, the OT systems are frequently older systems that are incompatible with generally accepted tenets of good security hygiene on IT networks, because the OT networks were frequently designed without IT security in mind. For instance, OT systems typically do not support modern identity and authentication/authorization protocols or practices, at least not at the level of the field devices and controllers. This often leads to a variety of data transfer practices that are incompatible with highly- secure networks. For example, there may be three or more domains between layers 2 and 4 of the process, and security policy may differ at each such domain. As a result, cross-layer connectivity can be challenging, leading to implementations in which holes are punched in firewalls to get data between layers, credentials are hardcoded into devices or applications and/or are passed in unencrypted form to maintain connectivity, and the like. Further still, integration of third-party software is difficult, error prone, and often insecure for the reasons described above, and vulnerabilities are frequently left unpatched because the necessary down-time would result in significant costs to plant operators. These shortcomings result in the process control network being, at best, complex, disorganized, and exceedingly difficult to maintain and, at worst, insecure.

[0016] More recently, some providers and users of industrial control systems have attempted to move portions of the industrial control system into multi-purpose computing resources such as the cloud, and to virtualize certain aspects of the industrial control system. Such attempts have had as their purpose the desire to capture and analyze ever-expanding quantities of data generated in industrial control systems, and to create virtualized redundancy, for example. However, adherence to the Purdue model and the associated security practices it requires have resulted in these attempts each suffering from one or more of the drawbacks elaborated upon above, while also having ancillary effects. Integrating cloud-based components into the Purdue model can drastically complicate the security issues by requiring data from lower levels of the Purdue model (e.g., OT systems) to traverse IT infrastructure that it was never intended to traverse. The resulting additional security infrastructure required, when added to the traversal of the IT infrastructure (whether on premise or off) can increase latency - especially with respect to control signals - to sometimes unacceptable levels.

[0017] Additionally, some providers of industrial control systems have attempted to decouple from purpose-built controller hardware (e.g., virtualize) the control algorithms that control the industrial processes. To that end, entire controllers have been virtualized so that they can execute on less specialized hardware (e.g., on servers or shared computing hardware), allowing multiple copies of the control algorithms to execute in parallel on different hardware such that one instance can serve as a backup to another, primary instance. If the primary instance fails or becomes unstable, control can shift to the backup instance, and the original, primary instance can be shut-down and re-instantiated on the same or different hardware. While such systems have some advantages in terms of controller redundancy because entire controllers can be instantiated multiple times on different hardware, and even moved between hardware, they continue to suffer from the limitations imposed by the Purdue model. Moreover, these systems require that all of the elements of the virtualized device (e.g., a controller) be replicated or moved together or at the same time, which limits the flexibility of these systems.

SUMMARY [0018] A next generation process plant and industrial control or automation system architecture enables significant amounts of both computer processing and IT infrastructure that is used to support a process plant, an industrial control facility, or other automation facility (referred to herein as a compute fabric) to be implemented in a shared, in an offsite and/or in a virtualized manner, which alleviates many of the communications and security issues present in current process and industrial control systems that attempt to implement control using shared or virtualized computing resources, such as cloud based computing or system resources. In particular, the next generation control system (which may be used to implement control, monitoring and configuration activities in any process plant or industrial manufacturing or automation facility), does not attempt to follow the well-known, generally followed and accepted Purdue model when integrating and providing communications between plant devices (such as field devices), equipment controllers, supervisory controllers, site business operations and enterprise operations. As a result, the system architecture is able to implement control functions, communications and security measures in a manner that can effectively use communications and security features developed for general purpose computing uses outside of the process plant environment in a more effective manner when supporting control functions associated with a process plant or an industrial automation facility.

[0019] More particularly, the next generation control or automation system architecture includes a compute fabric that is agnostic or indifferent to the physical location at which the compute fabric is implemented and includes one or more physical controlled devices (referred to herein as a pool of physical devices), such as valves, transmitters, I/O devices, etc., located at one or more specific plants, facilities, sites, or physical locations at which a product or process is being manufactured or implemented and further includes a transport network that enables or provides communications between the compute fabric and the pool of physical devices in a robust and secure manner.

[0020] Generally speaking, the compute fabric includes a physical layer comprising one or more computer processing and/or storage devices and an application layer that includes computer implemented software modules that may be implemented on the physical layer to perform various control, monitoring and configuration activities using the pool of physical devices. In one case, the application layer of the compute fabric may be implemented as one or more sets of configured containers or as a containerized system in which various different configured containers and types of containers perform different computer implemented functions with respect to the facility or enterprise in which the control system is being implemented. The physical layer of the compute fabric may be implemented in any desired computer processing, storage, and networking equipment, such as on one or more computer processors and computer databases in the cloud, on one or more computer processors and databases at one or more dedicated offsite locations separated from the plant(s), facilities, or site(s) at which the pool of physical devices are located, on computer equipment located at the physical plant or facility at which the pool of physical devices are located or any combination thereof. The next generation control system architecture also includes a networking layer that is disposed in between the physical layer and the application layer and that provides administration, management, and usage of physical layer resources and logical (e.g., software-based) resources as and when required for the application layer activities, and in particular to support the timing and other needs that are specific to and required by industrial process control and automation.

[0021] Still further, the various components of the application layer, e.g., the various configured containers making up the application layer, may be executed in any desired computing equipment associated with the physical layer in any desired and configurable manner. Thus, the configured containers of the application layer may be implemented in a redundant manner in various ones of the same or different computer processing equipment of the physical layer, may be moved between different computer processing equipment of the physical layer to provide for better computing and communications performance, may be replicated in various different processors or databases of the physical layer to provide for redundancy and/or for controlling replicated physical equipment, etc.

[0022] The pool of physical devices may include devices that perform physical functions utilized to control an industrial or automation processes implemented at various different locations, site, or facilities of an enterprise. For example, the pool of physical devices, which may include field devices such as valves, valve positioners, actuators, switches, regulators, sensors, etc., perform physical functions, control, and/or other types of functionality associated with controlling the industrial or automation process using the physical hardware that is located at one or more manufacturing facilities of an enterprise, and that interacts with the process material or products being manufactured to provide measurement of and control of the physical phenomena being controlled/implemented as part of the manufacturing or automation process. The pool of physical devices may be disposed or physically located at different physical locations or environments associated with an enterprise or may be entirely disposed or located at only a single physical location or environment.

[0023] During operation, the compute fabric may be communicatively connected with the pool of physical equipment disposed at one or more physical locations using one or more transport networks. The transport networks may use any desired communication infrastructure and communication protocols, including any desired wired and/or wireless communications equipment/protocol. Such protocols may be any of various process control protocols such as HART, WirelessHART, Foundation Fieldbus, Profibus, OPC UA, etc. protocols, and/or may be any of various general computing communication protocols. For example, the transport networks may use any IP based or packetized protocol, including protocols which utilize publications and subscriptions such as MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Advanced Message Queueing Protocol (AMQP). Still further, the transport networks may use or include any desired communication network physical layers, such as Ethernet, 802.11, advanced physical layer (APL), etc. physical layers. In this manner, the pool of physical devices may send data or information to and may receive data or information from one or more configured containers in the compute fabric in packetized form via one or more of the transport networks to enable the compute fabric to implement process control, monitoring and configuration activities with respect to the pool of physical devices. Further, in some embodiments, virtual networks such as VNets may be used to communicatively connect different remote infrastructures (e.g., which may be implemented via different cloud computing systems and/or via other suitable means) and to communicatively connect different physical locations (e.g., on-premises infrastructures) with remote infrastructures. For network security reasons, virtual networks may be routed through Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). For reliability purposes, different VNets may be used for different network providers (for example, AT&T and Verizon). A more detailed description of VPNs is provided elsewhere within this document.

[0024] The compute fabric may be implemented on a scalable hardware platform, portions of which can be physically located across one or more physical locations that may or may not be the same physical locations associated with the pool of physical devices. Thus, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the compute fabric may be implemented on a cloud computing platform, the hardware of which may be disposed remotely from physical location(s) of the field environment at which the pool of physical devices is located.

[0025] Generally speaking, the compute fabric supports the creation, execution, removal, maintenance, administration, and management of a plurality of containerized applications, containerized services, or other containerized components (e.g., configured containers). The pool of containerized components may include applications that have been configured into containers and/or services that have been configured into containers, each of which executes to provide a specific functionality and/or operation utilized by the control system to control, monitor and/or configure one or more of the pool of physical devices, to support process and/or automation control and system management, and to administer, maintain, and manage the system and its components across the lifetime of the system. Generally speaking, the containerized components provide functionalities that traditional process control and automation techniques typically implement via a plethora of systems, networks, computing devices, DMZs, firewalls, and applications operating across Levels 2-5 of the Purdue model, e.g., from the supervision, monitoring, and control of physical industrial processes and data acquisition at level 2 to enterprise-level IT functionalities that provide business directions and functionalities related to the system at Level 5. Further, the containerized components may provide even higher- level functionalities such as coordination and/or management between multiple systems of an enterprise or even coordination between multiple enterprises. Accordingly, and advantageously, rather than utilizing the cumbersome and resource-costly traditional architecture of Purdue Levels 2-5 and all of the numerous data diodes, firewalls, DMZs, etc. necessary to secure a process control or automation system in the traditional architecture, the control architecture described herein simply utilizes the set of containerized components executing in the compute fabric to perform the same or similar sets of process control and automation core functionalities and related functionalities without compromising security of the system, and in some arrangements, provide greater security than is possible with traditional architectures.

[0026] Further, different functionalities may be implemented by different containerized components within the compute fabric and so a single application or service can be configured into multiple different containerized components (e.g., different instances of the application or service being implemented in respective containers). In this manner, similar or related configured containers may execute in conjunction with different physical devices and may execute on different portions of the hardware platform of the compute fabric, for example, to create redundancy or hot spares, etc. Advantageously, various containerized components can be created (e.g., spun up) and/or removed as or when needed and, collectively, a group of containerized components may operate to form or provide a logical process control or automation system which may be implemented as a “virtual process control system” for controlling one or more industrial or physical processes.

[0027] Moreover, during execution, each containerized component can communicatively connect to a particular physical component or physical device or to another containerized component via a respective, packet-based connection over the transport network, so that each containerized component and each physical component can be identified within the system by a unique name or identity which can be associated with a particular address (e.g., IP address, endpoint address) within the transport network. To maintain a high level of security of communications and of resources, containerized components, physical components, and other entities (e.g., human users, third-party users, other applications, etc.) may be authenticated and authorized, for example, on a per-entity basis, pair-wise with each other, and/or to access various resources by using embodiments of the authentication and/or authorization techniques described herein. Upon successful authentication and authorization, two endpoint components or entities may communicate data, instructions, and other information with each other during a session that the two endpoint components or entities establish over the one or more transport networks.

[0028] To further secure the system, the one or more transport networks may include one or more virtual private networks (VPNs) so that, for example, a specific containerized component communicatively connects with a specific physical component or with other containerized components using a point-to-point or peer-to-peer connection, such as a VPN, that is exclusive to only the specific containerized component(s) and the specific physical component(s). In this manner, the components may securely communicate data, messages, instructions, and/or other information with each other via the exclusive, point-to-point or peer-to-peer connection. The exclusive point-to-point or peer-to-peer connections may be established and/or torn down as or when needed. Still further, multi-point connections (e.g., VPNs or other suitable implementations) may be used to provide highly secured communications between a plurality of containerized and/or physical components. In some implementations, point-to-point or peer-to- peer networking connections may be utilized to further secure the system instead of or in addition to one of more point-to-point or peer-to-peer connections. Point-to-point connections, peer-to-peer connections, and VPNs of the transport networks may be implemented over one or more public and/or private networks, including private enterprise networks and/or the public Internet.

[0029] Advantageously, the architecture of the compute fabric abstracts (e.g., disconnects) higher level, business logic services, subsystems, and other software components of the application layer from specific computing platforms or hardware associated with the compute fabric, and enables the higher level software defined services, subsystems, and other software components to dynamically, automatically, and responsively direct and cause changes to the usage of the hardware and software resources of nodes and clusters of the computing platform using, for example, APIs, operating system (OS) support, and other services of the networking layer, without requiring any human intervention or direction. Thus, the management of the resources of the computing platform may be dynamically responsive to changes in configurations and to the needs of the higher level software defined services, subsystems, and other software components of the application layer.

[0030] In one example, industrial process control, automation, and other associated business logic is performed by higher level software defined services, subsystems, and other software components associated with the compute fabric, e.g., at the application layer. For example, a set of software defined application layer components may collectively form a logical process control or automation system that executes in conjunction with the physical components disposed at one or more physical locations or sites to implement an industrial process. Moreover, a set of third- party business logic services may also execute at the compute fabric application layer and these third-party services may be generated by a software development kit associated with the compute fabric, via which users may develop, generate, install, and manage third-party services at the application layer.

[0031] In another example, a controller or a control service in the compute fabric may be configured with one or more process control module services, parameters, and values associated with an industrial process plant, such as tags of inputs and outputs, reference values, and the like, thereby forming a configured or programmed controller service. The controller or control service may be functionally equivalent to a traditional, dedicated, hardware controller device as understood in the Purdue model, or the controller service may be functionally equivalent to a control routine or control module which is configured into and executed by the traditional, dedicated hardware controller device. A container may be configured with an instance of the configured controller service, thereby forming a container image or instance of the configured controller service that is executable to perform the specific, configured set of process control logic, e.g., by using the configured control module containers, tags, reference values, etc., when so configured. Multiple instances or container images of a configured controller service (or of other configured applications and services) may be instantiated and executed by the compute fabric.

[0032] Some configured containers in the compute fabric may be allocated or assigned to respective compute nodes of a compute fabric, and dynamically re-assigned to different compute nodes by a software defined compute service based on dynamically changing configurations, performance requirements, and other needs of the logical process control or automation system. In some situations, configured containers may be assigned (and re-assigned) to be executed by particular processors or particular processor cores of one or more compute nodes. Some configured containers, though, may be pinned to respective compute nodes and so are not dynamically re-assigned by the compute service due to dynamically occurring conditions. Configured containers may additionally or alternatively be pinned to other physical or logical components of the compute fabric. For example, a configured container may be pinned to another configured container, to a specific data cluster, to a particular processing resource (e.g., a particular physical processor or a particular physical processor core of a compute node), to a physical rack or portion of a physical rack serviced by a particular power supply (where the physical rack physically houses the hardware of one or more compute nodes), etc. Further, configured containers may be nested within other configured containers, which is particularly useful in configuring and organizing the logical process control or automation system.

[0033] The application layer of the compute fabric may include other types of application layer services such as operator displays and interfaces, diagnostics, analytics, safety routines, reporting, data historization, service configuration, communications with external or other systems, enterprise-level applications, etc. Moreover, a set of subsystems at the application layer of the compute fabric may provide or implement other virtual or logical process control-related subsystems of the logical process control system. For example, a historian subsystem may include a read service, a write service, and a search service, respective configured containers of which are nested in the configured historian subsystem container. In another example, a batch process control subsystem may include a unit procedure service, a recipe service, and a regulatory record generation service, which may be nested within the configured batch process control system container.

[0034] Generally, the subsystems allow control services and other services to be easily and coherently grouped and/or managed. In one case, each compute node of the compute fabric hosts a respective instance of each subsystem of the set of subsystems so that subsystem services are proximately and readily available to other application layer services that are executing on each compute node. Accordingly, changes to one or more of the subsystems may be coordinated among the corresponding instances thereof executing at each compute node. As such, the set of subsystems is highly and proximately available for any application layer service executing on a compute node and, in the event of a compute node failure, a compute node component failure, or a particular subsystem failure, the functionalities provided by the set of subsystems may be easily maintained for the logical process control system. The subsystems may include continuous process control, event driven process control, batch process control, state-based control, ladder logic control, historian, process user, alarm, licensing, event, version control, process configuration, process I/O, to name a few.

[0035] Likewise, the compute fabric may be used to support various enterprise level services and functions, such as real time monitoring of an enterprise functionality across multiple facilities associated with an enterprise, real time monitoring of one or more physical locations of an enterprise, providing or implementing plant or facility operator displays to enable operator input from any location, providing containerized services from any location, providing and instantiating control, authentication services, authorization services, other enterprise services, portions of or even an entire process control system from any location, moving the execution of services across different locations or sites, providing subscription or third-party services with respect to the enterprise, providing centralized upgrades for the enterprise, and providing centralized monitoring of the compute fabric associated with an enterprise, as well as others.

[0036] Further, the next generation process control or automation system can include and/or utilize an authentication and authorization framework (e.g., which may include authentication and/or authorization systems, architectures, methods, and/or techniques) to thereby maintain a high level of security for communications and resources within the process control or automation system. For example, entities associated with the process control or automation system (such as containerized components, virtual components, logical components, physical components, human users, automated users, third-party human users, third-party automated users, etc.) may be authenticated to the system, to a transport network, to a physical location, to a particular API, etc., and may be authorized on a per-entity basis, pair-wise with each other, and/or with respect to accessing various resources within the system. For instance, a particular entity (and/or its respective API) may be authorized to communicate with another particular entity (and/or its respective API), e.g., to thereby access resources via the another particular entity.

[0037] In an embodiment, a system for authenticating and/or authorizing entities to resources in a process control or automation system includes an authorization service and an authorization database that stores indications of a respective set of role permissions for each role of a plurality of roles of the process control or automation system. The authorization service includes a set of computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable media that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the system to, based on a request of an entity to access a resource of the process control or automation system, determine a role of the requesting entity and access the authorization database to determine a set of role permissions of the role of the requesting entity. The system grants access of the requesting entity to the resource when the set of role permissions and a set of resource access permissions for the resource are in accordance, and the system denies access of the requesting entity to the resource when the set of role permissions and the set of resource access permissions are not in accordance. Additionally or alternatively, the system may include an authentication service that authenticates entities to the process control or automation system, to a secured transport network, to a virtual private network (VPN), to point-to-point, peer-to-peer, or multipoint connections, a service, and the like. For example, upon an entity initially accessing or communicating with a client service of the system (e.g., via a respective application programming interface (API)), the client service invokes the authentication service to authenticate an identity of the accessing entity. The client service may be accessed via a respective API, and the client service may or may not be associated with access to resources and/or other entities of the process control or automation system, for example. Subsequent to a successful authentication of the entity, the client service establishes a session between the requesting entity and the second service. Within the session, the entity may request access to one or more resources associated with the client service, upon which the authorization service may be invoked to authorize the entity with the requested resources. In some implementations, the authorization service may be respectively invoked to authorize the entity with each requested resource.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example architecture of a Next Generation Process Control or Automation System (“NGPCAS”) which may be utilized to control industrial and/or automation processes and in which the techniques of the present disclosure may be implemented.

[0039] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example architecture of a Next Generation Process Control or Automation System (“NGPCAS”) which may be utilized to control industrial and/or automation processes having installed or legacy distributed control systems therein, and in which the techniques of the present disclosure may be implemented.

[0040] FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an example multi-enterprise framework for different Next Generation Process Control or Automation Systems of different enterprises.

[0041] FIG. 3B depicts example enterprise-level compute fabric functionalities, which may be provided by the compute fabric of FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0042] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example architecture of a compute fabric which may be included in the NGPCAS of FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0043] FIG. 5A is a block diagram of an example security technique which may be utilized in the NGPCAS of FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0044] FIG. 5B is a block diagram of an example security technique which may be utilized in the NGPCAS of FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0045] FIG. 5C is a block diagram of an example authentication framework or architecture which may be utilized in or by the NGPCAS of FIGS. 1 and 2 and/or by the compute fabric of FIG. 4. [0046] FIG. 5D is a block diagram of an example authorization framework or architecture which may be utilized in or by the NGPCAS of FIGS. 1 and 2 and/or by the compute fabric of FIG. 4.

[0047] FIG. 6 is a chart illustrating an example system hierarchy associated with an enterprise using the NGPCAS described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] Generally speaking, a next generation process plant and industrial control and/or automation system architecture relies on a shared compute fabric to implement control, monitoring and configuration activities in any process plant or industrial manufacturing or automation facility. The compute fabric is a high-performance computing system consisting of loosely coupled storage, resource management, security, networking and parallel processing functions linked by high bandwidth interconnects (such as 10 Gigabit Ethernet), and may include any one or more of a commercial multipurpose platform such as Microsoft’s Azure Services platform; platforms owned, operated, and maintained by an enterprise or system provider and dedicated to implementation of process control at one or more enterprises; compute clusters situated on-premises and local to a process plant; etc. The shared resources of the compute fabric, which may be shared among process plants within an enterprise, or by multiple enterprises each operating one or more process plants, and the fact that the next generation architecture does not attempt to follow the well-known, generally followed and accepted Purdue model, allows a variety of improvements and innovations in system configuration, control, monitoring, and management.

[0049] While the architecture will be described in detail below, the following examples illustrate several scenarios implementing in a system the concepts described in this specification and highlight the advantages of such implementations. The examples should not be considered limiting in the functionality available, the personnel performing various tasks, the physical separation or location of various elements, or in any other manner. Instead, these examples are intended to introduce various system elements and aspects of the operation of the system.

Example 1

[0050] A system provider provides and manages a compute fabric serving one or more enterprises, and provides a variety of tools and programs for configuring, commissioning, controlling, and monitoring one or more process plants using the compute fabric. These tools and programs include tools for configuring control modules and control strategies to control the process plant, tools for configuring operator workstations to monitor and control the process plant, tools for performing asset management (e.g., tracking calibration, maintenance, etc.), and tools for instantiating and managing the control modules that, after being configured and instantiated in the compute fabric, ultimately control process plant, among others. Each enterprise included in a plurality of enterprises accesses and makes use of the compute fabric and the available tools and programs to implement one or more enterprise-owned and/or -operated industrial processes in one or more respective process plants. Each of the process plants implements various aspects of its process control via a variety of containerized applications and services instantiated in the compute fabric. These include control algorithms, input-output, and security functions, among others, and the use of the containerized applications and services may facilitate various quality-of-service (QoS) features, including load balancing, fault tolerance, and redundancy implemented and managed by cither the system provider or the enterprise, or by the enterprise with assistance from the provider.

[0051] With these tools available, a first enterprise owner implements at a first process plant, a refinery, a continuous process producing various products by refining a petroleum product. That process plant has disposed therein a variety of field devices (e.g., valves, tanks, distillation columns, sensors/transmitters, and the like) that sense parameters in the refinery and perform control actions in response to control algorithms that use as inputs the sensed parameters. Each of the field devices has a corresponding input/output device that receives the signal(s) from the field device, coverts the signals into a common format (e.g., Ethernet packets), and transmits the data from the field devices to the compute fabric. A pre-configured gateway/router/aggregator, facilitating secure communication between the first process plant (e.g., VO devices and field devices, collectively comprising a set of physical devices) and the compute fabric, is among the only non-field device or I/O device hardware that is located on the premises of the first process plant.

[0052] A configuration engineer for the enterprise and/or the process plant accesses the tools made available by the system provider to configure the operation of the process plant. The configuration engineer creates the necessary control algorithms by instantiating function blocks for receiving data from the field devices via the I/O devices and sending commands and data to the field devices via the I/O devices, instantiating various processing function blocks that utilize the data received from the field devices as input to a control algorithm and generate the outputs that are sent to the field devices, and implementing operator workflows that allow the plant operators to monitor and respond to conditions in the run-time process plant. However, in contrast to known, conventional or traditional systems, these function blocks and control modules are not downloaded to a dedicated hardware controller at the process plant. Instead, once the process plant is commissioned (e.g., the physical devices are installed and wired at the process plant), the function blocks and control modules are instantiated as containerized services and/or other types of micro-encapsulated execution environments (“MEEES,” also referred to herein as “microservices” or “granules”) in the compute fabric.

[0053] Generally, a microservice, granule, or MEEE which is instantiated in the compute fabric may be an independent software process that can run on its own deployment schedule and can be updated independently of other microservices. Examples of MEEEs may include function blocks, control modules, control applications, and other applications and services which relate to business logic of the process plant and/or otherwise support the process plant, to name a few. Groups of microservices or MEEEs may interact collaboratively to achieve some desired outcome. For example, to control a reactor, multiple strategies such as Feed, Reactor, Products, Utilities, and Flare may defined by respective MEEEs, and this set of multiple MEEEs may cooperatively operate (e.g., in conjunction with each other) during run-time of the process plant to implement the desired reactor control strategy. In another example, for a process control analytics application, various MEEEs may be defined to execute respective statistical computations and/or statistical algorithms, and the various MEEEs may be combined as desired and executed in combination to provide an overall prediction analytics application. A single, individual microservice or MEEE may be configured to execute an application ranging from very broad (e.g., a control strategy of an entire system or plant) to very granular (e.g., only a portion of a control routine or control module), as will be discussed in more detail elsewhere within this document. As such, due to its flexibility of being configurable to execute various process control and process control-related applications ranging from broad to granular, a microservice or MEEE is interchangeably referred to herein as a “granule.”

[0054] At any rate, the configuration engineer may also use the configuration tools to specify various QoS metrics for each of the function blocks and control modules, for individual signals or variables, and for the process as a whole. Each of the microservices, MEEEs, or granules communicates with one another and with the I/O devices via one or more secured point-to-point (PTP) and/or peer-to-peer (P2P) connections (which may include one or types of secured, encrypted PTP and/or P2P connections, such as VPN(s)), and each is authenticated via a digital security certificate. These secured, point-to-point and/or peer-to-peer connections and security certificates are managed automatically within the compute fabric with minimal to no input from the personnel at the enterprise.

[0055] With respect to the QoS metrics, an orchestration service operating within the computing fabric (and provided by the system provider) implements various load balancing and redundancy schemes to ensure that the QoS metrics for the plant are met. For example, the orchestration service ensures that a redundant configured container is always instantiated for any configured container executing any portion of the control algorithm, and that the redundant configured container maintains corresponding inputs and outputs (i.e. , maintains a parallel state) to the primary configured container such that, if there is a failure of the primary container, control may be shifted to the redundant container nearly instantaneously (e.g., within milliseconds). The orchestration service ensures that configured containers are executing on separate hardware and powered by separate power supplies to maintain sufficient redundancy according to policies set by the enterprise. For some microservices, configured containers, MEEEs, or granules, the orchestration service instead maintains redundant state databases storing the state of the microservices/configured containers/MEEEs/granules, such that if a microservice/configured container/MEEE/granule fails or is otherwise taken offline, a new microservice/configured container/MEEE/granule may be instantiated nearly instantaneously (e.g., within milliseconds) and restored to the state of operation of the previous instantiation of the configured container when it was taken offline.

[0056] The orchestration service also provides load balancing services to maintain sufficient memory, processing, and network resources to meet QoS requirements for individual microservices/MEEEs/granules and for the plant as a whole. For example, maximum latency requirements require certain configured containers to be executing on compute fabric resources that are physically closer to the process plant and/or have greater network bandwidth between the resources and the process plant. [0057] To maintain security, and as described above, all containerized applications and services communicate via one or more secured, encrypted point-to-point connections, such as VPNs. In some cases, a pair of endpoints (e.g., a pair of containerized applications or services, or a containerized application/service and a physical component) communicates via a dedicated VPN, while other VPNs include multiple containerized applications/services communicating with one another via respective sessions established over the VPNs. Other VPNs facilitate communication between enterprise-level containerized applications/services and plant-level containerized applications/services, other VPNs still facilitate communication between provider level containerized applications/services and containerized applications/services at the enterprise and/or plant level, and still other VPNs facilitate communications between user interface devices and the system. In any event, any human user, and any third-party application executing to facilitate a service in the enterprise or the process plant, interacts with the system one or more APIs through which necessary actions may be performed after the user or third-party application is authenticated (e.g., using multi-factor authentication).

[0058] In this manner, relative to known systems, the control of the first process plant is implemented with fewer dedicated computing resources, while maintaining (or improving) QoS metrics, maintaining (or even improving) security, and removing or reducing the need to periodically and manually adjust the type or quantity of local computing resources according to changes in the process plant.

Example 2

[0059] At some point after the commissioning of the first process plant, the first enterprise owner decides to duplicate the first process plant in a second process plant. Because the control algorithms and necessary software are already configured for use with the first process plant, setting up the field devices and I/O hardware at the second process plant is among the most timeconsuming portions of commissioning the process plant.

[0060] In this case, the enterprise owner opts to remove the physical I/O devices from the process plant setup and instead perform the functions of the I/O devices as microservices, MEEEs, or granules instantiated in the compute fabric. The enterprise owner installs the field devices at the site of the second process plant. Each field device is configured as it normally would be - with a device tag, ranges, limits, scale, and other data for operating the field device. Because the second process plant is a duplicate of the first process plant, each field device is configured and programmed according to its corresponding device in the first process plant, using an automated process to decrease the time required for commissioning. Each device is coupled, by its corresponding communication media, to a media converter that converts between the device’s native communication media (e.g., Foundation Fieldbus, HART, WirelessHART, OPC UA, 4-20 mA, Ethernet, etc.) and an Ethernet protocol. Each media converter packetizes (in Ethernet packets) the variety of data received from the corresponding field device and transmits the packets to a pre-configured on-site gateway of the second process plant. The gateway facilitates secure communication between the second process plant (media converters) and the compute fabric, and is among the only non-field device hardware that is located on the premises of the second process plant.

[0061] The configuration engineer, having opened the stored configuration of the first process plant within a user interface application provided by the compute fabric, drags a loop over the compute fabric canvas (the workspace showing for the first process plant the configured containers instantiated in the compute fabric) to select all of the configured containers and, by dragging the selected configured containers to a new compute fabric canvas, copies to the second process plant the set of configured containers (e.g., containerized applications and services) instantiated in the first process plant.

[0062] The configuration engineer instantiates, within the compute fabric, for each field device of the second process plant, a digital twin of the field device and corresponding VO microservices/MEEEs/granules, taking the place of the physical VO devices that would previously have coupled physical field devices to the controllers. This digital twin is, to the rest of the process control software executing in the compute fabric, indistinguishable from the hardware field device operating in the process plant. The digital twin is configured identically, and maintains to the extent necessary (and possible, as described below) the same data as is present on the field device itself. That is, as the field device updates the values of measured parameters or status values, those values are uploaded, via the media converters, to the digital twins within the compute fabric. It is the digital twins, however, that interact with the instantiated function blocks, control modules, and other control algorithms in the compute fabric. By the same token, the function blocks, control modules, and other control algorithms instantiated in the compute fabric (or in a hardware controller) send commands and data to the digital twins, which communicate those commands and data back to the hardware field devices of the second process plant via the media converters.

[0063] With the hardware field devices in place and coupled via the media converters to the digital twins executing in the compute fabric, the configuration engineer instructs the compute fabric to bring the process online at the second process plant, e.g., by activating a single user control. Responsively, the compute fabric initializes the process control system, and the system is online and ready to begin testing and/or operating within minutes thereafter, vastly simplifying the process of bringing the second process plant online.

[0064] In addition to simplifying its commissioning, the digital twins contribute to the robustness of the operation of the second process plant. In the event that a particular field device becomes unavailable (momentarily or otherwise), the digital twin may prevent an abnormal condition in the operation of the process plant as a whole. For example, a momentary loss of connectivity or increase in latency between the process plant and the compute fabric may have no effect on the process as a whole, because the digital twins may continue to provide data (e.g., simulation data, presumed steady-state data, etc.) to the control algorithms (within safety parameters, of course) during the momentary anomaly. Similarly, if the self-reported (or system- determined) status for a sensor changes to indicate that the sensor value is no longer reliable, the digital twin may be programmed to provide data from another source (e.g., simulated values, values calculated based on other measured parameters, etc.) in place of the unreliable sensor data.

[0065] The use of the digital twins also contributes to the cost-effective maintainability of the process plant. In the event that a hardware sensor (e.g., a thermocouple or pressure sensor) fails, the sensor can, in many instances, be replaced without stopping or disrupting the operation of the process, because the digital twin can continue to provide data (simulated, or otherwise) to the control algorithms even when the hardware sensor is offline.

Example 3

[0066] With the first and second process plants up and running, the enterprise owner (or its users) can manage both of them at an enterprise level using a variety of tools available from the system provider. Because the various facilities owned by the enterprise are executing in the compute fabric, the enterprise owner may securely access data related to the process plants individually, or to the enterprise as a whole, at any time and from anywhere. As indicated above, all human and/or third-party application access to the system is provided via APIs, access to which requires multi-factor authentication. Thus, after authenticating, the user can access tools, metrics, and other functions that allow for the management of the enterprise and its various process plants.

[0067] The enterprise-level user can create or use any number of dashboards and tools for facilitating enterprise-level views of the process plants individually or collectively. The enterprise-level user may decide to view real-time production metrics (e.g., production output volumes, quality metrics, etc.) for a single plant, and also to compare real-time metrics between plants, charting metrics for the respective plants over time for comparison. Upon noticing that one plant is performing differently from the other (e.g., outputting higher quality product, operating more efficiently, etc.) the enterprise-level user may decide to dig more deeply into why the plants arc performing differently. Turning to an application or service marketplace hosted by the system provider, the enterprise-level user may purchase or subscribe to an analysis service or tool, which, upon purchase or subscription is instantiated in the compute fabric and can be used by the enterprise-level user to analyze the performance of the process plants.

[0068] The analysis shows that the tuning of one of the process plants could be optimized to perform better, and recommends a different tool that can re-tune and optimize the process plant. The enterprise-level user may reach out to the control operators at the plant to inform them of the available tool. The tool is then subscribed to or purchased for the enterprise or for just the individual plant, and instantiated in the compute fabric at the plant level and/or at the enterprise level.

[0069] The tool may determine that the process plant requires retuning in a manner that requires an updated copy of one or more control algorithms. In that event, the tool proceeds (with input from the operator) to create updated control algorithms. The updated control algorithms are instantiated in the compute fabric, but are not initially placed in control of the process plant. Instead, the updated control algorithms are implemented in parallel (e.g., in simulation mode) with the active control algorithms to ensure that they will not adversely affect the operation of the process plant and will, in fact, improve the operation of the process plant. The operator then switches control of the process to the new control algorithms instantaneously (e.g., without interrupting the process) when satisfied that the updated control modules will function properly.

[0070] At the same time, the operator of one of the process plants may notice that the tuning of the process for which the operator is responsible appears to be fluctuating. The operator reaches out to a customer service representative from the system provider for assistance to determine what is causing the fluctuation in tuning, and using dashboards available to the system provider representative, they determine that the fluctuations in tuning may be the result of several related factors in the compute fabric including the movement of microservices/MEEEs/granules between hardware resources for load balancing, changes in available processing and network bandwidth, and physical distance between the compute fabric resources and the process plant in question. The customer service representative may recommend the use of a real-time tuning application.

[0071] The real-time tuning application monitors latency between the compute fabric and the physical resources in the process plant, and automatically adjusts the tuning of the control algorithms to account for changes in the latency as a result of network conditions, physical distance, and processor bandwidth. In this example, after implementing the real-time tuning application, the operator notices that the subject process is generally more stable.

[0072] However, if the real-time tuning application indicates that there is one control loop that the real-time tuning application is unable to automatically tune, the operator and customer service representative, working cooperatively, may determine that the control loop in question requires minimal latency and, as a result, the customer service representative may “pin” the configured containers related to the control loop to physical hardware resources in the compute fabric that meet the latency requirements and, in particular, that meet the latency requirements because of their physical proximity to the process plant in question. For good measure, the customer service representative may additionally dedicate specific hardware resources for the configured containers related to the control loop, to prevent those resources from becoming loaded to an extent that would cause latencies to detune the process.

Example 4

[0073] The enterprise owner, now having multiple process plants running, may determine that it would be more efficient to consolidate the operators that manage the various processes. While some number of maintenance and other personnel must be physically present at each process plant, the fact that the compute fabric is securely accessible, essentially from anywhere with a sufficient network connection, allows the operators to be located anywhere. Accordingly, the enterprise owner may determine that it can consolidate all of its operations into three operations centers, spaced roughly equally around the world, such that its operations can continue 24 hours/day without any of its employees working outside of first shift (business) hours in their respective locale.

[0074] The enterprise owner staffs each operations center with operators in numbers sufficient to operate all of its plants operating around the world. As a result of the consolidated operations centers, the numbers of staff required for redundancy (e.g., to account for staff illnesses, vacations, etc.) is reduced.

Example 5

[0075] Separately, a second enterprise that is looking to improve efficiency in its traditionally- architected (first) process plant and to expand to add additional process plants desires to do so by implementing a system provided by the system provider. The system provider establishes accounts for the second enterprise, and the second enterprise personnel subscribe to and/or purchase the necessary and desired tools and packages. The second enterprise’s configuration engineers use tools available from the system provider to convert the configuration files that currently operate the legacy controllers in the first process plant into a configuration of containerized services (e.g., microservices, MEEEs, or granules) that will execute on the compute fabric. At the same time, the system provider arranges to install, at the site of the first process plant, a pre-configured gateway securely coupling the VO devices to the compute fabric. After ensuring that the compute fabric is configured to meet the necessary QoS metrics, the configuration engineers and operators of the first process plant simulate operation the process plant using the configured compute fabric to confirm that it appeal's to be properly configured, and then bring the process plant online using the compute fabric.

[0076] While the newly reconfigured process plant is operating using the compute fabric, and the legacy controller hardware is no longer operating the process plant, the second enterprise owner, rather than decommissioning the legacy controller configuration, maintains it. In fact, the system provider assists the enterprise personnel in configuring the legacy configuration of the first process plant such that, in the event that the compute fabric (or the network connection thereto) becomes unavailable or unstable, control of the process plant can fail over to local control using the legacy system. As such, the legacy system is run in parallel as a backup control solution.

[0077] At the same time, the second enterprise owner may decide to keep the safety- instrumented systems (SIS) for the process in place at the first process plant, rather than migrating them to the compute fabric.

[0078] As the second enterprise owner moves toward expanding to add new process plants, the second enterprise owner purchases the necessary field devices for installing in and operating those process plants. Each of the field devices includes a burned-in hardware ID that indicates its make, model, options, and the like. Upon purchasing the field devices, the burned-in hardware IDs for the purchased devices are registered to the second enterprise owner in a database that facilitates the configuration of the field devices in the new process plants. The configuration engineers, while configuring the control modules, can select each device from the database, causing the compute fabric to create a digital twin for each that is programmed accordingly. A plant engineer configuring the physical field devices in the new process plant scans each device and places each device according to its hardware ID. When the physical devices are connected to the compute fabric via their respective media converters, each is automatically associated with its digital twin based on the hardware ID, and is programmed (if programmable) according the programming of its digital twin.

[0079] While the additional process plants are configured to operate on remote compute fabric, the second enterprise owner decides that, because only one network provider serves some of the process plant locations, it remains prudent to have a control solution that can maintain safety, if not full operation, of the process plant locations in the event that the network connection to the remote compute fabric becomes unavailable. For that reason, the enterprise owner physically locates certain compute fabric resources on-site such that, in the event of a communication failure between a process plant and the remote compute fabric, the on-premises compute fabric can maintain safety and/or operation of the process plant. The on-premises compute fabric resources execute redundant containerized services, microservices, MEEEs, or l ' l granules (orchestrated by the orchestrator service in the compute fabric) such that control of the process plant can fail over to the on-premises compute fabric if necessary.

[0080] Example Next Generation Process Control or Automation System Architecture

[0081] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example architecture of a Next Generation Process Control or Automation System (“NGPCAS”) 100 which may be utilized to control industrial and/or automation processes, and in which embodiments of the authentication and/or authorization techniques described herein may be implemented. The NGPCAS 100 may be used by chemical, petroleum, industrial, manufacturing, filling and packaging, or other types of enterprises to manufacture, refine, transform, generate, or produce physical materials or products, in some use cases. In an example implementation, the NGPCAS 100 may utilize one or more techniques and/or features described in U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 18/223,395, entitled “Securing Access of a Process Control or Automation System” which was filed July 18, 2023, the entire disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. For ease of reading, the NGPCAS 100 is interchangeably referred to herein as the “system 100.”

[0082] The NGPCAS 100 includes a compute fabric 102 communicatively connected to a plurality (e.g., a pool) of physical devices 105, 108. The plurality or pool of physical devices 105, 108 includes devices that perform physical functions utilized to control an industrial or automation process provided by an enterprise. For example, the plurality of physical devices 105, 108 may include field devices such as valves, valve positioners, actuators, switches, regulators, sensors, (e.g., temperature, pressure, level and flow rate sensors), spectrometric devices, pumps, motors, transmitters, and the like, some of which may be intelligent field devices. Some of the physical devices 105, 108 may have respective on-board processors, memories, and computer-executable instructions stored on the memories, where the stored computer-executable instructions are executable by the on-board processors to perform, for example, control and/or other types of calculations, alarming functions, and/or other functionality associated with controlling the industrial or automation process using the physical device 105, 108. Physical devices 105, 108 may responsively operate and/or change their behavior based on control signals and/or other instructions received from the compute fabric 102, as is described in more detail elsewhere herein. [0083] The pool of physical devices 105, 108 of the system 100 may be disposed or physically located at different physical locations, sites, plants, or environments 115, 118 (such as illustrated in FIG. 1), or the pool 105, 108 of physical devices may be entirely disposed or located at only a single physical location, site, plant, or environment (not shown). The one or more physical locations 115, 118 at which the physical devices 105, 108 are disposed are generally and collectively referred to herein as the “field environment 120” of the system 100. For example, the field environment 120 of the NGPCAS 100 may include one or more buildings, fields or outdoor sites, plants, oil rigs or platforms, rooms, cabinets, etc. in or at which at least one physical device 105, 108 of the system 100 is physically located and in which the at least one physical device 105, 108 operates in conjunction with the compute fabric 102 to control the industrial process or automation process. The term “field environment 120” is interchangeably referred to herein as the “process environment 120,” the “automation environment 120,” the “plant environment 120,” or the “physical environment 120” of the NGPCAS 100.

[0084] Each physical location or environment 115, 118 at which at least one physical device 105, 108 of the system 100 is disposed includes one or more on-premises physical FO (Input/Output) interfaces 125, 128 configured to receive, condition, and deliver (e.g., to the compute fabric 102 via one or more transport networks 130) FO signals or FO data generated by the on-premises physical devices 105, 108, and optionally to provide control signals, instructions, and/or other information generated by the compute fabric 102 and received at the location 115, 118 via the one or more transport networks 130 to designated recipient on-premises physical devices 105, 108. Each on-premises physical device 105, 108 physically connects to the on-premises physical FO interfaces 125, 128, e.g., via respective wired or wireless links. As such, in an embodiment, the on-premises physical FO interfaces 125, 128 may include a pool of FO hardware ports (which may include wired and/or wireless ports or interfaces) and/or other FO hardware resources that are shared among multiple on-premises physical devices 105, 108 at a respective location 115, 118. Additionally or alternatively, the on-premises physical I/O interfaces 125, 128 may include individual instances of FO hardware resources, where each individual instance is included in or exclusively connected to one and only one on-premises physical device 105, 108. Generally speaking, the present disclosure utilizes the term “physical component” 135, 138 to collectively refer to the combination of a single physical device 105, 108 (e.g., a single field device) and the physical FO interface 125, 128 utilized by the single physical device (e.g., the attendant physical I/O interface(s) of the single physical device 105, 108) to communicate information over the transport networks 130. As such, terminology-wise, the NGPCAS 100 includes a pool of physical components 135, 138, each of which includes an individual field device 105, 108 and the respective physical I/O interface resources 125, 128 that the individual field device 105, 108 utilizes to communicate with the compute fabric 102. Generally speaking, the physical components 135, 138 of the NGPCAS 100 operate or would be included in Level 0 of the Purdue model of a traditional process control system.

[0085] As shown in FIG. 1, the physical components 135, 138 at each location 115, 118 communicatively connect to the compute fabric 102 via one or more transport networks 130. The one or more networks 130 may include one or more wired and/or wireless networks.

Further, the one or more networks 130 may typically include one or more packet networks, such as one or more Ethernet-compatible packet networks, each of which may or may not include an advanced physical layer (APL). As such, the physical I/O interfaces 125, 128 enable the I/O data or information generated by the physical devices 105, 108 to be delivered in packetized form via the one or more transport networks 130. For example, the physical I/O interfaces 125, 128 may convert the I/O data or information generated by the physical devices 105, 108 into packets, may wrap the VO data or information in packets, or may otherwise transform the VO data or information into a packetized format for delivery to the compute fabric 102 via the packet network(s) 130.

[0086] In some embodiments, a physical site or location 115 may include a gateway/router/aggregator 148 which, for ease of discussion, is referred to herein as a “gateway 148.” Generally speaking, the gateway/router/aggregator 148 receives outgoing data and information that is to be sent to the compute fabric 102 and causes the outgoing data and information to be sent over the transport networks 130 (e.g., in individual packets and/or in packets in which data/information generated by multiple physical components 138 are aggregated into a single packet), and the gateway/router/aggregator 148 receives incoming data and information that is received from the compute fabric 102 (e.g., in individual packets and/or aggregated packets), and routes the information, instructions, and/or data included therein to designated recipient physical components 138 at the site 115. A physical location may include respective gateway 148 (e.g., location 115), a physical location may exclude any gateways 148 (e.g., location 118), and in some configurations, multiple physical locations may share a single gateway 148 (not shown in FIG. 1), for example.

[0087] Turning now to the compute fabric 102 of the NGPCAS 100, the compute fabric 102 is implemented on a scalable hardware platform, portions of which can be physically located across one or more physical locations (not shown in FIG. 1). The physical locations at which at least portions of the hardware platform of the compute fabric 102 are physically located may or may not be the physical locations 115, 118 at which the physical devices 105, 108 of the system 100 are physically located. For example, an entirety of the hardware platform on which the compute fabric 102 is implemented may be remotely located from any location 115, 118 of the field environment 120 of the system 100 (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 1), or a respective portion of the hardware platform on which the compute fabric 102 is implemented may be located at one or more of the physical device locations 115, 118 of the field environment 120 (not shown in FIG. 1). In some embodiments, at least a portion of the compute fabric 102 may be implemented on a cloud computing platform, the hardware of which may be disposed remotely from and/or at physical locations 115, 118 of the field environment 120 of the system 100.

[0088] The compute fabric 102 of the NGPCAS 100 supports the creation, execution, removal, maintenance, administration, and management of a plurality or pool of containerized applications and/or services 140, that are generally referred to interchangeably herein as a “plurality or pool of containerized components 140,” a “plurality or pool of micro-encapsulated execution environments 140 (MEEEs 140),” or a “plurality or pool of granules 140” of the NGPCAS 100. That is, the pool of containerized components/micro-encapsulated execution environments/granules 140 may include applications and/or services that have been configured into containers and/or other types of micro-encapsulated execution environments or granules, each of which can execute to provide a specific functionality and/or operation utilized by the system 100 to control the physical devices 105, 108, to support process and/or automation control and system management, and to administer, maintain, and manage the system 100 and its components across the lifetime of the system 100. Generally speaking, the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the NGPCAS 100 provide functionalities that traditional process control and automation techniques typically implement via a plethora of systems, networks, computing devices, DMZs, firewalls, and applications operating across Levels 1-5 of the Purdue model, e.g., from the basic control of physical industrial equipment and processes of the system 100 at Level 1 to enterprise-level IT functionalities that provide business directions and functionalities related to the system 100 at Level 5. Further, the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may provide even higher- level functionalities such as coordination and/or management between multiple systems 100 of an enterprise or even coordination between multiple enterprises. Accordingly, and advantageously, rather than utilizing the cumbersome and resource-costly traditional architecture of Purdue Levels 1-5 and all of the numerous data diodes, firewalls, DMZs, etc. necessary to secure a process control or automation system in the traditional architecture, the NGPCAS 100 simply utilizes the set of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 executing in the compute fabric 102 to perform the same or similar set of process control and automation core and related functionalities without compromising security of the system 100, and often, with increased security for the system 100. A more detailed discussion of security techniques utilized within the architecture of the NGPCAS 100 is provided elsewhere within this disclosure.

[0089] Typically, different functionalities are implemented by different containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 within the compute fabric 102. A single application or service can be configured into multiple different containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 (e.g., different instances of the application or service implemented in respective containers), if desired, for example, to execute in conjunction with different physical devices, to execute on different portions of the hardware platform of the compute fabric 102, to create redundancy or hot spares, etc. Various containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 can be created (e.g., spun up) and/or removed as or when needed by the system 100. Collectively, a group of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may operate to form or provide a logical process control or automation system 145 (also referred to herein interchangeably as a “virtual process control system” 145) for controlling one or more industrial or physical processes by controlling and utilizing the physical components 105, 108 disposed in the field environment 120 of the NGPCAS 100. Typically, but not necessarily, the group of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 forming the logical process control system 145 is a subset of the entirety of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 provided by the compute fabric 102.

[0090] During execution, each containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 can communicatively connect to a particular physical component 135/138 or to another containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 via a respective, packet-based connection over the transport networks 130. As such, each containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 and each physical component 135/138 of the NGPCAS 100 is identified within the system 100 by a unique name, identifier, or identity which can be associated with a particular address (e.g., IP address) within the transport networks 130. Generally speaking, a physical component 135/138 may be a sender or provider of VO data and information that one or more containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 receive or consume. In some scenarios, a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 can be a sender or provider of control signals or other instructions that a physical component 135/138 receives or consumes. In some scenarios, a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 can be a sender or provider of data that another containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 receives or consumes. To maintain security of the NGPCAS 100, containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135/138 may be authenticated and authorized on a per-component basis and optionally pair-wise with each other, e.g., by using keys or any other suitable authentication and authorization technique. Upon successful authentication and authorization, two endpoint components 140, 135/138 may communicate data, instructions, and other information with each other during a session that the two endpoint components 140, 135/138 establish over the one or more networks 130.

[0091] To further secure the NGPCAS 100, the one or more transport networks 130 may include one or more secured, point-to-point (PTP) and/or peer-to-peer (P2P) connections, which may include one or more secured, encrypted point-to-point and/or peer-to-peer connections such as virtual private networks (VPNs) and other types of secured, encrypted PTP and/or P2P connections. In an embodiment, a specific containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 communicatively connects with a specific physical component 135/138 using a secured, encrypted point-to-point or peer-to-peer connection (such as a VPN or other suitable implementation) that is exclusive to only the specific containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 and the specific physical component 135/138. For example, the specific physical component 135/138 and the specific containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 can be the endpoints of an exclusive point-to-point VPN that is utilized by only the two endpoint components 135/138 and 140 (e.g., and by no other components of the system 100) so that the components 135/138, 140 may securely communicate data, messages, instructions, and/or other information with each other via the exclusive, point-to-point VPN. In a similar manner, a particular containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 can communicatively connect with another particular containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 using a secured, encrypted peer-to-peer (P2P) connection (which may or may not be implemented via a VPN) that is exclusive to only the two containerized components/MEEEs/granules, and the two containerized components/MEEEs/granules may securely communicate data, instructions, and/or other information with each other via their exclusive, secured and encrypted peer-to-peer connection. The exclusive point-to-point and/or peer-to-peer connections between a single containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 and either a single physical component 135/138 or a single other containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 may be established as or when needed, and may be tom down when desired (e.g., upon completion of a data exchange, when system resources need to be freed up, etc.).

[0092] In an embodiment, a single physical location 115, 118 can be communicatively connected to the compute fabric 102 via a secured, encrypted location-to-location PTP or P2P connection (such as a location-to-location VPN or other suitable implementation) that is exclusive to the specific location 115/118 and the compute fabric 102 (not shown). Physical components 135/138 disposed at the specific location 115/118 and containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 executing on the compute fabric 102 may communicate data and information to each other via the location-to-location PTP or P2P connection. To illustrate, in the example arrangement shown in FIG. 1, Location 1 (reference 115) includes an on-premises gateway /router/aggregator 148 that establishes a location-to-location VPN with the compute fabric 102, e.g., so that the on-premises gateway 148 is one endpoint of the location-to-location VPN, and a VPN gateway application 150 executing on the compute fabric 102 is the other endpoint of the location-to-location VPN. Containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 105 disposed at the location 115 can authenticate to the location-to-location VPN and establish respective sessions over the location-to-location VPN (e.g., via the VPN gateway application 150 and the on-premises gateway 148) for communicating data and information with each other. Additionally or alternatively, the system 100 may support subnets of the location-to-location VPN, so that various physical components 135/138 disposed at the location 115 and various containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 communicate with each other via one or more subnets within the location-to-location VPN. Further, in the above illustration, types of secured, encrypted PTP and/or P2P connections other than VPNs may be additionally or alternatively utilized.

[0093] In an embodiment, a multi-location (e.g., multi-point) secured, encrypted connection may exclusively service the compute fabric 102 and the physical components 135/138 that are disposed at multiple, selected physical locations 115. 118 of the system 100, where the selected physical locations are a subset of an entirety of all physical locations serviced by the system 100. In this embodiment, each of the multiple physical locations 115, 118 may include a respective on-premises gateway 148 to the multi-location secured, encrypted connection, and may be associated with one or more gateway applications 150 executing on the computing fabric 102. Various physical components 135/138 disposed at the multiple locations and the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 corresponding to the multiple locations may authenticate to the multi-location secured and encrypted connection, and may establish sessions over the multilocation secured and encrypted connection (e.g., via the one or more gateway applications 150 and the respective on-premises gateways 148) for sending and receiving data and information to/from other components 140, 135, 138. A multi-location, secured encrypted connection may be implemented by using a VPN or other suitable mechanism, as desired, such as multiple PTP and/or P2P connections, point-to-multipoint (PTM) connections, etc.

[0094] In an embodiment, all of the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the compute fabric 102 and all of the physical components 135/138 of all of the physical locations 115/118 of the NGPCAS 100 may be serviced by a single, system-wide secured, encrypted connection, which may be implemented as a system- wide VPN or other suitable type system- wide, secured, encrypted connection. Each of the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and the physical components 135/138 of the system 100 can authenticate to the system-wide connection, and can establish sessions with other components 140, 135, 138 over the secured, encrypted system-wide connection (e.g., via respective on-premises gateways 148 and one or more gateway applications 150) for sending and receiving data and information to/from the other components 140, 135, 138.

[0095] Further, if desired, various secured, encrypted PTP, P2P, PTM, and/or multi-point connection techniques may be combined (e.g., by utilizing subnets) to provide even more security. For example, a specific physical component 135/138 and a specific containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 can establish and utilize an exclusive point-to-point VPN as a subnet of a location-to-location VPN, a group of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may be included in a subnet supported by the computing fabric 102, etc. Still further, any of the secured, encrypted connection techniques used within the NGPCAS 100 may be utilized in conjunction with endpoint authentication and authorization techniques to thereby provide even greater security for the NGPCAS 100.

[0096] Still further, in some implementations and as discussed above, in addition to or instead of using VPNs, the one or more transport networks 130 may utilize one or more point-to-point private connections (such as point-to-point and/or peer-to-peer Ethernet connections over private enterprise networks, and/or other types of secured, encrypted PTP, P2P, MTP, and/or multi-point connections) to securely deliver information between components of one or more NGPCAS systems 100. For example, point-to-point private connections can be established between two components 138, 140, between a physical site 115, 118 and the compute fabric 102, etc. For ease of discussion herein, though, the description refers to “VPN” techniques (not for limitation purposes) but to generally and categorically describe secured transport over the networks 130, although it is understood that any of the systems, methods, and techniques described herein may additionally or alternately utilize other types of secured, encrypted point-to-point, peer-to-peer, and/or multi-point connections for secured transport.

[0097] A user 155 of the NGPCAS 100 may authenticate to a VPN 158 in order to interact with the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., to interact with components 140, 135/138 of the NGPCAS 100) to, for example, view or obtain data and/or other information, change parameter values, configure or modify configurations of control routines and other aspects of the system 100, etc. As utilized herein, a “user” 155 may be a person or human user, or a user 155 may be an application or service executing on an external computing device that is not included in the system 100, e.g., an automated user. The users 155 depicted in FIG. 1 may be equivalent to the people and applications/services which accessed data and information related to a traditional process control or automation plant at any of Levels 1-5 of the Purdue model, for example.

[0098] A human user 155 may be a person who is an agent of the enterprise that owns, manages, operates, or otherwise is associated with the NGPCAS 100. For example, a user 155 may be an enterprise configuration engineer, system operator, asset manager, supply chain manager, project or product manager, technician, installer, authorized third-party (e.g., a contractor), business manager, etc. Typically, a human user 155 interacts with the NGPCAS 100 via a computing device operated by the user (e.g., laptop, tablet, mobile computing device, in- vehicle computing device, etc.) on which an application, web browser, or similar executable executes to provide both a user interface operable by the human user 155 and a secure communicative connection with the NGPCAS 100 via a VPN 158. For instance, to utilize his or her computing device to interface with the NGPCAS 100, a human user 155 may utilize a particular MEEE 140 that has been configured and authorized to execute at the user-operated computing device (e.g., an app that has been downloaded from the compute fabric 102), or the human user 155 may utilize a web browser executing at the user-operated computing device. In another example, a user 155 may be an automated user such as an external application or service, e.g., an application or service executing on an external computing device or system. An automated user 155 may not provide any user interface for human users, yet nonetheless may establish a communicative connection with the NGPCAS 100 via the VPN 158 to obtain or provide data and/or other information. Examples of automated users 155 include third-party generated applications, external data sources (such as weather data sources, materials management systems, etc.), and the like. In some situations, an automated user 155 may be a particular containerized component or MEEE 140 that has been configured and authorized to execute on a remote computing device or system.

[0099] At any rate, irrespective of whether the user 155 is a human user or an automated user, the user 155 utilizes (via the VPN 158 to which the user 155 has authenticated) an API (Application Programming Interface) 160 to securely access data and/or other information at the NGPCAS 100. In an example implementation, different APIs 160 may be utilized by a user 155 to access different containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135/138 of the compute fabric 400. In an additional or alternate implementation, a single API 160 may be utilized by the user 155 to access the NGPCAS 100, and the API 160 may form communicative connections, within the NGPCAS 100, with containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135/138 as necessary to obtain or provide desired data and/or information to/from the user 155. The one or more APIs 160 may themselves be containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the compute fabric 102, for example. [0100] A particular user 155 of interest that is depicted separately in FIG. 1 is an architecture provider/manager 161 of the NGPCAS 100. Generally, the architecture provider/manager 161 provides administration, management, and support of the NGPCAS 100 and optionally of other systems 100 of the enterprise and/or one or more systems of other enterprises (e.g., of the systems’ respective architectures, hardware and software resources, etc.). For example, the architecture provider/manager 161 may be under the purview of a provider of the system 100. The architecture provider/manager 161 may have exclusive access to a set of applications and services (e.g., which may, in an embodiment, be a subset of an entirety of the set of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 provided by the compute fabric 102) which may be created, configured, and/or executed by the provider and/or manager 161 of the NGPCAS 100. In a sense, the architecture provider/manager 161 administers and manages the architectural platform resources utilized by one or more NGPCAS s 100 via this set of applications and services and, as such, may typically perform logic functionalities of a broader scope, such as engineering across various enterprise systems; providing an application/scrvicc “store” that includes a library of various applications and/or services, instances of which the architecture provider/manager 161 can configure and distribute to NGPCASs 100 for their uses; distributing and/or re-allocating system resources among different physical locations; etc. Each application or service that is created, configured, and utilized by the architecture provider/manager 161 may be implemented by one or more containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 1, the architecture provider/manager 161 (whether a human user or an application or service executing on a remote computing device) may authenticate to a VPN 162, and may utilize one or more APIs 165 to securely read and/or write data and/other information, send instructions, and/or otherwise interface with various other containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135/138 of the NGPCAS 100. The one or more APIs 165 may themselves be containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the compute fabric 102, for example.

[0101] In an embodiment, different subsets of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may communicate with a particular physical component 135/138, a particular location 115, a particular set of multiple locations, an entirety of all of the physical locations of an enterprise, or respective physical components and/or respective physical locations of multiple, different enterprises via respective VPNs 162. For example, containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 that are exclusively utilized by the architecture provider/manager 161 may communicatively connect with other containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and/or physical components 135/138 of an enterprise via a different, provider- specific VPN 162 than the VPN(s) utilized by the other containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the enterprise to communicate with the physical components 135/138 of the enterprise location(s). In another example, the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 that are provided by the architecture provider/manager 161 may utilize a first enterprise-specific VPN 162 to communicate with containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135/138 of a first enterprise, and may use a different, mutually exclusive enterprise-specific VPN to communicate with containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135/138 of a second enterprise (not shown). As such, the architecture provider/manager 161 is able to securely and independently administer and manage the respective resources of different portions of a single enterprise and/or of different enterprises in a highly secure manner. Indeed, by using one or more of the VPN techniques described herein, either alone or in combination, the security of the NGPCAS 100 (and in some situations, of multiple NGPCASs 100 supported by the architecture provider/manager 161) may be customized as desired or needed.

[0102] Thus, in view of the above discussion, containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 provided by the compute fabric 102 of the NGPCAS 100 include run-time logic functionalities (e.g., control and automation logic, data acquisition, etc.) that traditional process control and automation systems typically implement at Levels 1 and 2 of the Purdue model. The containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 also include other logic functionalities that are related to the run-time logic and that traditional process control and automation systems typically implement at Levels 2 and 3 of the Purdue model, such as: system and component deployment; engineering; configuration; provisioning; commissioning; security of the system, devices, applications/scrvices. and users; safety logic and systems; networking; monitoring; analytics; maintenance and diagnostics of the industrial process and equipment/assets; simulation; testing; fault and performance degradation detection and repair/recovery; operator interfaces; redundancy, backup, and other functionality related to availability of the system 100 and its components and equipment; historization of data; regulatory compliance; management of manufacturing or production workflow, execution, and operations; etc. Further, the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may include logic functionalities that are typically provided in traditional process control systems at the higher Levels 4-5 of the Purdue model, such as enterprise resource planning, production scheduling, material use, shipping, inventory levels, and other enterprise-level functionalities. Still further, such containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 can include logic functionalities that are introduced into the compute fabric 102 via third parties, such as applications and/or services that have been authored by third-parties, and that have been approved and authorized by the enterprise to be utilized within the NGPCAS 100.

[0103] Further, the set of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 provided by the compute fabric 102 may include containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of a networking layer (not shown in FIG. 1) of the compute fabric 102, where such containerized components provide lower-level logic functionalities which can be utilized by or with respect to other containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 as needed. Such lower-level logic functionalities may include, for example, the set of APIs 160, 165 that are utilized by users 155 to interface with various containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135/138 of the NGPCAS 100; compute functionalities (e.g., for assigning and reassigning various containerized components to compute fabric nodes Ny and/or data center clusters Cx, which is discussed in more detail elsewhere within this document); storage functionalities (such as management and allocation of storage areas for working data associated with an executing containerized component); networking functionalities (e.g., for data and information delivery between various containerized components, mechanics thereof, timing, etc.); other services which may be utilized by containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 executing at an application layer (not shown in FIG. 1) of the compute fabric 102 (e.g., discovery, security, encryption, certificate authority, key management, authentication, authorization, time synchronization, service location, console support, service life cycle management, etc.); and the like.

[0104] Still further, the set of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 provided by the compute fabric 102 may include still lower-level logic functionalities (such as calculations, utilities, primitives, and the like) which may be utilized by containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 at the application layer and at the networking layer of the compute fabric 102. Examples of such functionalities include computational functions (e.g., data aggregations and/or manipulations, such as averages, maximums, minimums, etc.); more complex calculations or algorithms (e.g., principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS) predictions, and other types of statistical calculations and/or analytics); and process control-specific or automation- specific calculations (e.g., function block, shadow block, control module operations, etc.), to name a few.

[0105] Additionally, FIG. 1 depicts Location n 118 as including a backup control system 168, which may be partially or entirely failed-over to maintain run-time operations of the process control system 100 at Location n 118 when one or more remote portions of the system 100 (e.g., the transport networks 130, the compute fabric 102, etc.) are compromised, uncommunicative, or otherwise not operational. For example, the backup control system 168 may include a traditional, legacy control system, and/or may include a backup copy or virtual twin of at least a part of the virtual process control system 145 which executes on a computing platform that is located on premises to Location n 118.

[0106] Therefore, in view of the above, the compute fabric 102 of the NGPCAS 100 provides process control and automation functionalities and related functionalities that are required to be performed in traditional process control systems by different equipment and systems dispersed across Purdue Levels 1-5, and also provides additional, lower-level functionalities (e.g., from networking and platform resource management to calculations and primitives) which are available system-wide. Further, and advantageously, the NGPCAS 100 removes the necessity of DMZs at Level 3.5 and at other levels as well as eliminates the need for firewalls, data diodes, and other architectural security equipment and mechanisms utilized in traditional process control and automation systems, while simultaneously providing a more secured system 100.

[0107] In particular, as discussed above, any data or information transfer between two components (e.g., two different containerized componcnts/MEEEs/granulcs 140, or a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 and a physical component 135/138) of the NGPCAS 100 may be accomplished via a private session over a VPN, for example, a VPN utilized by the compute fabric 102 and a physical location at which physical components 102 are located, via a private VPN that is utilized by only the endpoint components, and/or one or more other types of VPNs. Additionally, for security purposes, any and all users 155/161 may be required to access the system 100 via one or more APIs 160/165 and a private VPN 158/162 established between the user 155/161 and the compute fabric 102. Further, all users may be required to be authenticated (e.g., multi-factor authenticated) prior to gaining access to the system 100 via the APIs 160/165. In this manner, system data is exposed to only non-public addresses (e.g., addresses of components, compute fabric nodes, etc.) via VPN and authorized, credentialed entities. Still further, in some implementations, containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135, 138 may be respectively authenticated to communicate within the system 100, on a transport network, to a physical location, etc. Additionally or alternatively, containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135, 138 may be respectively authorized to communicate with other entities associated with the NGPCAS 100 and/or to access resources when and as requested by the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and physical components 135, 138. A more detailed description of authentication and authorization techniques is provided elsewhere within this disclosure. Moreover, applications may be exposed as websites or services, so that computing devices utilized by users access the system 100 via “thin” clients and do not have any system-related software (aside from, perhaps, the thin client such as a portal application) executing thereon. Still, all applications may be containerized, including the applications which execute locally at physical locations at which physical devices arc disposed, and any system data may be encrypted at rest.

[0108] Additionally, within the NGPCAS 100, all communications transmitted and received over the network(s) 130 may be signed and encrypted, and plaintext protocols may be prohibited from use. Further, each NGPCAS 100 may have a single certifying authority (which can be associated with the enterprise, for example), and self-signed certificates and/or other forms of custom authentications may be prohibited.

[0109] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example architecture of a Next Generation Process Control or Automation System (“NGPCAS”) 100A with the basic components of the system 100 of FIG. 1 but which is configured to support industrial and/or automation processes having installed or legacy distributed control systems therein, such as a Delta V® control system, and in which embodiments of the authentication and authorization techniques described herein may be implemented. In this case, the NGPCAS 100A includes all of the components of the system 100 of FIG. 1 but is connected to one or more plants or physical locations 115A and 118A that have already installed legacy control systems implemented therein. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the locations 115A and 118A may have distributed controllers 170, such as DeltaV controllers, connected through various input/output (VO) devices 172 to various field devices 174, such as smart field devices, which may communicate with the I/O devices 172 using any desired or typical wired or wireless communication networks. The field devices 174 may, for example, be 4-20 ma, HART®, WirelessHART®, FOUNDATION® Fieldbus, Profibus, Canbus, APL or any other communication protocol compatible field devices that communicate using any standard or known communication networks or physical layers and communication protocols, including process control communication protocols (e.g., HART, fieldbus, etc.) Here, the process controllers 170 may store and implement legacy control programs that may use, for example, function blocks, control blocks, etc. to control the field devices 174.

[0110] As illustrated in FIG. 2, however, the process controllers 170 may be connected to a data aggregator and VPN gateway 180 installed at or located at the physical locations or plants 115 A and 118A, and the VPN gateway 180 is connected via a secured VPN link 130 to elements within the compute fabric 102. The VPN gateway 180 operates as a data aggregator to collect data from the process controllers 170 or, in another embodiment, directly from the RO devices 172 (illustrated by the dotted lines at the location 115A) to obtain, manage, convert, aggregate and collect data from the field devices 174. The VPN gateway 180 also operates to encrypt and provide the collected data to other components in the compute fabric 102 (which perform control or other services using that data) via a VPN or other secured and encrypted communication link 130. In the case of the location 115A, the NGPCAS 100A may simply bypass the controllers 170 to obtain data from the field devices 174 and the I/O devices 172 in a manner similar to that illustrated with the I/O interfaces 125 and 128 and field devices 135 and 138 of FIG. 1. In this case, the controllers 170 may be operated and programmed to be a backup control system 168, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1, such that the controllers 170 of the location 115A take over control of the field devices 174 of the location 115A in a fail-over or backup situation.

[0111] On the other hand, as illustrated with respect to the physical location 118A of FIG. 2. the controllers 170 may be operated as part of the compute fabric 102 and have software modules, such as containers, etc., associated with the compute fabric 102 stored and operated therein. In this case, the controllers 170 (of the location 118A) are pail of the compute fabric 102, which is illustrated by the compute fabric box of FIG. 2 extending down into the physical location 118A to include the controllers 170. Thus, in this case, the compute fabric 102 may include cloud-based compute devices and compute devices (e.g., the controllers 170) located at a physical plant location not within the cloud. Further, in this case, the controllers 170 of the location 118A may be operated in conjunction with other computer equipment within the compute fabric 102 (such as computer equipment within a cloud environment) to perform control of the field devices 174 of the physical location 118A.

[0112] In both examples of FIG. 2, the data aggregator and VPN gateway 180 is included to enable the NGPCAS described herein to be connected to and to use installed legacy control system hardware (such a process controllers, field devices, I/O devices, etc.), which makes the NGPCAS described herein easier and cheaper to install in and use with plants or other physical locations that have control hardware already installed therein. The VPN gateway 180 thus enables the NGPCAS system 100A described herein to be used to quickly and easily convert a standard legacy control system, such as a distributed control system, to an NGPCAS. Of course, while FIG. 2 illustrates legacy or installed control systems as being distributed control systems, other legacy or installed control systems could be used in the same or a similar manner to support an NGPCAS.

[0113] Example Multi-Enterprise NGPCAS Architecture

[0114] The Next Generation Process Control or Automation System (NGPCAS) 100 described in the foregoing sections of this disclosure provides a number of enterprise-level benefits for any particular enterprise utilizing one or more NGPCASs 100 to implement industrial and/or automation processes. Examples of such benefits will be discussed herein with respect to FIGS. 3 A and 3B.

[0115] FIG. 3A illustrates a logical arrangement of an example multi-enterprise framework 300, which includes different enterprises 302, 304. Each enterprise 302, 304 utilizes a respective NGPCAS to implement an industrial or automation process (or, in some cases, multiple different industrial and/or automation processes) across physical device locations 312/314 and 316/318. In an embodiment, the respective NGPCASs of the enterprises 302, 304 may be respective instances of the NGPCAS 100, each of which may be particularly configured specifically for the enterprises 302, 304. Accordingly, the present disclosure will interchangeably refer to enterprises 302, 304 as “enterprise NGPCASs 302, 304” or simply “NGPCASs 302, 304.” NGPCASs 302, 304 respectively include enterprise-level compute fabric functionalities 320.1- 320.2, which are composed of containerized applications and/or services that operate in the respective compute fabrics of NGPCAS 302, 304 to control process devices and provide other process functionalities to service the process(es) implemented via the NGPCASs 302, 304 (e.g., operations, maintenance, diagnostics, monitoring, etc.). For example, at least some of the enterprise-level compute fabric functionalities 320.1-320.2 may be provided by the architecture provider/manager 161, via a subscription, a download from an application or service store, etc. The enterprise-level compute fabric functionalities 320.1, 320.2 may execute, for example, in the manner described with respect to the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of FIG. 1.

[0116] In some embodiments, compute fabric functionalities 320.1, 320.2 are executed in different portions of a shared compute fabric (e.g., sharing at least some compute fabric nodes between the enterprises 302, 304), with the security to the compute fabric functionalities 320.1, 320.2 being secured to the respective enterprises 302, 304 using security mechanisms of the present disclosure (e.g., even if components of compute fabric functionalities 320.1 , 320.2 execute on a same compute fabric node, such components run as separate containerized components, with security and access being managed independently for each separate containerized component). At least a portion of compute fabric functionalities 320.1, 320.2 may be accessed and operated by credentialed users/computing devices associated with respective enterprises 302, 304 (e.g., human or automated users 155 and/or the architecture provider/manager 161 of FIG. 1).

[0117] Example Enterprise-Level Compute Functionalities

[0118] FIG. 3B illustrates example enterprise-level compute fabric functionalities 320 that may be included in the compute fabric functionalities 320.1, 320.2 executing on behalf of enterprises 302, 304 of FIG. 3 A. Compute fabric functionalities 320 include real-time process monitoring functionalities across multiple NGPCASs of a single enterprise (332 in FIG. 3B). Either of the enterprises 302, 304 may in fact implement two, three, four or more NGPCASs, each of which may operate across a respective set of one, two, three, four, or more physical device locations. Because the location of monitoring of a process in an NGPCAS is not restricted to the physical device location(s) at which a process is physically performed, a single user at a single computing device may perform remote monitoring of processes across two, across two, three, four or more NGPCASs (and/or across multiple physical device locations associated with each NGPCAS). As an example, a single enterprise may operate multiple NGPCASs, which commonly involve operation of a particular type of boiler unit. A technician or operator familial’ with operation of the boiler unit may monitor the run-time operations of the boiler units across multiple NGPCASs by receiving, at the technician’s computing device via the compute fabric, process information associated with operation of each boiler unit included in the multiple NGPCASs (e. ., device identifiers, device configuration information, process measurements, process setpoints, alerts, etc.). The technician (and/or the technician’s computing device) may be provided a level of authorization to view, obtain, and act upon the monitored process information, e.g., to send process commands, effect configuration changes, and/or provide other responses to handle the operation of the boiler units across the multiple NGPCAS. Analogous monitoring functionalities may be provided for configuration engineers, operators, supply chain managers, and/or other personnel authorized to monitor at least a portion of operation of each of the multiple NGPCASs.

[0119] Similarly, the NGPCAS architecture of the present disclosure enables real-time monitoring (334) and operations functionalities (336) of an NGPCAS to be performed from multiple physical locations. That is, just as one operator or technician can remotely monitor the operation of multiple NGPCASs, various personnel across different physical locations may remotely monitor the operations of a single NGPCAS (or of a single physical device location). In embodiments, operators or technicians at operator workstations located at first, second, third, etc. physical device locations or even at other locations that are unassociated with any physical device location may monitor and perform operations associated with the run-time of portions of an industrial process (e.g., devices, groups of devices, control loops, etc.) executed at different ones of the first, second, third, etc. physical device locations. The workstation may be located at any physical location, e.g., at the physical device location at which the monitored/operated process executes, at a different physical device location, at a dedicated operations center, at a home office, in a vehicle, etc., and the workstation may be a stationary or a mobile device. The operator or technician may, for example, monitor the run-time operations of an industrial process by receiving, at the operator workstation via the compute fabric, various information associated with operation of the process (e.g., device configuration information, operator displays, process status information, equipment status information and operational parameters, process measurements, setpoints, alerts, and/or other information associated with components 135, 138 of FIG. 1). The operator or technician may then modify or adjust various aspects of the operations of the process by sending commands from the workstation to modify the aspects of the process (e.g., to advance a step in the process or to modify a control loop in the process, with the control loop potentially itself implemented in the form of a containerized component(s) at a same or different location via the compute fabric). Moreover, authorization to monitor any particular function(s) of an NGPCAS (e.g., monitoring a particular- industrial process or portion thereof, physical device location, device, group of devices, etc.) may pass on-demand (e.g., at the request of a user and/or of another containerized component) or automatically between personnel located at various physical locations that are not geographically limited to the physical location at which the monitored function(s) of the NGPCAS are executed. For example, in some embodiments, authorization to monitor the operations of an NGPCAS or portion thereof may be passed between personnel at a personnel shift change, where the personnel handing off the monitoring access are not necessarily located in the same physical location to each other or to the monitored NGPCAS or portion thereof. This ability to pass authorization for monitoring operations between physical locations may enable the functionalities of active monitoring of runtime process operations to “follow the sun,” e.g., by moving the monitoring of the operations of an industrial process (or portions thereof) among multiple locations across the globe over the course of a day such that each respective location has monitoring and operations responsibility during the respective location’s daylight hours.

[0120] The NGPCAS architecture of the present disclosure may further enable control of an NGPCAS process or portion thereof (e.g., a device, group of devices, control loop, etc.) from any physical location (340). Configuration and execution of control loops may be implemented as containerized components in the location-agnostic NGPCAS compute fabric, rather than needing to be implemented on-premises at a physical device location of the controlled operation(s) as in traditional process control architectures. Portions of a control system may be distributed among containerized components executing at the same physical device location, a different physical device location, and/or other physical locations not associated with physical implementation of the process.

[0121] Indeed, any containerized component in the compute fabric (e.g., containerized services and applications) may execute at any physical location (338), e.g., at a physical device location to which the containerized components pertain, at a different physical device location, and/or at still other physical locations independent of any physical devices implementing at least a portion of the process. Similarly, containerized components in the compute fabric may be instantiated from any physical location (342). Containerized components may, for example, be instantiated via human and/or automatic operations at a first physical location, while the instantiated containerized components run or execute on compute nodes (of the compute fabric) that are located at a second physical location. Moreover, execution of containerized components may transfer on-demand or automatically between various physical locations (344, e.g., via the Orchestration service 422 of FIG. 4). In some implementations, containerized components of an NGPCAS are moved globally across various physical locations to place the execution of the containerized components proximate to monitoring/control/operation workstations servicing the NGPCAS at any given time (e.g., to “follow the sun” by executing containerized components at various locations during daylight hours of the respective locations). For example, containerized components may be moved to execute at different physical locations multiple times on a daily basis to “follow the sun” and thereby execute proximate to personnel providing daytime servicing to the NGPCAS at any given hour. Containerized components may an also be moved between compute fabric nodes and/or physical locations for load-management purposes, e.g., to avoid overloading the processing capability of any specific compute fabric node or the communication bandwidth of any particular communication link in the compute fabric. Still further, execution of containerized components may be moved in the event of a failure of a compute fabric node or a portion thereof in the compute fabric, e.g., by activating a digital twin instance of the containerized component that operates at executes on a different compute fabric node and/or at a different physical location.

[0122] Access of an NGPCAS to particular containerized applications/services can be provided on a per-application or per-service basis (“a la carte,” 348). In other words, an enterprise (e.g., one or more agents of the enterprise) can individually select particular monitoring applications, operational applications, control applications, dashboard applications, control modules, diagnostic applications, and/or other process functionalities to implement in the enterprise’s NGPCAS to support the operation of a process. Instances of containerized components to implement the selected functionalities may be instantiated and executed on- demand or on an as-needed basis to support the scale of operation required by the enterprise NGPCAS.

[0123] In some embodiments, an architecture provider/manager (e.g., 161 in FIG. 1) provides subscription-based access to process functionalities (346), whereby an enterprise purchases particular process functionalities at prices determined based upon the number of functionalities purchased, the number of instances of the purchased functionalities running in the enterprise’s NGPCAS compute fabric, and/or the length of time for which the purchased process functionalities operate in the enterprise’s NGPCAS compute fabric, for example. Third-parties may similarly provide subscription-based or one-time-purchase-based access to process functionalities, allowing a first enterprise, for example, to generate and distribute process functionalities to another one or more enterprises to allow the other one or more enterprises to run instances of the same process functionalities via containerized components and physical components of their respective NGPCASs for their own respective uses. To support subscription-based and one-time-purchase-based distribution of process functionalities, the architecture provider/manager may provide an application/service “store” that includes a library of the various process applications and/or services available for purchase (z.e., one-time purchase or subscription) by enterprises for their own respective uses. Moreover, in some embodiments, the architecture provider/manager implements virtualized testing and simulation of any of the library of applications/services on an enterprises NGPCAS, to ensure that a purchased application/service will run safely, properly, and effectively on the enterprise’s NGPCAS before actual implementation in the context of the enterprise’s own process architecture.

[0124] Referring simultaneously to FIG. 3A, the multi-enterprise framework 300 in view of the NGPCAS architecture enables the architecture provider/manager (e.g., 161 of FIG. 1) to perform centralized management of upgrades (350) to applications/services utilized by enterprise NGPCASs 302 and/or 304. Upgrades to applications/services are reflected in new instances of the said applications/services executing in enterprise NGPCASs 302, 304, thus allowing each enterprise 302, 304 to automatically access the up-to-date version of any process functionality provided to the enterprise 302, 304.

[0125] Further to providing centralized management of application/service upgrades, the architecture provider/manager (e.g., 161 of FIG. 1) in the multi-enterprise framework 300 may provide a central point of monitoring (352) of operation of the compute fabric for enterprise NGPCASs 302 and/or 304. The architecture provider/manager may monitor NGPCAS operations, for example, to implement fault-handling or fault-protection measures, to perform load-balancing of NGPCAS functionalities, and/or to identify performance improvements for the same NGPCAS(s) 302, 304 and/or for different NGPCASs of still other enterprises. [0126] Still further, in some implementations, the enterprise-level compute fabric functionalities 320 may include an authentication service 355 and/or an authorization service 358 to respectively authenticate and authorize various entities. The compute fabric functionalities 320 may also include an entity administration service 360 to administrate identities, security credentials, roles, scopes, permissions, and/or other information related to authentication and authorization of entities within and associated with one or more NGPCAS s included in the enterprise, such as in manners described in more detail elsewhere herein.

[0127] Still other enterprise-level benefits to the NGPCAS architecture of the present disclosure will be realized from the other portions of the present description.

[0128] Example Compute Fabric Architecture

[0129] With regard to the compute fabric 102 of the Next Generation Process Control or Automation System 100 of FIG. 1, FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of an example architecture 400 of the compute fabric 102. Of course, the example architecture 400 may be utilized in compute fabrics and/or in process control and automation systems other than the compute fabric 102 of the NGPCAS 100. For ease of discussion herein, though, and not for limitation purposes, the architecture 400 is described below with simultaneous reference to FIG. 1. Additionally, for ease of reading, the architecture 400 of the compute fabric 102 is interchangeably referred to herein as the “compute fabric architecture 400” or simply the “compute fabric 400.”

[0130] Generally speaking, and as is described below, the compute fabric 400 utilizes a layered architecture in which business logic of the compute fabric 400 is abstracted from the physical computing platform of the compute fabric 400. For example, the compute fabric 400 may utilize one or more techniques and/or features described in U.S. Patent Application No. 17/487,609 filed on September 28, 2021 and entitled “Software Defined Process Control System and Methods for Industrial Process Plants,” the disclosure of which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. For ease of discussion herein, the compute fabric 400 is described with simultaneous reference to the system 100 of FIG. 1; however, this is only for illustration purposes and is not limiting.

[0131] As shown in FIG. 4, the compute fabric 400 communicatively connects to the field environment 120 via one or more networks 402. The one or more networks 402 may be included in the networks 130 of FIG. 1, for example, in embodiments in which the compute fabric 102 of the NGPCAS 100 utilizes the compute fabric architecture 400. The networks 402 typically include high bandwidth data or communication links that support packet delivery to and from the compute fabric 400, and may include one or more wired and/or wireless networks which may include public networks (such as the Internet, public Wi-Fi networks, cellular- networks, etc.) and/or private networks. At least some portion of the one or more networks 402 may include an Advanced Physical Layer (APL) or some other type of physical or other protocol layer that supports Ethernet and/or other packet-based protocols.

[0132] Physical Layer of Compute Fabric

[0133] As further shown in FIG. 4, the example architecture of the compute fabric 400 includes a computing platform 405 of hardware and software resources that support the higher layers of the compute fabric 400. Accordingly, the computing platform 405 is interchangeably referred to herein as the “physical layer 405” of the compute fabric 400, as it contains physical processors, processor cores, memories, and networking interfaces. The computing platform or physical layer 405 of the compute fabric 400 includes a set of data center clusters Cl, C2, ..., Cn (which, for readability purposes, are generally referred to herein as data center clusters Cx), each of which includes a respective plurality of compute fabric nodes Nl, N2, ..., Nn (which, for readability purposes, are generally referred to herein as nodes Ny), where the respective nodes Ny included within each data center cluster Cx may be at least partly, if not entirely, interconnected. Each different cluster Cl, C2, ..., Cn may include a different total number of nodes Nl, N2, ..., Nn. Each node Ny of each data center cluster Cx includes one or more respective processors and/or processor cores, one or more respective memories, and respective networking resources, such as one or more respective physical communication interfaces that communicatively connect the node Ny to one or more other nodes Ny of the data cluster Cx. For example, a node Ny may be implemented on a single server, or may be implemented on a bank or group of servers.

[0134] Each cluster Cx includes a plurality of nodes Ny that are communicatively interconnected to each other. Further, different clusters Cx may be physically disposed at the same or different physical locations (e.g., different locations 115, 118 of the NGPCAS 100 at which physical devices 105, 108 are disposed, and/or at one or more other locations at which no physical devices of the system 100 are disposed). A particular cluster Cx may be implemented solely at a single physical location or across multiple physical locations. Additionally, each data center cluster Cl, C2, ..., Cn is communicatively connected or networked with one or more of the other data center clusters Cl, C2, ..., Cn of the computing platform 405.

[0135] It is noted that although the physical layer 405 associated with the compute fabric 400 is described above as being implemented by using physical data center clusters Cl-Cn, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the physical layer 405 may be implemented as a virtualized physical layer 405. For example, the data center clusters Cl-Cn (or subset thereof) may be implemented as virtual machines, e.g., which execute on a computing resource platform, such as a cloud computing system.

[0136] Software Defined Networking Layer of Compute Fabric

[0137] The example architecture of the compute fabric 400 also includes a software defined (SD) networking layer 410 that interfaces the physical layer 405 of the compute fabric 400 with the software defined application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400. Accordingly, the software defined networking layer 410 is interchangeably referred to herein as the “operating system (OS) 410” of the compute fabric 400. Generally speaking, the OS 410 of the compute fabric 400 may assign, designate, or allocate various compute fabric nodes Ny to perform respective roles or functions to support the compute fabric 400. such as computing (e.g., via the nodes’ respective processors and/or processing cores) or data storage (e.g., via the nodes’ respective memories). Compute fabric nodes Ny that are assigned, designated, or allocated to perform computing activities of the compute fabric 400 are respectively referred to herein as “compute nodes” or “computing nodes.” Similarly, compute fabric nodes Ny that are assigned, designated, or allocated to perform storage activities of the compute fabric 400 arc respectively referred to herein as “storage nodes.” An individual node Ny may be utilized as only a compute node, as only a storage node, or as both a compute node and a storage node, and the role(s) of each individual node Ny may dynamically change over time, for example, as directed by the OS 410. Advantageously, the computing platform 405 is scalable, so that individual nodes Ny and/or individual clusters Cx may be easily added, removed, swapped out, etc. as needed to support the compute fabric 400, and in particular, in accordance with the requirements of the other, higher layers of the compute fabric 400. For example, different nodes Ny of the compute fabric 400 may be assigned and re-assigned to different clusters Cx, and/or different nodes Ny and/or different clusters Cx may be physically disposed at different physical locations 115, 118 of the NGPCAS 100, as desired.

[0138] The operating system 410 of the compute fabric 400 executes on the computing platform 405 and, in an embodiment, may be built based on any suitable general purpose Hyper Converged Infrastructure (HCI) operating system (OS) such as Microsoft Azure Stack, VMWare HCI, Nutanix AOS, Kubemetes Orchestration, including Linux Containers (LXC/LXD), Docker Containers, Kata Containers, etc. As such, the OS 410 provides a set of computing, storage, and networking support services in a manner somewhat similar to general purpose HCI operating systems. However, in contrast to general purpose HCI OSs, and advantageously, in the compute fabric 400 of the Next Generation Process Control or Automation System 100, the OS support services are dynamically responsive to a logical or abstracted process control or automation system and other software components provided by the software defined application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400. That is, as performance, resource needs, and configurations of the various application layer services, subsystems, and other software components of the application layer 412 dynamically change (and/or are dynamically predicted, by services within the application layer 412, to change), the operating system 410 may automatically and responsively adjust and/or manage the usage of hardware and/or software resources of the physical layer 405 to support the needs and the requirements of the application layer 412 for computing, storage, and networking, as well as for other functionalities related to industrial process control and automation. To this end, the compute fabric operating system 410 may include a set of support services including, for example, a Software Defined (SD) computing (or compute) service 415, an SD storage service 418, an SD networking service 420, an SD orchestration service 422 (also interchangeably referred to herein as an “Orchestrator 422”), and optionally one or more other process control- and/or automation- specific SD OS support services and/or functions 425. For example, the process control- and/or automation- specific SD OS support services and/or functions 425 may include compute fabric individual resource and/or resource group management services that manage individual resources and/or groupings of resources provided by the software defined networking layer 410 and/or by the physical layer 405 of the compute fabric 400 such as, for example, virtual machines, containers, networks, network security groups, clusters, servers, and the like. As such, in an embodiment, the operating system 410 of the compute fabric 400 includes a general purpose HCI operating system platform (e.g., Microsoft Azure Stack, VMWare HCI, etc.) that has been particularly customized to include the SD computing service 415, the SD storage service 418, the SD networking service 420, the SD orchestration service 422, and the other process control and/or automation SD OS support services and/or functions 425, where the set of SD support services 415-425 is automatically responsive to and particularly supports application layer software components 412 of the compute fabric 400, that include, as previously discussed, process control- and/or automationspecific applications and services.

[0139] Interface between Software Defined Networking Layer and Application Layer of Compute Fabric

[0140] In particular, as the compute fabric operating system 410 manages the allocation of the hardware and software resources of the nodes N of the computing platform 405 via the SD OS support services 415-425, the SD OS support services 415-425 may also serve as interface services between the OS 410 and the higher level services, subsystems, and other software components of the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400, and/or may provide a framework for these higher level services, subsystems, and other software components of the application layer 412. As such, the software components of the compute fabric application layer 412 may interface with the OS 410 (and in some cases, particularly with one or more of the SD- specific support services 415, 418, 420, 422, 425 provided by the OS 410) via a set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 428, either via an HCI Adaptor 430 (also referred to herein as an “HCI Adaptor layer” 430) and another set of APIs 432, or directly (not shown in FIG. 4). The HCI Adaptor layer 430 enables the compute fabric application layer 412 to access the SD OS support services 415, 418, 420, 422, 425 while remaining agnostic of the particulars of the general purpose HCI operating system (e.g., Microsoft Azure Stack, VMWare HCI, etc.) that has been customized with such SD-specific services 415-425 to form the OS 410.

Accordingly, the HCI Adaptor 430 transforms or translates the APIs 428 utilized by the compute fabric application layer 412 into a set of APIs 432 that are understood or otherwise known to or compatible with the customized or adapted general purpose HC operating system 410 of the compute fabric 400.

[0141] Thus, unlike generalized, layered IT (Information Technology) system architectures in which business logic applications are abstracted from the hardware and software computing platform and for which the management of computing platform resources is largely governed and designed by human IT administrators, the architecture of the compute fabric 400 not only abstracts the higher level, business logic services, subsystems, and other software components of the application layer 412 from the hardware and software computing platform 405, but also enables the higher level software defined services, subsystems, and other software components 412 to dynamically, automatically, and responsively direct and cause changes to the usage of the hardware and software resources of the nodes Ny and clusters C.r of the physical layer 405 and of the software defined networking layer 410 (and optionally, of groups of hardware and/or software resources thereof), e.g., via the APIs 428 and the SD OS support services 415, 418, 420, 422, 425, and without requiring any human intervention or direction. Particularly, and advantageously, the management of the resources of the physical layer 405 and of the software defined networking layer 410 is dynamically responsive to changes in the configurations and needs of these higher level SD services, subsystems, and other software components of the application layer 412, and in particular, with respect to the particular requirements, metes, and bounds of industrial process control and automation systems, such as timing, synchronization, and/or other control- or automation- specific constraints.

[0142] Containers and other types of Micro-Encapsulated Execution Environments

[0143] As shown in FIG. 4, industrial process control, automation, and other associated business logic are performed by the higher level software defined services, subsystems, and other software components 435-448 provided by the application layer 412. For ease of reading herein, this disclosure categorically and interchangeably refers to these higher level SD services, subsystems, and other software components 435-448 as “software defined application layer components” or “application layer software components” of the compute fabric 400. In an embodiment, a set of software defined application layer components 435-442 (and optionally at least some of the third-party services 448 executing at the application layer 412) may collectively form a logical process control or automation system 445 (also interchangeably referred to herein as a “virtual” process control or automation system 445) that executes in conjunction with the physical components 135, 138 of the NGPCAS 100 to control an industrial (e.g., a process control or automation) process. For example, the logical process control or automation system 145 of FIG. 1 may include the logical process control system 445 of FIG. 4. Generally speaking, application layer software components may be provided by the enterprise (e.g., via the architecture provider/manager 161), users 155 who are agents of or associated with the enterprise, third-parties, and/or other sources.

[0144] The application layer software components 435-448 of the application layer 412 may execute in containers and/or in other suitable types of micro-encapsulated execution environments (MEEEs) or granules, e.g., as Instantiated Software Components (ISCs). For example, an ISC may be a container configured with an instance of a particular application layer software component 435-448 to form a configured container, container image, or other type of micro-encapsulated execution environment or granule for the particular application layer software component 435-448, and the container image of the particular application layer software component 435-448 may be instantiated for execution on a particular compute fabric node Ny as a specific instantiated MEEE or ISC. Said another way, a configured container may be an instance of an application layer software component 435-448 that is configured into a respective container or other type of micro-encapsulated execution environment or granule.

[0145] Generally speaking, containerized or micro-encapsulated software components or MEEEs/granules (e.g., at the application layer 412, the HCI adaptor layer 430, and the software defined networking layer 410) are included in the set of containerized/micro-encapsulated components 140 of the NGPCAS 100 and, as such, are isolated from other containerized/micro- encapsulated services and applications (e.g., other containerized/micro-encapsulated components 140) that are executing on the same node Ny. As such, the terms “configured container,” “container image,” and “containerized component” are utilized interchangeably herein and, for ease of discussion but not for limitation purposes, are generally and categorically utilized herein to refer to any one or more suitable types of instantiated, micro-encapsulated execution environments or granules, such as software containers, virtual machines, software agents, scripts, functions, calls, actors (e.g.. lightweight processes such as Erlang, Scala, Akka, etc.), unikernels (e.g., machine images which run on bare metal and contain all components necessary to execute an application, including the operating system component), other types of bare metal software (e.g., software running directly on hardware without any intermediate managing software, such as a hypervisor or other type of container/encapsulation manager), and/or other types of micro- encapsulated execution environments or granules. [0146] Various MEEEs or granules can be configured to execute (e.g., when instantiated) various broad to granular operations within the NGPCAS 100. To illustrate using an example, a control routine may include multiple control modules which operate cooperatively to execute the control routine, a control module may respectively include multiple function and other types of blocks which operate cooperatively to achieve the control module, and a function block may respectively include multiple granular operations which operate cooperatively to execute the function block. Accordingly, in one implementation of this example, a single MEEE can be configured to execute (e.g., when instantiated) an entirety of the control routine. In another implementation of this example, each MEEE of a group of MEEEs can be respectively configured to execute (e.g., when instantiated) a different control module or portion of the control routine, and the group of instantiated MEEEs may operate cooperatively to thereby execute, as a group, the control routine in its entirety. Indeed, in some implementations, a second group of MEEEs can be respectively configured to execute (e.g., when instantiated) different granular operations or portions of a control module (such as an input function block, an error detection function block, a control function block, a logic function block, a script, an output function block, etc.), and this second group of MEEEs, when instantiated, may operate cooperatively to thereby execute, as a group, the control module in its entirety. In still other implementations, a single MEEE may be configured to execute (e.g., when instantiated) as a process controller, a process control subsystem, a unit, an area, or even the process control system 445 as a whole.

[0147] In another example, a single, individual MEEE can be configured to execute (e.g., when instantiated) an entirety of a complex data analytics routine for the entire NGPCAS 100. Alternatively, each MEEE of a group of MEEEs can be respectively configured to execute (e.g., when instantiated) a different simple data analytics routine (or some other respective portion of the complex data analytics routine), and the execution of the instantiated group of MEEEs in cooperation may thereby cause the execution of the entirety of the complex data analytics routine. In some implementations, another group of MEEEs, when instantiated, can execute respective granular actions or operations of a simple data analytics routine (or other types of respective granular actions of a simple data analytics routine) in cooperation to thereby cause the execution of the entirety of the simple analytics routine (or the entirety of the portion of the complex data analytics routine, as the case may be). For instance, granular analytics actions or operations may include computational functions (e.g., data aggregations and/or manipulations, such as averages, maximums, minimums, etc.), simplex data analytics routines may include more sophisticated statistical calculations or algorithms (e.g., principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS) predictions, and other types of statistical calculations and/or analytics), and complex data analytics routines may include combinations of statistical calculations or algorithms, and in some cases in combination with other type of non- statistical calculations or algorithms.

[0148] Generally speaking, MEEEs, granules, or configured containers may be provided by the enterprise (e.g., via the architecture provider/manager 161, via an application/service store, out-of-the-box, etc.), users 155 who are agents of or associated with the enterprise 155, third- parties, and/or other sources. Various instantiated MEEEs may be assigned to execute on various compute nodes Ny of the system 400, which may be disposed in different physical and/or geographical locations. Further, the instantiated MEEEs may be dynamically migrated from executing at one node to executing at another node, e.g., based on detected and/or predicted resource usage, jurisdictional requirements and/or regulations, and/or other criteria. Still further, instantiated MEEEs may be allocated, pinned, dynamically assigned, and/or dynamically migrated, e.g., via the SD compute service 415, to execute on respective nodes Ny and/or data center clusters C.t. The SD compute service 415 may dynamically change, update, maintain, and/or otherwise manage the container images and their respective assignments to compute nodes Ny as or when needed, e.g., to load-balance across compute nodes Ny, for scheduled maintenance of compute nodes Ny and/or physical components thereof, in response to detected and/or predicted resource usage and/or performance issues, to support expansion or contraction of the logical process control or automation system 445, to support expansion or contraction of the computing platform 405, based on jurisdictional regulations and/or requirements, etc. As such, the NGPCAS 100 may be viewed as a dynamic, highly-distributed set of MEEEs or as a dynamic mesh of MEEEs, where the MEEEs may be located or disposed across multiple physical and/or geographical locations, and where one or more of the MEEEs may be dynamically reassigned and migrated, during run-time operations of the NGPCAS 100, to another node and/or another physical and/or geographical location while maintaining the execution of the run-time operations of the NGPCAS 100. Moreover, components of the dynamic meh of MEEEs forming a particular application, control routine, analysis routine, etc. may be dynamically moved or migrated or reassigned to other hardware in the compute fabric individually, in sets or groups, or altogether if desired without effecting or interrupting operation of the application, routine, etc. As such, individual components of the dynamic mesh of MEEEs for a particular application or usage may be managed in the compute fabric separately from other components of the same application or usage.

[0149] Within the compute fabric 400, some configured containers, granules, or instantiated MEEEs may be allocated or assigned to respective compute nodes Ny and dynamically reassigned to different compute nodes Ny by the SD compute service 415 based on dynamically changing configurations, performance, and needs of the logical process control or automation system 445. In some situations, configured containers may be assigned (and re-assigned) to be executed by particular processors or particular processor cores of SD compute nodes Ny. Some configured containers, though, may be pinned to respective SD compute nodes Ny (e.g., by the SD compute service 415, by a configuration, by a user, etc.) and are not dynamically re-assigned by the SD compute service 415 due to dynamically occurring conditions. That is, a pinned configured container may execute on the compute node Ny to which the configured container is pinned until the configured container is unpinned from the compute node Ny, e.g., irrespective of dynamic conditions of the logical process control or automation system 445 (other than perhaps the failure of the compute node Ny to which the configured container is pinned). Said another way, the software defined networking layer 410 may limit the utilization, by the pinned configured container, to only the hardware and/or software resources to which it is pinned, and when the configured container is unpinned, the SD networking layer 410 removes the limitation. Configured containers may additionally or alternatively be pinned to other physical or logical components of the compute fabric 400, if desired. For example, a configured container may be pinned to another configured container, to a specific data cluster, to a particular processing resource (e.g., a particular physical processor or a particular physical processor core of a compute node Ny), to a physical rack or portion of a physical rack serviced by a particular power supply (where the physical rack physically houses the hardware of one or more compute fabric nodes), etc.

[0150] Further, configured containers, instantiated MEEEs, or granules may be nested within and/or pinned to other configured containers, which is particularly useful in configuring and organizing the logical process control or automation system 445. For example, when a particular process control subsystem 438 provides a particular set of control services 435 and/or other services 440, a configured container of each provided service 435, 440 of the particular set may be nested in the configured container of the particular process control system 438. In another example, multiple control routine and/or control module configured containers may be nested within a specific controller service 435, and the specific controller service 435 may be nested within the particular process control subsystem 438. In yet another example, a controller or control service 435 may be configured with one or more process control module services 435, parameters, and values of the industrial process plant 10, such as tags of inputs and outputs, reference values, and the like, thereby forming a configured or programmed controller service. The controller or control service 435 may be functionally equivalent to a traditional, dedicated, hardware controller device as understood in the Purdue model, or the controller service 435 may be functionally equivalent to a control routine or control module which is configured into an executed by the traditional, dedicated hardware controller device. A container may be configured with an instance of the configured controller service, thereby forming a container image or instance of the configured controller service that is executable to perform the specific, configured set of process control logic, e.g., by using the configured control module containers, tags, reference values, etc., when so configured. Multiple instances or container images of a configured controller service (or of other configured applications and services) may be instantiated and executed by the compute fabric 400.

[0151] In still another example, containers, granules, or instantiated MEEEs within the SD application layer 412 may be utilized to represent and/or logically organize physical and/or logical areas, regions, and components of the NGPCAS 100. For examples, units, areas, and the like may be represented by respective configured containers, and configured containers corresponding to physical and/or logical components of each unit, area, etc. may be nested within and/or pinned to their respective configured, organizational container(s). As such, within the compute fabric 400, a configured control routine container may be nested within or pinned to the configured controller container, and the configured controller container may be nested within or pinned to another configured container, e.g., a container that has been configured for a depropanizer.

[0152] For clarity and ease of discussion herein, the term “container” is utilized herein to generally refer to an instantiated software component (ISC) that is a configured container, container image, containerized component, or other type of micro-encapsulated execution environment (MEEE) or granule, e.g., a container or other type of micro-encapsulated execution environment that has been configured to include an instance of a respective controller service, subsystem, or other service or application provided by the application layer 412 of compute fabric 400.

[0153] At any rate, and in a manner similar to that discussed for the computing resources of the computing platform 405, containerized/microencapsulated components 140 of the system 100 may be dynamically allocated and/or assigned, pinned, and/or nested, e.g., via SD storage service 418, to various compute fabric storage nodes Ny to thereby support various storage needs of the logical process control or automation system 445. For example, the SD storage service 418 may administer and manage the logical storage resources utilized by configured containers of the logical process control or automation system 445 across various physical hardware memory resources of one or more nodes Ny. For instance, the configured container and the memory needed for its operations (e.g., Random Access Memory or similar) may be stored on a particular SD storage node Ny or a particular memory device or space of an SD storage node Ny. Additionally, if desired, some containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may be pinned to respective SD storage nodes Ny and/or to specific memory devices or memory areas of the SD storage nodes Ny. The SD storage service 418 may change, update, or otherwise manage the physical hardware memory or memories of the computing platform 405 to support logical storage resources of the compute fabric 400 when and as needed, e.g., due to disk or other types of emors, for scheduled maintenance, due to the addition/expansion of available physical memory in the computing platform 405, etc.

[0154] Still similarly, the SD networking service 420 may administer and manage the logical or virtual networking utilized by the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the logical process control or automation system 445 and/or by other containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140, which may be implemented by the SD networking service 420 across the compute fabric nodes Ny. For example, the SD networking service 420 may administer and manage networking and hardware resources of the computing platform 405 to support the logical networking functionalities included in the logical process control system 445, such as virtual interfaces, virtual switches, virtual private networks, virtual firewall rules, and the like, as well as to support required networking between various configured containers or container images executing on the compute fabric 400. Further, as the logical process control system 445 services the physical components 135, 138 of the NGPCAS 100, the timing and synchronization of the containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the compute fabric 400, the physical components 135, 138 of the field environment 120, and the networking there between is critically important, as missed and/or lost messages or communications may result in the industrial or physical process becoming uncontrolled, which may in turn lead to catastrophic consequences such as overflows, gas leaks, explosions, loss of equipment, and, in some situations, loss of human life. Fortunately, the SD networking service 420 is responsive to the critical process I/O timing and synchronization of the compute fabric 400 so that communications (and in particular, communications to/from control services 435), may be reliably delivered in a timely and deterministic manner. For example, the SD networking service 420 may support the time synchronization of data center clusters Cx to within 1 millisecond to ensure required synchronization between process control services 435, process control subsystems 438, the packet routcr/switch service 442, and other software defined services 440, 448 of the software defined application layer 412.

[0155] In addition to the SD compute service 415, the SD storage service 418, and the SD networking service 420, the compute fabric operating system 410 may provide other OS support services 425 that are accessible via the set of APIs 428, 432 and which may be utilized or accessed by the application layer 412 to support the logical process control system 445 and other containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400. For example, the other OS services 425 may include a service life cycle management service, a discovery service, a security service, an encryptor service, a certificate authority subsystem service, a key management service, an authentication service, an authorization service, a time synchronization service, a resource and/or resource group management service, a service location service, and/or a console support service (all not shown in FIG. 4), to name a few. In some embodiments of the compute fabric 400, one or more of the support services may execute at the application layer 412, e.g., as other software defined services 440, instead of executing at the software defined networking layer 410 as OS support services 425.

[0156] Indeed, in an embodiment, one or more of the software defined components 415-425 and 452-460 of the software defined networking layer 410 are implemented as respective configured containers or container images of the compute fabric 400. That is, one or more services and other functionalities provided at the software defined networking layer 410 of the compute fabric 400 (and in some implementations, all of the services and functionalities provided at the software defined networking layer 410) may be implemented as respective containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the NGPCAS 100. As such, in manners similar to those discussed herein for containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the application layer 412, containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the software defined networking layer 410 may be uniquely identified within the NGPCAS 100 by a respective address, may communicatively connect to other containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the NGPCAS 100 and optionally to the physical components 135, 138 of the NGPCAS 100, can be spun up and removed as or when needed, etc.

[0157] Application Layer of Compute Fabric

[0158] Now turning more specifically to the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400, and as shown in FIG. 4, the application layer software components 412 include a set of software defined services or applications 435 (such as software defined process control- or automation- related services 435) and a set of subsystems 438 of the NGPCAS 100 (such as subsystems for software defined process control or automation), and optionally may include a set of other software defined business logic services 440 of the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., enterprise business logic services relating to process control or automation). In some implementations of the compute fabric 400, the application layer software components 412 may include a set of third-party business logic services 448. For example, third-party services 448 may be generated by a software development kit (not shown) of the compute fabric 400, via which users may develop, generate, install, and manage third-party services 448 at the SD application layer 412. Generally speaking, the services and applications 435-448 provided at the application layer 412 form the logical process control system 445 and provide related functionalities. Generally speaking, applications 435-448 may be provided by the system 100 itself, third parties, suppliers, end users 155, and/or other sources. For example, one or more of the applications 435-448 may be built on the APIs 160,165 provided by the compute fabric 102, and/or one or more of the applications 435-448 may be packaged as containers and distributed by the Orchestrator 422.

[0159] Each different control service 435 may be configured with desired parameters, values, etc. and optionally other control services 435; each instance of a configured control service 435 may execute in a respective container; and each configured container may be assigned (or pinned) to execute on a respective compute node Ny and/or cluster C.x. As such, each configured control service 435 may be a logical or software defined control entity which functionally may be configured and may perform in a manner similar to that of a traditional, hardware- implemented process controller device, control module, process control function block, etc. However, unlike traditional, hardware-implemented process controller devices, traditional control modules, and traditional control function blocks, and advantageously, the compute fabric 400 may easily replicate multiple instances of a same configured control service 435 for various purposes, such as performance, fault tolerance, recovery, and the like. For example, a controller service (that executes in its own container) may be configured to execute a control module service (that executes in its own container), and the control module service may be configured to execute a set of control function block services (each of which executes in its own container, and each of which may be configured with respective parameters, values, etc.). As such, the set of configured containers corresponding to the set of configured control function block services may (though need not necessarily) be nested in the configured control module service container, and the configured control module service container may be nested in the configured controller service container. The set of configured containers corresponding to the set of configured function block services may be assigned to execute on different cores of a particular processor of the compute platform 405, e.g., for performance load-balancing purposes. When loads change, one or more of the configured function block service containers may be moved to execute on different processor cores, different processors, or even different compute fabric nodes in attempt to re-balance loads; however, the moved function block service containers would still be nested under the configured control module service container, and would execute accordingly.

[0160] In addition to control services 435, other types of application layer services 440 related to industrial process control may be provided by the application layer 412, such as, but not limited to, operator displays and interfaces, diagnostics, analytics, safety routines, reporting, historization of data, configuring of services, configuring of containers, communicating information with external or other systems, enterprise-level applications, process control and/or automation resource and/or resource group management, authentication of entities associated with the NGPCAS 100, authorization of entities associated with the NGPCAS 100, entity administration services for the NGPCAS 100, etc. For example, a process control and/or automation resource group management service may allow a user 155 to group and/or isolate various resources based on the NGPCAS 100 and/or other process control or automation considerations. For instance, resource groups may be formed based on physical characteristics, such as sites or physical locations, groups of sites/physical locations, subsets of sites or physical locations, geographical regions, etc.; based on logical characteristics, such as categories, containers and/or container types, control strategies, capabilities, timing, performance, user characteristics, etc.; based on functionalities, such as storage items, networking items, etc.; and/or based on other types of groupings and/or combinations thereof corresponding to the NGPCAS 100. Generally speaking, any process control or automation system-related functionality or business logic that executes during run-time of the NGPCAS 100 to control the industrial process, supports the NGPCAS 100, and/or relates to the NGPCAS 100 may be logically implemented in the compute fabric 400 as a respective application layer service 435, 440 executing in a respective container. For example, any one or more of the enterprise-level compute fabric functionalities 320 may be implemented in respective containers or as containerized services. Further, any of the containerized services 435, 440 may communicatively connect, e.g., via the SD networking layer 410, with respective physical components 135/138 disposed in physical locations of the NGPCAS 100 when required to do so by the business logic of the service 435, 440 and/or by the recipient physical components 135/138. Still further, any of the containerized services 435, 440 may communicatively connect any other containerized service 435, 440 to transfer data and/or information there between when required to do so by their respective business logic.

[0161] In a similar manner, each different subsystem 438 of the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400 may be provided by or execute in a respective container. The set of subsystems 438 provide the virtual or logical process control-related subsystems of the logical process control system 445. In some cases (not shown in FIG. 4), a subsystem 438 may provide or include one or more application layer services and, as such, the configured containers of the services 435, 438 provided by the subsystem may be nested in the configured subsystem container. Generally, the set of subsystems 438 allow control services 435 and other services 440 to be easily and coherently grouped and/or managed. In a preferred embodiment, each node Ny of the compute fabric 400 hosts a respective instance of each subsystem of the set of subsystems 438, e.g., so that subsystem services are proximately and readily available to other application layer services 435, 440, 448 that are presently executing on each node Ny.

Accordingly, changes to one or more of the subsystems 438 may be coordinated among the corresponding instances thereof executing at each node Ny (e.g., under the direction of the OS 410). As such, not only is the set of subsystems 438 highly and proximately available for any application layer service 435, 440, 448 executing on a same node Ny, but in the event of a compute fabric node failure, the failure of a compute fabric node component, or the failure of a particular subsystem instance at a compute fabric node, the functionalities provided by the set of subsystems 438 may be easily maintained for the logical process control system 445.

[0162] Examples of subsystems 438 which may be provided by the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400 include, but are not limited to:

[0163] - a continuous process control subsystem to manage the scheduling and execution of the business logic of logical and physical control system entities such as controllers, VO assignments, control modules, function blocks, ladder logic, and structural text-based control algorithms, etc.;

[0164] - a state-based process control subsystem for managing, tracking, assigning, changing, deriving, transitioning, analyzing, visualizing, recording, etc. the state of the process control system 445 as a whole, of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the process control system 445, and/or of physical components 105, 108 controlled by the process control system 445, as well as for driving the industrial process to achieve a desired process state within defined constraints, such as safety, environmental, and/or profitability constraints;

[0165] - an event-based process control subsystem including various control services that may be triggered to execute based on occurrences of one or more events;

[0166] - a batch process control subsystem including various control services which may perform batch control and tracking of regulatory items (e.g., for governmental traceability and manage regulatory records that are related to batch process control and that are generated during batch execution and at other times;

[0167] - a historian subsystem including various application layer services to record time series data for process VO and events within the system 100; [0168] - a diagnostic subsystem including various application layer services for collecting and providing diagnostic data from various other application layer services, other subsystems, compute fabric nodes Ny, components of the software defined networking layer 410, and/or other components of the system 100;

[0169] - a process I/O subsystem including various application layer services to manage I/O connections and configurations for process I/O within the process control system 445, such as the packet router/s witch service 442;

[0170] - a user subsystem including various application layer services 440 to verify and/or validate user credentials when users attempt to access the compute fabric 400, e.g., via APIs 160, 165;

[0171] - an alarm subsystem including various application layer service for maintaining the definitions, statuses, and states of alarms within the system 100 such as, for example, process alarms, hardware alarms, maintenance alarms, unit alarms, networking layer alarms, I/O alarms, hardware asset alarms, software asset alarms, diagnostic alarms, and the like;

[0172] - a licensing subsystem including application layer services 440 to verify or ensure that a user has privileges in accordance with the license level of the compute fabric 400 and/or system 100 (such as perpetual licenses, time subscription licenses, consumption-based licenses, remote licenses, etc.), to enforce licenses and prevent unlicensed activity from occurring, to provide for administration of licenses, to report and log licensing status and activities, and the like;

[0173] - a distributed event subsystem including various application layer services to distribute generated events (or notifications thereof) across all nodes Ny of the compute fabric 400, along with corresponding time stamps indicating respective times of occurrences at respective event sources so that consistent record keeping may be provided across all nodes Ny; and

[0174] - a configuration subsystem which manages the storage, updating, and version control of a configuration database that stores configurations of various services provided by the application layer 412, such as control configurations. A respective instance of the configuration database may be stored at each compute fabric node Ny, so that the compute fabric 400 provides fault tolerance of the configuration database across all nodes Ny. Writes to the configuration database may be atomic across all fault tolerant instances throughout the system 100, and reads from the configuration database may be from a single local instance of the configuration database. In some situations, a large read request may be segmented and results provided in a parallel manner from the multiple nodes Ny.

[0175] Further, the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400 may include additional or alternate subsystems 438 which may be utilized by the system 100. For example, the subsystem 438 may include a control strategy subsystem directed to higher-level and/or overall control strategies, e.g., to achieve product and process performance and quality targets; an analytics subsystem; an optimization subsystem, a mass and energy balancing subsystem, a security subsystem, which may include one or more specialized algorithms for detecting security intrusions, etc.

[0176] Software Defined Router / Switch Service

[0177] The software defined packet router/switch service 442 generally operates as an application or service that is responsible for transferring packetized VO data (and, in some scenarios, other types of packetized data or information) between endpoints of the NGPCAS 100, e.g., from a physical component 135/138 to a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 at the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400 and vice versa; from a physical component 135/138 to a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 at the networking layer 410 of the compute fabric 400 and vice versa; from a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 at the application layer 412 to another containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 at the application layer 412; from a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 at the networking layer 410 to another containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 at the networking layer 410; from a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 at the application layer 412 to a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 at the networking layer 410 and vice versa, and the like. For example, the packet router/switch service 442 may communicatively couple the respective endpoints and transfer data there between using any suitable data delivery or data transfer paradigm, including request/response, publish/subscribe, etc. In an embodiment, when at least some of the software defined application layer software components 435-448 are deployed as microservices/MEEEs/granules that are communicatively connected by a microservice/MEEE/granule bus (not shown), the packet router/switch service 442 (in some cases, in conjunction with the OS 410 and its support services 415-425) may support and/or manage the microservices/MEEEs/granules and microservice/MEEE/granule bus so that the microservices/MEEEs/granules may transfer data and/or information there between (e.g., in a packetized format). In an additional or alternative embodiment, the software defined packet router or switch service 442 may use any one or more packet-based networks or links (such as the networks 402 and/or software defined links provided by the compute fabric 400) to transfer packetized data and information between one or more containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and/or physical components 135/138 of the NGPCAS 100.

[0178] It is noted that FIG. 4 depicts the software defined packet router/packet switch service 442 as being a separate service at the application layer 412; however, this is for clarity of discussion (and not limitation) purposes. In other embodiments, the packet router/switch service 442 may be included in a subsystem 438 of the compute fabric 400, and/or at least a respective portion or an entirety of the software defined packet router/switch service 442 may be implemented in the HCI Adaptor 430 or in the compute fabric operating system 410.

Alternately, the packet router/switch service 442 may be an application layer software defined service 440 which is in its own, stand-alone subsystem within the application layer 412, or which is not associated with any subsystem. At any rate, and generally speaking, the software defined packet router/packet switch service 442 may be typically implemented as a containerized component/MEEE/granule 140 of the compute fabric 400.

[0179] As such, the containerized packet router/switch service 442 may be accessed by other containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the compute fabric 400 (both at the application layer 412 and the networking layer 410) for the purposes of data transfer or data delivery. In some situations, the packet router/switch service 442 may utilize the APIs 428 to thereby cause the transfer of packetized I/O data and/or other types of packetized data, e.g., via the OS support services 415-425. In some situations, the packet router/switch service 442 may cause data to be transferred via the microservice/MEEE/granule bus. In effect, the packet router/switch service 442 serves as a logical or gateway (e.g., an API gateway) that causes packetized process I/O and/or other types of packetized data to be routed between configured containers of the compute fabric 400, and that causes packetized process I/O, packetized control signals or instructions, and other types of packetized information to be routed between configured containers of the compute fabric 400 and physical components 135, 138 deployed in the field environment 120 of the NGPCAS 100.

[0180] As will be understood, one significant advantage of the system described herein is that it reduces the data movement and data storage needed to support applications or other usages executing in in real-time in the compute fabric. In particular, because of the secured, real-time communication structure provided in the NGPCAS described herein, including the use of secured, encrypted data links (e.g., VPNs) between various software and hardware elements both in the compute fabric and in the physical locations (e.g., the plants), elements such as MEEEs in the compute fabric can access data from anywhere in the system (i.e., from any other element where that data was created or resides) in real-time. This feature means that applications and other application usages executed in or by higher level system elements or platforms (e.g., a control application, a maintenance application, a data logging or tracking application, a fleet management application, etc.), or any individual MEEE or granule thereof can access data wherever this data resides (e.g., in another MEEE or granule anywhere in the system, in a compute fabric database, in a physical location database or server, in a field device at a physical location, etc.) in real-time using, for example publish/subscribe communications, dedicated data calls, etc. In fact, individual MEEEs or other compute elements (granules) that make up or implement a particular application or usage can include a pointer or reference that points to the data it needs for operation wherever that data resides in the system and the granule can access that data in real-time when it is needed or used by the MEEE or granule. Thus, granules can, for example, access and use data wherever that data is created and/or initially stored. This feature means that data does not need to be moved from, for example, a server in a physical location to a cloud-based server in the compute fabric prior to being usable or accessible in real-time by an application or element (e.g., granule) in the compute fabric. This feature thereby speeds up computing operations and reduces data flow that was, in the past, performed simply for the purpose of moving data from one location to another to make that data available for use in realtime to applications which use that data. The system described herein thus enables data to be used wherever it resides or is generated by direct data calls or publish/subscribe communications, whether that data resides in or is generated by a device within the compute fabric or by a device at a physical location or plant.

[0181] Logical/ Virtual Components [0182] Further, at the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400, at least some physical process control devices or components (e.g., controllers, safety logic solvers or devices, data storage devices, etc.) of traditional process control systems may be logically implemented in the logical process control system 445 as a respective service 435, 440 or subsystem 438 executing in a respective container. Such logical or virtual instances of process control devices or components may be configured in a manner similar to their physical counterparts, if desired, by configuring the logical devices with control routines, other application layer software components 412, parameters, reference values, lists, and/or other data. For example, a controller service may be configured with several control modules, a display view service may be configured with user access controls and graphical elements, etc. Configured logical or virtual process control devices or components (e.g., container images of process control devices or components) may be identified within the logical process control system 445 via a respective device tag or identification, for example, and respective signals that are received and generated by configured logical or virtual instances of process control devices may be identified within the logical process control system 445 via respective device signal tags or identifiers. A logical or virtual instance of a process control device may be uniquely identified within the system 100 and operate as an individual entity in lieu of any corresponding physical device of the system 100, or a logical or virtual instance of a process control device may be a proxy or digital twin of a physical device included in the system 100, such as previously described.

[0183] At the software defined application layer 412, the compute fabric 400 also includes software defined storage entities or components 413, which may provide abstracted data storage (and access thereto) for the services and subsystems 435-448 of the SD application layer 412. For example, historian databases, configuration databases, other types of process control system databases and data storage entities, authentication databases, authorization databases, as well as temporary storage utilized by various process control and other types of application services 435- 448 during execution may be provided by the software defined storage entities 413. The storage databases, areas, devices, etc. may virtualized or logical storage entities or components, which may be assigned or allocated (and may be re-assigned and re-allocated) to various storage resources of the nodes Ny of the computing platform 405 by the compute fabric operating system 410. For example, a single software defined logical database may be implemented over the hardware memory resources of multiple nodes Ny. Additionally, the SD Storage service 418 of the compute fabric operating system 410 may assign/re-assign and re-assign/re-allocate software defined storage entities 413 at the application layer 412 to different storage resources provided by the nodes Ny based on performance, resource, and configuration needs of the storage entities or components 413 and optionally of other components of the SD application layer 412.

[0184] Orchestration

[0185] Returning now to the software defined networking layer 410 of the compute fabric 400, FIG. 4 depicts a particular compute fabric OS service, i.e., the Orchestration service 422, separately from the depictions of the other compute fabric OS services 415-420, 425 for ease of discussion purposes. Generally speaking, the Orchestration service 422 instantiates container images (e.g., of application layer control services 435, subsystems 438, third-party services 448, and other software defined services 440) into running or executing containerized applications or services on respective hardware and/or software physical compute nodes Ny, as well as assigns various SD data storage entities to reside on respective hardware storage and/or software storage nodes Ny. For example, the Orchestration service 422 may instantiate and assign various instantiated container images to execute on and/or utilize resources of a single node Ny, or resources of two or more nodes Ny. Further, the Orchestration service 422 may assign various SD data storage entities or components 413 of the application layer 412 to reside on physical layer storage resources of a single node Ny, of multiple nodes Ny, etc., e.g., for ease and speed of access by resident containerized components, for redundancy purposes, for balancing of memory usage across the physical platform, etc. In doing so, the Orchestration service 422 not only establishes the running containerized applications and services, but also manages the fault tolerance, load-balancing, quality of service (QoS), and/or other performance aspects of the running containerized applications and services of the compute fabric 400, e.g., via QoS configuration services 452, fault tolerance services 455, load-balancing services 458, and optionally other performance-related services 460 provided by the OS 410. As such, the Orchestration service 422 may be invoked or accessed by the other OS services 415, 418, 420, 425, and the Orchestration service 422 may in turn invoke or access one or more of the performance-related services 452-460. Generally speaking, the Orchestration service 422 allocates resources to containerized components and SD data storage entities of the logical process control system 445 so that the containerized components are able to operate efficiently and safely, e.g., to control the industrial process, at least at a best-effort performance level. [0186] To this end, the performance-related services 452-460 of the OS 410 may monitor performance parameters, resource usage, and/or criteria during run-time, detect any associated conditions which occur and/or which are predicted to occur, and provide and/or implement any changes in assignments of application layer software components (e.g., containerized components) 412 to hardware and/or software resources of the computing platform 405. Accordingly, during run-time of the system 100, as various expected and/or unexpected hardware and/or software conditions arise and are detected, the Orchestration service 422 responsively adjusts the allocation of hardware and/or software resources of various compute fabric nodes Ny to instantiated container images to maintain (or attempt to maintain) a target or best-effort level of performance and fidelity of operations. Detected conditions which may cause the Orchestration service 422 to modify allocations and/or assignments between containerized components 412 and physical resources of nodes Ny may include, for example, hardware faults or failures, software faults or failures, overloading of a specific compute fabric node, increased or decreased bandwidth of various networking components, addition or removal of compute fabric nodes and/or clusters of compute fabric nodes, hardware and/or software upgrades, pinning and/or unpinning of containerized services and/or applications, diagnostics, maintenance, and other routines which may cause hardware and/or software resources to be temporarily unavailable for run-time use, etc. Possible responsive and/or mitigating administrative actions which may be taken by the Orchestration service may include, for example, re-assigning containerized services and/or applications to execute using different software and/or hardware resources (in some cases, on different nodes Ny activating and/or deactivating software and/or hardware resources, changing priorities of various containerized components’ access to various software and/or hardware resources, etc.

[0187] Accordingly, and generally speaking, the services, subsystems, and other software components of the software defined application layer 412 (e.g., 435, 438, 440) may determine, define, or specify the processing, containerization, networking, and storage needs of the logical process control system 445, both at an individual container level and at aggregate levels (e.g., at a subsystem level, unit level, area level, and/or the process control system 445 as a whole). By way of the APIs 428 (and, in some configurations, also by way of the HCI adaptor layer 430 and APIs 432), the OS 410, its support services 415, 418, 420, 422, 425, and its Orchestration service 422 administer and manage the hardware and software resources of the compute fabric nodes Ny

1 to support those needs. For example, in some embodiments, the SD Orchestrator 422 may cause different instances of a particular control routine 435 or of a particular other service 440 to execute on different nodes Ny, e.g., for fault tolerance, quality of service, and/or other performance criteria of the compute fabric 400. Advantageously, as the needs of the logical process control system 445 dynamically change over time, the OS support services 415, 418, 420, 422, 425 and/or the Orchestration service 422 may modify, change, and adjust the usage of the hardware and software resources of the nodes Ny, e.g., in a responsive and/or in a predictive manner.

[0188] For example, when the logical process control system 445 creates additional instances of control services 435 executing in additional containers, the OS support services 415-425 may responsively (via the APIS 428 and optionally the HCI adaptor 430 and the APIs 432) assign the newly created containerized components to execute on corresponding compute fabric nodes Ny, may re-balance existing containerized components among nodes Ny, may assign specific hardware memory resources to support the logical memory resource needs of the additional containerized components, may adjust routing tables utilized by the nodes Ny to support the logical routing needs of the newly created containerized components, etc. In another example, when a particular cluster C2 needs to be taken out of service (e.g., expectedly for maintenance purposes or unexpectedly due to a lightning strike), the OS support services 415-425 may preemptively re-assign containerized components that are presently assigned to execute on cluster C2 to other clusters in accordance with the present needs of the logical process control system 445 and the availability of hardware and/or software resources of the other clusters, and the support services 415-425 may adjust routing tables utilized by the clusters Cx accordingly so that continuity of execution of said containerized components is maintained even when the cluster C2 is taken out of service.

[0189] As such, the software defined networking layer 410 automatically, dynamically, and responsively determines, initiates, and performs changes to the allocation of hardware and software resources of the nodes Ny of the computing platform 405 to different application layer software components 412 based on detected conditions, such as improvement in performance of individual logical and/or physical components or groups thereof, degradation of performance of individual logical and/or physical components or groups thereof, fault occurrences, failures of logical and/or physical components, configuration changes (e.g., due to user commands or due to automatic re-configuration by services of the compute fabric 400), etc. Consequently, the compute fabric 400 may automatically redistribute hardware and software resources of the nodes Ny responsive to changing conditions and components of the compute fabric 400 to thereby support the process control system 245 and other services executing at the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400.

[0190] Simulation

[0191] In some implementations, the compute fabric 400 may implement simulations of or changes to various application services 435, 440, 448, to the entire software application layer 412, to various support services 415-425, 452-460, and/or to the entire software defined networking layer 410. That is, a simulation of the target components/layers may execute in concert with the active software defined components/layers on top of the computing platform 405, and thereby receive run-time data from the field environment of the industrial process plant and operate accordingly, e.g., with the same logic, states, timing, etc. as the active target components/layers, or with the simulated test logic, states, timing, etc. However, the I/O and other types of data generated by the simulation are prevented from being delivered to the field environment, and simulations may be paused, sped up, slowed down, fed test inputs, and otherwise managed to observe behavior and make modifications to the simulated components/layers. Accordingly, upon approval of a simulated portion of the compute fabric 400, the simulated portion may simply be activated for use during run-time operations of the industrial process plant, without needing to pause or take part of the compute fabric 400 out of service to do so.

[0192] Example Security Features of the NGPCAS

[0193] Next, various security features of the Next Generation Process Control or Automation System (NGPCAS) 100 are described. As previously discussed, present-day process control and automation systems that are designed around the Purdue model suffer from many drawbacks, including increased complexity (and thus, more opportunity for component and process failure), decreased performance, and greater risk of cyber-intrusion, to name a few. For example, in present-day process control and automation systems, typically at least three different domains may exist between Levels 2, 3, and 4, and the security policies for each domain may be different and require different security management techniques. As such, cross-level connectivity is challenging to implement, as well as can introduce significant delays for the delivery of data across multiple Purdue levels, e.g., from Level 2 to Level 4 and above. Further, industries are looking towards being able to deliver instructions, commands, and/or other information from higher levels of the Purdue model to lower levels. For example, a technician or other process plant personnel may be working remotely via his or her portable computing device, and may want to monitor run-time process plant operations and adjust configurations, parameter values, settings, etc. within the process control system in response to monitored conditions. In such situations, when instructions and information move from higher levels of the Purdue model to lower levels (e.g., via “holes” that are added to the established security mechanisms for these purposes), outbound firewalls and other currently implemented security mechanisms that are designed and utilized to prevent the inflow of external information into the plant must necessarily be compromised, thereby introducing significant additional risk of external parlies accessing the information and data in the protected lower levels of the plant and other types of cyber-intrusion. Moreover, the multiple security mechanisms implemented between Purdue layers, either as initially designed or with any added “holes,” create a highly complex network, which is difficult to engineer, maintain, and utilize to efficiently deliver information between Purdue levels.

[0194] Further, in present-day systems that perform some process control and/or automation functionality in the cloud, other undesirable issues are introduced. For example, when the process plant of such systems loses Internet connectivity, the cloud cannot be accessed and any control or automation functionality provided by the cloud is unavailable. Additionally, still further latency, bottlenecks, and complexity are added with cloud-based implementations beyond those introduced by Purdue-model implementations. Moreover, sufficiently secure mechanisms for supporting native communication between process control devices (e.g., field devices) and the cloud do not exist.

[0195] The security features of the NGPCAS 100 address at least these known security issues of Purdue model implementations as well as provide additional security, improved performance, easier engineering and maintenance of the NGPCAS 100, as well as other benefits and advantages. Examples of such security features are described below. Any of the described security features may be used as a stand-alone security feature or in combination with any other one or more security features. In some embodiments, various security features of the NGPCAS 100 may be implemented as services 425 provided by the software defined networking layer 410 of the compute fabric 400. Additionally, the software defined networking layer 410 may provide other services 415 that manage resources and/or groupings of hardware and/or software resources of the software defined networking layer 410 and/or the physical layer 405 of the compute fabric 400 that are allocated and/or utilized to support the security features of the NGPCAS 100.

[0196] Example Network Security Features of the NGPCAS

[0197] As previously discussed, communications between nodes, configured containers, locations, devices, and/or other portions of the NGPCAS 100 as well as human-operated computing devices 155 (if any) may be secured via one or more VPNs, which may include mutually-exclusive and/or nested VPNs. As previously indicated, for ease of discussion and not limitations purposes, the term “VPN” is utilized herein to generally and categorically refer to various types of secured, encrypted point-to-point (PTP), peer-to-peer (P2P), and/or point-to- multipoint (PTM) connections. At any rate, each VPN, nested or otherwise, may block traffic from nodes, components, etc. that are not included in the VPN, and endpoints of the VPN may communicate with each other over the VPN via respective sessions. The VPN configuration (e.g., the number of VPNs, types of VPNs, nesting of VPNs, etc.) of the NGPCAS 100 may be implemented over one or more public and/or private networks, including private enterprise networks, the public Internet, etc. Additionally, the VPN configuration of the NGPCAS 100 may be customized to meet the security needs and requirements of the enterprise and/or of the architecture provider manager, for example. If desired, at least one of the VPNs of the NGPCAS 100 may be a permanent VPN.

[0198] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 4 to illustrate, in an example minimal VPN configuration, communications between the physical or field environment 120 of the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., all of or an entirety of the components, devices, etc. of the NGPCAS 100 that are disposed in the field environment 120) and the compute fabric 102 of the NGPCAS 100 (including all of or an entirety of the containerized components included in the compute fabric 102) may be protected via only a single VPN. In an example maximal VPN configuration, communications between any pair of entities of the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., exposed APIs 160, 165, other containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140, the compute fabric 102, physical components 135, locations 115, 118, the entire physical environment 120, user applications and/or devices 155, architecture provider/manager applications and/or devices 161, etc.) may be protected via a respective VPN. For instance, in the maximal VPN configuration, a configured container providing control service functionality that requires the use of a utility functionality to execute the control service may communicate with a configured container providing the utility functionality via a respective VPN. In embodiments, a VPN configuration of the NGPCAS 100 may include one or more of:

[0199] A point-to-point VPN, e.g., a VPN exclusively servicing communications between only one physical component 135 and only one containerized component/MEEE/granule 140;

[0200] A point-to-multipoint VPN, e.g., a VPN exclusively servicing communications between only one physical component 135 and multiple containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140, a VPN exclusively servicing communications between multiple physical components 135 and only one containerized component/MEEE/granule 140, etc.;

[0201] a multipoint-to-multipoint VPN, e.g., a VPN exclusively servicing communications between only a subset of an entirety of physical components 135 at a location 115 and a subset of an entirety of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 at the compute fabric 120;

[0202] a VPN exclusively servicing communications between different layers of the compute fabric 400, e.g., communications between the software defined application layer 412 and the software defined networking layer 410;

[0203] a VPN exclusively servicing communications between one or more selected services, subsystems, and functionalities of different layers of the compute fabric 400, e.g., between a selected one or more of the services and/or subsystems 435, 438, 440 at the application layer 412 and a selected one or more of the software defined services and/or functions 415, 418, 420, 425 at the networking layer 410;

[0204] a VPN exclusively servicing only an API 160 and an instance of a user application 155, and one or more other VPNs exclusively servicing the API 160 and one or more containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 and/or physical components 135, 138 needed to obtain or provide data to the user application 155, e.g., in point (e.g., API 160) -to-point and/or point (e.g., API 160) -to-multipoint manners; [0205] a location-to-location VPN, e.g., a VPN exclusively servicing communications between only a single location 135 and the compute fabric 102 as a whole;

[0206] a multi-location VPN, e.g., a VPN exclusively servicing communications between the compute fabric 102 and multiple locations 115, 118 that collectively are only a subset of an entirety of the locations of the NGPCAS 100;

[0207] and/or other types of VPNs that protect and secure communications between designated or defined endpoints within the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., nodes, configured containers (which may include APIs 160, 161), locations, devices, and/or other portions of the NGPCAS 100). Indeed, in embodiments, each endpoint may be required to authenticate to each VPN that the endpoint will utilize for sending and/or receiving communications with one or more other entities that have respectively authenticated to the VPN.

[0208] Example User Security Features of the NGPCAS

[0209] As previously mentioned, the users 155 of the NGPCAS 100 may include a human user operating a computing device at which one or more applications (e.g., a web browser, a thin client, or another user interface) execute to communicate with the NGPCAS 100, such as an operator, a configuration engineer, a third-party person who has been approved by the enterprise to access at least a portion of the system 100, another agent of the enterprise, or an agent of the architecture provider/manager 161, to name a few. Additionally or alternatively, the users 155 may include an automated user such as an external application or service that does not have a user interface and that executes on an external (e.g., remote) computing device or system. The external application/service users 155 may be enterprise-based, e.g., applications and/or services that have been configured by enterprise personnel, or may be third-party applications and/or services. Some of the external application/service users 155 may be applications and/or services provided by the architecture provider/manager 161, for utilization by the architecture provider/manager 161 and/or by enterprises. At any rate, to secure the system 100 against possible cyber-attacks when legitimate users 155 access system data and/or functionalities, each user 155 may be required to utilize one or more exposed APIs 160 to interface with and/or access the system data and/or functionalities provided by the NGPCAS 100. For example, the functionalities that are provided by the NGPCAS 100 for users 155 to utilize may be implemented in the compute fabric 102 as respective containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140, and such containerized components may be exposed to users 155 only via APIs 160 (e.g., as websites, services, etc.), where the APIs 160 may be accessed by the users 155, for example, via web browsers or thin clients. Typically, any functionality (e.g., all functionalities) that are provided by the NGPCAS 100 for users 155 to utilize is accessible to users 155 only via one or more respective APIs 160. Further, for still additional security, communications between the user 155 and the one or more APIs 160 may be secured via respective VPNs 158. For yet further security, the user 155 may be required to first be authenticated to the VPN 158 before being able to take advantage of the APIs 160, and human users in particular may be subject to multi-factor authentication in order to obtain access to the VPN 158.

[0210] In some situations, particular’ users 155 may be authenticated and/or authorized to utilize only a subset of the available, exposed APIs 160. That is, the set of APIs 160 that are exposed to different users 155 and/or that different users are authorized to access may differ based on the users’ respective credentials. For example, authorization of different users 155 to different APIs 160 may be based on the containerized component(s) 140 (e.g., applications and/or services) to which access is provided by the APIs 160. Additionally or alternatively, authorization of different users 155 to different be APIs 160 may be implemented on an enterprise-basis (e.g., users 155 of enterprise A are allowed access to a first subset of the APIs 160 and users 155 of enterprise B are allowed access to a second, different subset of the APIs 160); on a location-basis; on a node-basis, on a user-credential basis (e.g., roles, responsibilities, and/or skills of the user), on a time-basis, and/or based on combinations thereof. In some implementations, particular users 155 may be authenticated to the system 100, to a transport network, to a physical location, to a particular API, etc. In some implementations, particular users 155 may authorized to communicate with other entities associated with the system 100 (such as containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140, physical components 135/138, and/or the respective APIs of the granules 140 and/or physical components 135/138) and/or to access resources associated with the other entities associated with the system 100 (e.g., via the resources’ respective APIs). A more detailed description of authentication and authorization of users 155, containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140, physical components 135/138, and/or other entities associated with the system 100 is provided elsewhere within this disclosure.

[0211] As such, by using VPNs to secure communications within the NGPCAS 100, security mechanisms which are utilized between layers of Purdue model-based systems (e.g., firewalls, data diodes, DMZs, and other mechanisms) to secure cross-level communications may be eliminated. Indeed, in an embodiment, the NGPCAS 100 does not include (e.g., excludes) any firewalls, data relays, data diodes, and DMZs that are utilized to secure communications and data delivery to, from, and within the NGPCAS 100, thereby simplifying the design, engineering, configuring, maintenance, and run-time performance of the NGPCAS 100 as compared to Purdue model-based systems. Further, as each VPN blocks or does not process any traffic that originates from outside of the VPN, and as any and all human users and/or automated users 155 of a VPN must be authenticated to the VPN, data utilized within the process control or automation system is exposed only to those components/entities that have been authorized to access the VPN over which the data is delivered. Accordingly, opportunities for externally- initiated cyber-security breaches and the spread of malware are significantly decreased as compared to present-day systems, or even, in some cases, are eliminated.

[0212] Still further, as access to selected functionalities provided by the NGPCAS 100 is provided to users 155 via APIs 160, and as users 155 must be authenticated to a VPN 158 and optionally authenticated and/or authorized to utilize particular APIs 160 as discussed above, cyber- security risk is even more significantly decreased as compared to the cyber- security risks of present-day systems. For example, such security techniques utilized within the NGPCAS 100 eliminate the need for any NGPCAS -specific software to be installed on some external computing devices (such as those operated by human users). That is, such external computing devices may have no (e.g., zero) installed, NGPCAS -specific software, thereby eliminating another possible avenue for cyber- security breaches. In another example, computing devices which are operated by users 155 (human or automated) may be authenticated to a VPN 158 that is not utilized by any component of the NGPCAS 100. That is, the VPN(s) that are utilized by users 155 (and optionally by the APIs 160 which are exposed to the users 155) and the VPN(s) that are utilized by other, non-user components and/or entities of the NPGCAS 100 may be mutually exclusive VPNs, thereby further eliminating other possible avenues for cyber- security breaches. In yet another example, unauthorized (but otherwise valid) users 155 may be prevented from any access at all (including read-only access) to the NGPCAS 100 or portions thereof.

[0213] Example Identity Security Features of the NGPCAS [0214] As previously mentioned, each component of the NGPCAS 100 (each containerized component/MEEE/granule 140, each physical component 135, each device 105, 125, 108, 128, 148, each location 115, 118, the compute fabric 145, the architecture provider/manager 161, or generally speaking, any component which may serve as an endpoint within NGPCAS 100 networks) may be uniquely identified within the NGPCAS 100 by a unique network identifier. In embodiments, the unique network identifier of a subject component is based on an identification of the subject component as defined within a configuration database of the NGPCAS 100. In a manner similar to that discussed above for the users 155 of the NGPCAS 100, each component may be authenticated and authorized based on its unique network identifier in order for the component to access one or more VPNs, to communicate with one or more nodes, configured containers, locations, devices, and/or other components, etc. Generally speaking, components of the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., all components of the NGPCAS 100) having unique network identifiers can be discovered within the NGPCAS 100 and may be required to utilize a respective certificate to be authenticated and authorized for access.

[0215] At least some of the physical devices 105, 125, 108, 128, 148 included in the NGPCAS 100 may also include a device identifier that is unique across an enterprise. In these devices, an indication of the association between the device’s unique device identifier and the device’s unique network identifier may be stored, e.g., within the device itself, in a configuration database of the NGPCAS 100, in a network manager of the NGPCAS 100, etc.

[0216] Example Communications Security Features of the NGPCAS

[0217] To further secure the NGPCAS 100, all communications that are sent and received via the networks of the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., via the VPNs 130, 158, 162 between various authenticated and authorized components) may be required to be signed and encrypted. Additionally or alternatively, plaintext protocols (such as HTTP) may be forbidden or otherwise prevented from being utilized within the NGPCAS 100. For still further security in arrangements in which an architecture provider/manager 161 manages multiple NGPCAS s 100 for multiple enterprises, each enterprise may have a different Certificate Authority (CA), and self-signed certificates may be forbidden or otherwise prevented from being used. Generally speaking, to maintain security within the NGPCAS 100 over time, certificates may support revocation, have modifiable key sizes (e.g., to support system growth), and may auto-refresh without any enterprise intervention.

[0218] Example Compute Fabric Security Features of the NGPCAS

[0219] With particular regard to securing the compute fabric architecture 400 and components thereof, various security techniques may be employed within the NGPCAS 100. For example, as mentioned above, containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 of the compute fabric 102/400 (e.g., APIs 160, 165; services and subsystems 435, 438, 440448, 413 442 at the software defined application layer 412; services and functions 415, 418, 420, 422, 425, 452, 455, 458, 460 at the software defined network layer 410; APIs 428, 432 and/or other services provided at the adaptor layer 430, etc.) may be configured for client certificate access, where the client may be, for example, another containerized component/MEEE/granule 140, a user 155, or the architecture provider/manager 161. That is, no anonymous access to containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may be allowed, and only certain clients may be provided access to certain containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 (e.g., via corresponding client certificates). Further, client certificates may be automatically and frequently rotated.

Additionally, in embodiments, unused features (e.g., applications, services, etc.) may be placed in a disabled (not enabled) state.

[0220] Further, containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may be signed and scanned regularly for known vulnerabilities. Containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may be required to execute or run (e.g., always run) with least privilege, and the runtime of containerized components/MEEEs/granules 140 may be required to utilize a maximum level of container isolation, e.g., by default. In some implementations, the definition of groupings of containerized components may be prevented or restricted. For example, the NGPCAS 100 may be allowed to only define groups of containerized components that are specifically related to process control system components. For instance, a group of containerized components utilized for a bioreactor maybe defined or configured as a bioreactor grouping (e.g., by using a pod or other suitable mechanism provided by the operating system 410 of the compute fabric 400) so that the bioreactor grouping of containerized components can be co-located and moved together, e.g., to execute on different nodes, clusters, segments, etc. [0221] At the physical layer 405 of the compute fabric 400, access to different nodes Ny, different segments of hardware, different clusters Cl,...Cn, etc. may be controlled, e.g., on a server-basis, on an API-basis, etc. Still further, static data and disks may be encrypted at rest.

[0222] Example Authentication and Authorization Services of the NGPCAS

[0223] To increase security of and within the NGPCAS 100, entities associated with the NGPCAS 100 may be authenticated and/or authorized via an example authentication and authorization framework or architecture. For ease of illustration, and not for limitation purposes, the example authentication and authorization framework or architecture is described herein with simultaneous reference to FIGS. 1A, IB, and 2-4, although it is understood that embodiments of at least portions of the authentication and authorization framework/architecture may be utilized within and for other implementations of NGPCASs and/or compute fabrics of NGPCASs.

Further, as utilized herein, an “entity” which is subject to authentication and/or to authorization with respect to the NGPCAS 100 may be a user (such as a human user or an automated user 155), a service or application (such as a containerized component, MEEE, or granule 140, a service, subsystem, or storage entity included in the software defined application layer 412, a service included in the software defined networking layer or operating system 410, or a service included in the HC1 adaptor layer 430), a physical component (such as a physical component 135, 138), a physical device (such as a physical device 105, 108), or another type of logical or physical entity associated with the NGCPAS 100. Typically, each entity is uniquely identified within the NGPCAS 100 by a unique name, identity, or identifier.

[0224] The example authentication and authorization framework/architecture associated with the NGPCAS 100 may include an authentication service, an authorization service, and an entity administration service. In an example implementation, the authentication service, the authorization service, and the entity administration service may be at least partially implemented within an NGPCAS 100, such as by respective granules 140, respective enterprise-level compute functionalities 355-360, and/or respective services 440. Further, it is noted that although authentication service and the authorization service are discussed herein as being separate and distinct services, in some cases the authentication service and the authorization service may be implemented as a single, integral service which provides both authentication and authorization. Still further, although the authentication and authorization framework/architecture is generally referred to herein in the singular tense, this is for ease of reading purposes only and not limitation, as the authentication framework and the authorization framework can be implemented separately (and not as a single integral framework), or the authentication framework and the authorization framework can at least partially intersect. More detailed descriptions of the authentication framework and the authentication framework/architecture are provided elsewhere in this disclosure.

[0225] Generally speaking, within the NGPCAS 100, the authenticating of an entity by the authentication service determines or ascertains whether the entity is the party that/who the entity claims to be, and the authorizing of the entity (e.g., to communicate with another entity, to access a resource associated with another entity, etc.) by the authorization service determines whether a request of the entity is to be allowed or denied. Authentication and authorization may be governed by policies, rules, security credentials, and/or other restrictions, e.g., as specified via an entity administration service and as stored in one or more data storage entities that are included the system 100 (for example, the data storage entities 413 and/or another suitable data storage entity). Each entity associated with the NGPCAS 100 (whether internal or external) may be authenticated and/or authorized. Indeed, if a very high level of security is desired within an NGPCAS 100, all entities associated with the NGPCAS 100 may be authenticated prior to being permitted to access the NGPCAS 100 or any portion thereof, and each authenticated entity associated with the NGPCAS 100 may be authorized each time the entity makes a request to communicate with another entity or to access a resource of the NGPCAS 100.

[0226] To illustrate using an example scenario, consider a scenario in which a human user 155 wants to utilize a recipe editor provided by the NGPCAS 100 to create a batch recipe for manufacturing a pharmaceutical. The human user 155 logs into the recipe editor (e.g., via a user interface application executing at a computing device utilized by the human user 155, the API 160 provided by the compute fabric 102 of the NGPCAS 100) and provides the human user’s credentials, which may include multi-factor authentication credentials. In this example scenario, the authentication service authenticates the human user’s credentials (for example, responsive to the authentication service being invoked by the recipe editor or the API via which the recipe editor is accessed within the compute fabric 102). Upon successful authentication, a session corresponding to the authenticated human user 155 may be established, e.g., by the recipe editor, between the user interface and a recipe configuration server protecting the resources associated with configuring recipes. In an example implementation, the authentication service may be a first service 440 and the recipe editor may be a second service 440 (e.g., a client service) provided by the application layer 412 of the NGPCAS 100, each of which may be accessed via its respective API (not shown), and the recipe configuration server may be a storage entity 413 provided by the application layer 412 of the NGPCAS 100, where the storage entity 413 may be accessed via its respective API (not shown). The authenticated human user 155, via the user interface, may utilize the session to access one or more resources in the system 100. such as resources at the recipe configuration server and optionally at other resources. If the different resources are stored in or accessed via servers of the system 100, the same session may be utilized to access all of the different resources, in an embodiment.

[0227] Subsequently, during the established sessions, the human user 155 (via the user interface and API 160) requests to open a recipe and thus access to particular resources that are provided by the recipe configuration server (e.g., templates, blocks, functions, connectors, drafts of recipes, etc.). Based on the human user’s request, the recipe editor may invoke the authorization service to authorize the user’s request. For instance, the authorization service may authorize the human user 155 to the resources associated with the “open recipe” request, where the authorization is based on two different sets of permissions: (i) permissions that have been granted to (e.g., assigned or mapped to) the human, and (ii) permissions associated with allowing access to (e.g., protecting) the requested resources. In some implementations, a security token corresponding to the authentication of the human user may be validated during the authorization of the human user to the requested resources.

[0228] When the authorization service determines that the human user is permitted to access the requested resources (e.g., based on a comparison of the permissions associated with/assigned to the human user and the access permissions associated with/protecting the requested resources), access of the human user 155 to the requested resources within the session is granted, whereas when the authorization service determines that the human user is not permitted to access the requested resources, access of the human user 155 to the requested resources within the session is denied. Additionally in this example scenario, during the established session the human user 155 requests a second resource provided by the recipe configuration server (say, to modify or delete the configuration of another recipe). Based on this second request for the second resource, the authorization service may authorize the human user 155 to the second resource, where the authorization is based both on the permissions associated with/assigned to the human user as well as the access permissions associated with/protecting the second resource. Further, in the example scenario, during the established session the human user 155 requests a third resource provided by another server. Based on this third request for the third resource, the authorization service may authorize the human user 155 to the third resource, wherein the authorization is based both on the permissions associated with/assigned to the human user as well as access permissions that are associated with or protecting the third resource. It is noted that although the above example scenario describes a user interface as the first service, the recipe editor as the second service, and the requested resources accessible via the recipe configuration server and the another server, it is understood that the described security techniques (e.g., of authentication of a first entity, session establishment by a second entity, and authorization of the first entity to access one or more requested resources at one or more servers) may be utilized with respect to any entities and any resources of the NGPCAS 100.

[0229] As indicated above, within the example authentication and authorization framework, the authentication service authenticates the human user to various requested resources based on a comparison of permissions associated with or assigned to the human user and permissions associated with or protecting the various resources. The term “resources,” as utilized herein, generally refer to files, data, information, and/or types of content that are stored in a data store administered by the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., one or more of the data stores 413) and that have been generated by an application or service which is included in, provided by, and/or otherwise associated with the NGPCAS (e.g., one or more of the applications/scrviccs 435-438). As such, permissions that are associated with and/or that protect resources are generally referred to herein as “resource access permissions” or “access permissions.” Resource access permissions generally govern the access of other parties to the resource (or portions thereof). On the other hand, permissions that are associated with and/or that have been assigned to a human user (or to any requesting entity, for that matter) are generally referred to herein as “role-based permissions” or “role permissions,” as such permissions may be based on or correspond to roles that have been assigned to the requesting entity. That is, within the authentication and authorization framework, each role may be assigned or mapped to a respective set of role-based permissions which indicate the resources within the NGPCAS 100 that the role is permitted to access. Typically, role-based permissions and resource access permissions are independently and asynchronously defined and/or assigned, e.g., via the entity administration service of the authentication and authorization framework.

[0230] Generally, via the entity administration service, each entity may be assigned or mapped (e.g., via the entity administration service) to one or more roles within the NGPCAS 100. A “role”, as utilized within the example authentication and authorization framework, generally refers to a set of actions, operations, and/or activities that the role is permitted to do or perform with respect to an application/service, a group of application services, a type of application service, and/or the NGPCAS 100 as a whole. An example of a role is “Tune” (which could be assigned to a human user or to a service that is a reinforced learning application, for example) so that an entity assigned to the Tune role may be permitted to perform the action of tuning. Another example of a role is “Controller” (which could be assigned to a physical controller, a virtual controller, or an MEEE, for example) so that an entity assigned to the Controller role may be permitted to perform process control functions. The set of actions, operations, and/or activities that a role is permitted to do or perform may be identified within the authentication and authorization framework, for example, by the respective APIs and/or unique identifiers of the actions, operations, and/or activities, as the actions, operations, and/or activities themselves may be implemented as services, MEEEs, granules, etc. within the NGPCAS 100. Similarly, each entity that is assigned or mapped to a role may be identified within the authentication and authorization framework by its respective identity, e.g., as stored in the identity provider 548 or equivalent.

[0231] Further, for a particular entity, a particular role may be limited (e.g., via the entity administration sendee) to a particular scope. A “scope,” as utilized within the example authentication and authentication framework, refers to a restriction or limitation which may be applied to the role, for example, on a per-entity or per-assignee basis. Examples of scopes of roles may include, for example, pieces of equipment, units, physical locations or sites, times of day, particular applications or services, enterprises, system performance criteria (e.g., loading, bandwidth, etc.), and/or other types of limitations and restrictions which may vary across entities that/who are assigned to a role and/or which may vary for different static and/or dynamic conditions of the NGPCAS 100. As such, scopes of a particular role may be dynamic and/or static, as desired. In some situations, a combination of scopes may limit a particular role in an “AND” manner or in an “OR” manner, as desired. Thus, continuing the Tune role example above, a particular human user who is assigned to the Tune role may be assigned or mapped to respective scopes for Tuning which limit his or her ability to Tune within the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., for only certain routines, analytics, and/or pieces of equipment, only at certain times of day, only within certain threshold boundaries, etc.), and a particular reinforced learning application assigned to the Tune role may be assigned or mapped to respective scopes that limit its Tuning activities (e.g., to only in the background, as requested on demand by a human user or identified performance assessment service, when executing at certain physical locations or on certain clusters, etc.). Scopes of roles may be implemented and/or defined in any desired and/or suitable manner, e.g., by data fields or metadata, by namespaces, etc.

[0232] To illustrate the concepts of entities, roles, scopes, and permissions thereof within the authentication and authorization framework, FIG. 5 A depicts a block diagram of an example security technique 500 which may be utilized in the NGPCAS of FIGS. 1 and 2 and which may be administered via the entity administration service of the authentication and authorization framework. The security technique 500 is depicted in FIG. 5A using an object model, however, it is understood that this depiction is merely for purposes of illustration and is not meant to be limiting. As shown in FIG. 5A, an enterprise 502 may define, specify, identify, and/or allow one or more entities 505, each of which may be assigned or mapped 508 to one or more roles 510. Each role 510 may be assigned or mapped to a set of role-based permissions 512, where the set of role-based permissions 512 generally specifies the set of resources 515 (e.g., of the NGPCAS 100 and associated with the enterprise 502) which the role 510 is permitted to operate on. For example, continuing with the Tune role example above, the permissions 512 of the Tune role may indicate various resources (e.g., control routines, analytics routines, etc.) which are permitted to be subject to tuning by entities which have been assigned to the Tune role. In an example implementation, the set of role-permissions 512 may be specified by referring to the respective APIs associated with services (e.g., client services) protecting the set of resources 515 which the role 510 is permitted to operate on. For instance, the set of role-based permissions for the Tune role may indicate the APIs of the respective client services via which control routines, analytics routines, etc. are accessed. Such services via which resources are accessed may be implemented, for example, as containerized components, MEEEs, or granules 140; services, subsystems, or storage entities included in the software defined application layer 412; services included in the software defined networking layer or operating system 410; or services included in the HCI adaptor layer 430, each of which may be accessed (e.g., may be only accessed) via its respective API within the NGPCAS 100. Of course, in other implementations, the set of rolebased permissions 512 of a role 510 may be defined by other suitable techniques in addition or as an alternative to referring to APIs of services of resources which the role 510 is allowed or permitted to operate on, such as by specifying the unique identities of the resources within the role-based permissions or other techniques.

[0233] Further, as shown in FIG. 5A, the assignment 508 of an entity 505 to a role 510 may optionally include or be based on one or more role-based scopes 518, where the role-based scopes 518 may correspond to one or more static and/or dynamic conditions of or corresponding to the NGPCAS 100 which limit or restrict the access of the entity 505 in its assigned role 510 to the resources 515. For instance, the role-based scope 518 of the assignment 508 of a human user 505 to the Tune role 510 may limit the human user 505 to tuning control routines only when the control routines are off-line, for only control routines executing in certain physical locations, only at certain times of the day, etc.

[0234] While the access of entities to resources may be governed by role-based permissions and optionally by entity-based scopes, resources themselves may be protected (e.g., independently protected) by respective sets of access permissions. Access permissions may indicate a set of roles which are allowed or permitted to access a resource, and optionally may indicate a specific set of actions, operations, and/or activities (e.g., read, write, copy, open, save, subscribe to, audit, etc.) which may be respectively performed by each role on the resource. Additionally, for some resources, the access of various roles and/or corresponding actions, operations, and/or activities which may be performed by the roles on the resource may limited or scoped based on one or more static and/or dynamic conditions (and/or combinations thereof). In an example, the access permissions of batch recipe configurations may indicate a set of roles which are permitted to access the batch recipe configurations, and the access of different roles of the permitted set of roles may be respectively scoped or limited based on, for example, types of batch recipes, phases of batch recipes, a physical location of the data store at which the batch recipes are stored, and the like. Scopes that limit roles’ access to resources may be implemented and/or defined in any desired and/or suitable manner, e.g., by data fields or metadata, by namespaces, etc. Thus, as shown in FIG. 5A, access to resources 515 of the enterprise 502 (e.g., via the resources’ respective services and/or the respective APIs of the services) may be governed by the resources’ respective services based on roles 510 and by scopes 518.

[0235] In an embodiment, resources of the system 100 and/or access to resources may be secured in a leveled manner, such as illustrated in the example security technique 530 illustrated in FIG. 5B. Similar to FIG. 5 A, the security technique 530 shown in FIG. 5B is depicted using an object model, however, it is understood that this depiction is merely for purposes of illustration and is not meant to be limiting. As shown in FIG. 5B, resources 532, as previously discussed, may include hardware and/or software resources such as physical, virtual, and/or logical components, clusters, nodes, services, applications, MEEEs, etc. For example, the resources 532 may include one more of the resources 515 shown in FIG. 5A. At an individual or unitary resource level, each individual resource 532 may be protected (e.g., based on its unique identity, using keys and certificates, etc.) in manners such as described above. At a higher level, resources may be grouped 535 (e.g., in manners such as described above), and each resource group 535 may be secured and protected as a group (e.g., by group identities, keys, certificates, etc.). Groups of resources may be defined and/or created based on any category or grouping criteria, such as by location (e.g., on premises with field devices, at a remote location, in the compute fabric, etc.), by functionality, by characteristics, by time of day, etc. At a still higher level, subscriptions 538 to various individual resources and/or to various resource groups may be utilized as a technique for implementing resource access permissions, so that only roles (e.g., the roles 510) that have subscribed to a particular resource or resource group may access the particular resource or resource group. That is, access to particular resources 532 or resource groups 535 may be limited to only those roles that have subscriptions 538 thereto, thereby providing further security to the NGPCAS 100. It is noted that an individual resource 532 may be included in one or more different resource groups 535 and/or be accessed via one or more different subscriptions 538. Additionally, it is noted that the resource security technique 530 may be applied on-premises at locations at which field devices are disposed, off-premises at other physical locations, and/or in the compute fabric, as desired. Of course, other resource security techniques may be additionally or alternatively utilized in the NGPCAS 100.

[0236] FIG. 5C is a block diagram of an example authentication framework or architecture 545 which may be utilized in or by the NGPCAS of FIGS. 1 and 2 and/or the compute fabric of FIG. 4. The authentication architecture 545 may support at least portions of the security techniques of FIGS. 5A and 5B, in an embodiment. Further, the authentication architecture 545 may be implemented in conjunction with embodiments of the authentication framework or architecture 570 of FIG. 5D, if desired.

[0237] As shown in FIG. 5C, the authentication architecture 545 includes an identity provider 548, an authentication service 550. and an entity administration service 552. Turning first to the identity provider 548, the identity provider 548 may store and provide identities of entities (which may be unique identities) and respective credentials of the identities within and/or associated with the NGPCAS 100. As previously discussed, entities may include users (such a human users and automated users 155), services or applications (such as containerized components, MEEEs, or granules 140, services, subsystems, or storage entities included in the software defined application layer 412, services included in the software defined networking layer or operating system 410, services included in the HCI adaptor layer 430, etc.), physical components (such as physical components 135, 138), physical devices (such as physical device 105, 108), and other types of logical or physical entities included in or associated with the NGCPAS 100. In embodiments, the identity provider 548 may be a multi-tenant identity provider. At least one of the tenants may be a system provider tenant 548a, e.g.. a tenant that is provided and controlled by a system provider of the NGPCAS 100. The system provider may, for example, provide identities and credentials of non-human entities within or associated with the NGPCAS 100 (e.g., of applications, services, MEEEs, components, etc.) as well as provide identities and credentials of and accounts for one or more human user entities associated with the system provider, such as agents of the system provider. The system provider may allow an enterprise to create accounts for human users associated with the enterprise within the system provider tenant 548a directly, and/or the system provider may allow the enterprise to create accounts for human users associated with the enterprise within an enterprise-specific tenant 548b of the identity provider 548. In some implementations, the system provider may allow the enterprise to create accounts for human users associated with the enterprise via a third-party identity provider tenant 548c of the identity provider 548. Configuration and administration of the contents of the identity provider 548 (e.g., of identities, credentials, accounts, etc.) may be performed via the entity administration service 552 of the authentication architecture 545. for example. Users may access the entity administration service 552 via a respective API and/or a front-end entity administration interface (not shown), for example. [0238] Turning now to the authentication service 550, as previously discussed, applications, services, and/or other entities 558 may invoke the authentication service 550 to handle authentication and authentication-related security credentials for the applications 558. For example, the authentication service 550 may authenticate identities based on the identities’ respective security credentials stored in the identity provider 548. To further increase security, the authentication service 550 may administer security tokens within the NGPCAS 100, e.g., by providing back-channel and refresh authentication flows. For example, with respect to back- channel authentication flow, an application 558 may invoke or call the authentication service 550 and provide, to the authentication service 558, an authorization code, a code verifier, and other such information for the purposes of generating a security token, and the authentication service 558 may then generate a security token corresponding to the application 558 and return the token to the application 558. At some time afterwards, the application 558 may invoke or call the authentication service 550 and provide a refresh token and/or other information to the authentication service 550 to refresh the back-channel authentication flow, and the authentication service 550 may refresh the back-channel authentication flow and return a new token to the application 558.

[0239] Additionally, the authentication framework 545 may include a token validation service 560 which operates to provide token validation functionality to entities of the NGPCAS 100. For example, when the application 558 is to establish a session with or otherwise communicate with a candidate application (not shown), prior to the establishing of the session or otherwise communicating with the candidate application, the application 558 may validate a token provided by the candidate application via the token validation service 560, and the session and/or the communications between the application 558 and the candidate application may be established after or when the token is determined, by the token validation service 560, to be a valid token.

[0240] In embodiments, the identity provider 548, the authentication service 550, and the entity administration service 552 of the authentication framework 545 may be implemented by respective containerized components, MEEEs, or granules 140; services and/or subsystems included in the software defined application layer 412; services included in the software defined networking layer or operating system 410; and/or services included in the HCI adaptor layer 430. Each of the identity provider 548, the authentication service 550, and the entity administration service 552 may be accessed (e.g., may be only accessed) via its respective API within the NGPCAS 100, e.g., in manners such as described above. Further, data stores included in and/or associated with the authentication framework 545 (such as data stores of various tenants of the identity provider 548, tokens, and the like) may be implemented by respective storage entities 413 at the software defined application layer 412 and/or by software defined storage 418 at the software defined networking layer /operation system 410 of the compute fabric 400, in embodiments.

[0241] FIG. 5D is a block diagram of an example authorization framework or architecture 570 which may be utilized in or by the NGPCAS of FIGS. 1 and 2 and/or the compute fabric of FIG. 4. The authorization architecture 570 may support at least portions of the security techniques of FIGS. 5A and 5B, in an embodiment. Further, the authorization architecture 570 may be implemented in conjunction with embodiments of the authentication framework or architecture 545 of FIG. 5C.

[0242] As shown in FIG. 5D, the authorization architecture 570 includes an authorization service 572, an authorization database 575, and an entity administration service 578. The entity administration service 578 provides human users (e.g., agents of the system provider, agents of the enterprise, etc.) the ability to create, define, manage, and administer roles, role-based permissions for various applications and services, entities who/that are assigned to roles, and any scopes that limit the roles and/or that limit entities who/that are assigned to roles. Users may access the entity administration service 578 via a respective API and/or other front-end entity administration interface 580, for example. The entity administration service 578 may have read and write access to the authorization database 575, into which definitions and configurations of roles, role-based permissions, and scopes may be stored. The authorization database 575 may be a multi-tenant database, if desired.

[0243] The authorization service 572 may authorize requests of entities to access resources, such as in manners previously described. For example, an application or service 582 may invoke the authorization service 572 to authorize a request for a resource, such as in manners previously described. In one example implementation, the authorization service 572 may authorize the operations of any entity (or its respective API), e.g., with respect to another entity (or its respective API) based on information stored in the authorization database 575. Generally, the authorization service 572 has read-only access to the information stored in the authorization database 575 for performing authorization functionalities.

[0244] In embodiments, the authorization service 572 and the entity administration service 578 of the authorization framework 570 may be implemented by respective containerized components, MEEEs, or granules 140; services and/or subsystems included in the software defined application layer 412; services included in the software defined networking layer or operating system 410; and/or services included in the HCI adaptor layer 430. Each of the authorization service 572 and the entity administration service 578 may be accessed (e.g., may be only accessed) via its respective API within the NGPCAS 100, e.g., in manners such as described above. In some implementations, the entity administration service 578 of the authorization framework 570 and the entity administration service 552 of the authentication framework 545 may be an integral service. Further, the authorization database 575 and/or other data stores utilized by the authorization framework 570 may be implemented by respective storage entities 413 at the software defined application layer 412 and/or by software defined storage 418 at the software defined networking layer/operation system 410 of the compute fabric 400, in embodiments.

[0245] Additional Architectural Features of NGPCAS

[0246] FIG. 6 is a chart 620 illustrating an example system hierarchy associated with an enterprise using the NGPCAS described herein and illustrating the manner in which the various different components of the NGPCAS system, as described herein, are related and may be implemented in the structural elements described herein. In particular, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the chart 620 includes three columns with the right-most column 622 including software, hardware and firmware components associated with the NGPCAS listed in a hierarchical grouped view, with the middle column 624 indicating the physical or virtual execution location of the associated elements in the column 622, and with the left-most column 626 indicating the purpose or operation of the elements in the column 622. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the column 622 includes applications 630 providing a customer or enterprise view (as indicated in the column 626) into the NGPCA, with the applications 630 being stored and executed in the compute fabric in a cloud environment (as indicted in the column 624). The applications 630 may include any customer or enterprise facing and accessible applications including, for example, one or more ATMP applications 632, providing workflow tracking and secure logs for, for example, one or more batch processes or production facilities; one or more Enterprise Guardian applications 633 which provide customer portals into exiting functionality in the enterprise; one or more Enterprise Fleet Management applications 634 which provide and track the real-time health and inventory status of enterprise equipment and which may make recommendations for changes, updates, etc., and one or more Utilities applications 635 (such as an IEE application). Still further, the applications 630 may include one or more enterprise control applications 636 (which may include any of the process control elements described or mentioned herein such as containerized control modules, containerized function blocks, enterprise or device twins, etc.) Likewise, the applications 630 may including one or more operations applications 637, engineering applications 638 and data management applications 639. The operations applications 637 may include applications that enable insight into and control of process operations such as a DeltaV Live application, operator interface applications, alarm management applications, data historian applications, etc. Likewise, the engineering applications 638 may include control and graphics configuration applications for defining and configurating control routines and user interfaces for control operations. The data management applications 639 may include data exchange and data visualization applications to enable enterprise users to obtain access into and/or a view of data within the enterprise. Of course, any other desired applications, such as device maintenance applications, could be included in and supported in the NGPCAS at this level. As noted in column 626, the applications 630 are user facing and so are visible and used directly by the authorized users of the enterprise.

[0247] Additionally, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the NGPCAS includes a set of application frameworks 640 which support and enable the applications 630 and which are implemented, in this case, in a cloud environment which is used as at least pail of the compute fabric for the enterprise NGPCAS. The application frameworks 640 may include, for example, frameworks which provide, manage and implement security, such as role based security 641 for application and/or resource access, database (such as event and alarms databases, historians, authentication data stores, authorization data stores, etc.) access, configuration and support 642, service mesh frameworks 643. material support databases 644, business or other rules 645 to be applied by the applications 630, and protocol support frameworks 646 which support communication protocol use and translations. The rules 645 may define the data governance and application execution rules, for example, in implementations in which the NGPCAS 100 utilizes compute fabric hub and communication spoke configurations to support a plurality of different physical locations which may use different data and execution governance rules. Of course, the frameworks 640 described herein are only an example set of frameworks which can be used and supported in the NGPCAS, and other frameworks can be included or used as well or instead. Moreover, while the frameworks 640 are configurable and accessible by the enterprise, these frameworks 640 are not directly user facing but instead support the user facing applications 630.

[0248] Still further, the NGPCAS of the chart 620 includes one or more platforms 650, which may be implemented as software as a service (SaaS) platforms in a cloud environment of the compute fabric (as illustrated by the column 624) to implement and support the application frameworks 640 and applications 630. The platforms 650 may include, for example, Kubemetes (or other) container management and orchestration platforms, observability and platform monitoring platforms (used by one or both of the enterprise or the architecture provider/manager), identity and access management platforms, security management platforms, CI/CD pipeline platforms, feature promotion platforms, compliance and governance rule storage and implementation platforms (such as the rules 645), cost and subscription tracking platforms, etc. Of course, the platforms 650 listed or described in FIG. 6 are examples only and may be used to support the various features of the NGPCAS described herein. However, other platforms may be used or provided as well. Moreover, the platforms 650 need not necessarily be implemented as SaaS platforms. As will be understood, the platforms 650 are managed by the architecture provider/manager with input from the enterprise.

[0249] Still further, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the NGPCAS hierarchy includes cloud support structure 660 for implementing the cloud environment as part of the compute fabric. In particular, the cloud, environment support structure 660 include, for example, a Microsoft® AZURE cloud operating system which implements an AKS or deterministic runtime environment, and ARC services, as described herein. Of course, other cloud environment support structure or services could be used or provided as well or instead, and the NGCPAS described herein and is not limited to the listed cloud support structures 660. Of course, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the cloud environment 660 provides control, data and management planes (via VPN or other communication connections) to edge devices 670, which are, as illustrated in the column 624, located on premise at various different physical locations. The edge devices 670 may include, for example, I/O or other servers 672, data, networking and storage servers 674 (such as data aggregators and/or VPN gateways), and local workload servers 676, which may be connected to local hardware 680, such as local controllers, field devices and other on-premise hardware, as illustrated by the column 624. Of course, the edge elements 672, 674 and 676 and the local hardware, such as controllers, I/O devices and field devices, are located on premise to generate, measure or provide local access to data and to perform other activities, such as control, maintenance and support activities.

[0250] As will be understood, the hierarchical structure of FIG. 6 illustrates a manner in which all of the required applications, services, containers, microservices/MEEEs/granules, platforms, software, etc. which has been described herein as being part of the NGPCAS can be implanted to provide a complete process control and application services system for an enterprise, with the components of this system being distributed within the compute fabric (in this case illustrated as a cloud environment) and at one or more physical locations or facilities. More particularly the chart 620 of FIG. 6 illustrates a manner in which the user facing applications, including control applications, maintenance applications, data storage and tracking applications, process control and configuration applications, management applications, workflow management applications, etc. can be layered onto and incorporated into the NGPCAS be operate in an execution environment.

[0251 ] Enterprise-Level and Provider Features Provided by the NGPCAS

[0252] The Next Generation Process Control or Automation System (NGPCAS) described in the present disclosure may be used to support various enterprise-level services and functionalities, as well as services and functionalities of the provider of the NGPCAS with respect to enterprises, e.g., such as previously discussed with respect to FIG. 3B and/or other services and functionalities. Enterprise-level services and functionalities, generally speaking, may execute to support implementation of one or more industrial and/or automation processes by each enterprise respectively. Each enterprise may, respectively, implement one or more industrial and/or automation processes, with each process being implemented among one, two, three, four or more physical locations or sites. At a very high level, the various enterprise- level services and functionalities may support the execution of processes themselves implemented by the enterprise (e.g., system configuration, control, operations, maintenance, data storage and management, etc.), support the execution of the underlying services serving as the functional building blocks of the compute fabric (e.g., creating and relocating containerized services), and support the management of the NGPCAS architecture and service/application framework by the system provider of the NGPCAS architecture (e.g., through compute fabric monitoring, physical layer resource allocation and monitoring, containerized service management, application distribution and upgrade management, etc.). The enterprise-level services and functionalities (also referred to herein as “applications”) can be executed at least partially (and, in some cases, entirely) in the compute fabric of the NGPCAS architecture of the present disclosure (e.g., the NGPCAS architecture as described with respect to the foregoing figures, for example with services/applications herein being implemented as software modules in the application layer of the NGPCAS compute fabric). Provider services and functionalities, generally speaking, may execute to support operation of NGPCAS s (and processes involved therein) for one, two, three, four or more enterprises.

[0253] The compute fabric, while executing any one or more services/applications on behalf of an enterprise or the provider, may be communicatively connected with the pool of physical process equipment in one or more physical locations via one or more transport networks as described in the present disclosure. The transport networks(s) may, for example, include one or more point-to-point, peer-to-peer, and/or point-to-multipoint connections (such as VPNs) to securely connect any containerized software component to another containerized component and/or a specific physical component to exchange information as needed by the service(s)/application(s) (e.g., real-time and/or historical process data, physical site or process configuration information, site personnel information, etc.). A human user may interact with the service(s)/application(s) via one or more client computing devices (e.g., laptop, tablet, mobile computing devices, etc.), using a secure communicative connection with the portion of the compute fabric implementing the service(s)/applications. The communicative connection may, for example, utilize a VPN, and the execution of the service(s)/application(s) at the client device may include executing a particular containerized component of the compute fabric that has been configured and authorized to run the service/application at the client device. Thus, without further repetition of the description of the NGPCAS as provided in the foregoing sections of this disclosure, it should be appreciated that execution of the services/applications described in this section may utilize any suitable ones of the structures, features, and functionalities of the NGPCAS previously described in this disclosure (e.g., containerized services, digital twins, VPNs and/or other communications/security features, user identity /access security features, authentication features, authorization features, process hardware security features, etc.).

[0254] Real-time Control, Operations, Monitoring, and Administration Features

[0255] Services/applications supported by the NGPCAS may, at a high level, include various service/applications that support real-time control, operations, and/or monitoring of one or more physical sites operated by the enterprise (each physical site having physical devices of the enterprise), one or more NGPCASs of the enterprise, or of an entire enterprise (e.g., including multiple physical sites and/or multiple NGPCASs). While some of these services/applications support automatic control/operations/monitoring of the physical site(s) (e.g., without intervention by a human user), various services/functionalities described herein may further include exposing selected information to one or more human users (e.g., via dashboards) and/or receiving commands from the one or more human users to further support the control/operations/monitoring of the physical site(s). The term “enterprise user” will be used herein to refer to a human user in an enterprise that has purchased NGPCAS resources/capabilities from a system provider of the NGPCAS. “Provider” or “manager,” as used herein, may refer to a human user which may have exclusive access to certain services or applications associated with management/administration of the NGPCASs of a plurality of enterprises. It should be appreciated that access of these services/functionalities by the enterprise user or provider may be subject to various authentication/authorization controls for the enterprise user or provider and for the client computing device(s) that the enterprise user or provider utilizes to access the services/functionalities. Generally speaking, whereas an enterprise user may generally have access to services/functionalities associated with the enterprise of which the user is a part, a provider/manager user may have access to services or applications associated with many NGPCASs or enterprises. Enterprise users and provider/manager users may have different permissions to access, view, and/or manipulate data at different times, with each of the enterprise user and provider/manager user permissions being respectively defined based upon policies that may be defined by the enterprise, by the system provider, or by some combination thereof. [0256] The client device(s) may access these services/functionalities via the compute fabric from any location, e.g., from within a physical site to which the services/functionalities pertain, from within another physical site operated by the enterprise, from still another physical location agnostic to any particular physical site (e.g., a home office or a remote service center servicing one, two, three or more sites simultaneously), or otherwise from various remote locations (e.g., a mobile device).

[0257] Compute-fabric -based control, operations, and maintenance services/functionalities envisioned herein include, but are not necessarily limited to:

[0258] - an enterprise-level viewing functionality to allow the enterprise user to navigate and view (and in some instances, modify) a real-time representation of site regions, sites, and/or subsites operated by the enterprise;

[0259] - a site-level viewing functionality to allow the user to navigate and view a real-time representation of process entities operating in any particular site or sites (e.g., a hierarchical view of physical process equipment, control loops, I/O networks, etc.), the real-time representation of the process entities in some embodiments including real-time operational information associated with the process entities (e.g., setpoints, parameters, observed process variables, events, alarms, control inputs/outputs, diagnostics, production output volumes, quality metrics, etc.) and/or enabling modification of operation of the process entities (e.g., responding to events or alarms, activating or shutting down the process or particular equipment involved therein, modifying control behaviors, etc.);

[0260] - a simulation and/or testing functionality to simulate operation of any particular site

(e.g., of a process executing at the site) and to provide a view of the simulated operation and/or results thereof (e.g., simulated setpoints, process variables, events, alarms, control inputs/outputs, process inputs/outputs, etc.);

[0261] - a personnel viewing and/or management functionality to view, create and/or modify information associated with personnel associated with one, two, three, four or more sites (e.g., to view, add, and/or remove authorizations and/or task assignments for process engineers, operators, maintenance personnel, etc.); [0262] - a personnel shift assistant functionality to provide, to a client device of a personnel

(e.g., a process engineer, operator, maintenance personnel, etc.), real-time information, task assignments and/or instructions associated with operation of process entities in at least a portion of a site or sites for which the personnel is responsible (e.g., a site at which the personnel is located, or a site remotely located from the personnel);

[0263] - a process configuration template functionality to allow users to create, define, store, modify, and/or push through the enterprise a library of template objects representative of process entities (e.g., field devices, controllers, I/O devices, data storage devices, etc.), the template objects being usable thereafter to define instances of process entities installed and/or operating in one, two, three, four or more physical sites operated by an enterprise (e.g., to import, copy, and/or re-use various templates enterprise- wide in various process display interfaces, operator interfaces, etc.);

[0264] - an enterprise-level standard management functionality to allow a user to define fonts, naming standards, configuration practices, graphics, and/or other standards for use across a part or whole of the enterprise NGPCAS, and push the standards across the part or whole of the enterprise NGPCAS to modify enterprise functionalities to utilize the defined standards;

[0265] - a process entity configuration functionality to define any particular process entity installed or operating in any particular physical site (e.g., by importing the entity from the template object library or from another site and defining various parameters for the entity such as a device name, device tag, setpoint, data input/output, process material input/output, event behavior, alarm condition, etc.);

[0266] - a site-level configuration functionality to define the relative arrangements of two or more process entities installed or operating in any particular physical site(s) (e.g., to constitute a control loop, a flow or exchange of process materials between two or more pieces of process equipment, etc.);

[0267] - a control algorithm configuration functionality to define parameters of a control loop or other control function (e.g., to define one or more inputs of a control algorithm, one or more outputs of the control algorithm, one or more mathematical functions included in the control algorithm, etc.); [0268] - a process display creation functionality to create and/or modify process displays to be used by process technicians (e.g., operators, engineers, maintenance personnel) to view real-time information associated with operation of one or more process entities in a single physical site, or with operation of one or more process entities simultaneously in two, three, four or more physical sites operated by the enterprise (e.g., to view operating parameters, diagnostics, alarms, events, etc.);

[0269] - an enterprise- level diagnostics functionality to provide a real-time view of high-level diagnostics of two or more physical sites operated by the enterprise (e.g., indicating whether processes at each site are online, whether site networks are in normal operational states, etc.);

[0270] - a site-level diagnostics functionality to provide a real-time view of diagnostics information (e.g., operating parameters, events, alerts, data logs, etc.) associated with process entities in the site, and/or to enable the user to take actions to respond to the provided diagnostics information;

[0271] - a site comparison functionality to enable a user to compare configurations and performance parameters of two or more sites of the enterprise (e.g., to compare operation of similar process equipment in multiple sites to determine whether differences in site configurations may be associated with different observed performance parameters of the multiple sites);

[0272] - a data governance functionality to allow a user to define data management policies at respective physical sites or across a part or whole of the enterprise NGPCAS including multiple sites (e.g., defining data storage, retention, distribution, access requirements for personnel, etc.);

[0273] - an entity administration functionality to allow an automated or human user to create, define, modify, administer, and manage authentication and authorization accounts, identities, security credentials, roles, role assignments (e.g., assignments or mappings of identities to roles, or specifications thereof), scopes (e.g., assignments or mappings of scopes that limit or restrict access to identities and/or to roles, or specifications thereof), and/or assignments or mappings of scopes of access allowed by resources, or specifications thereof), role-based permissions (e.g., assignments or mapping of roles to respective role-based permissions, or specifications thereof), resource access permissions (e.g., mappings of resources to roles permitted to access the resources, or specifications thereof); and/or [0274] - any other functionality or functionalities of the control services 435, the subsystems

438, and the other services 440 of the application layer 412 of the compute fabric 400 as described with respect to FIG. 4, and/or any other enterprise-level or provider-oriented control, operations, and/or monitoring functionality/functionalities described in this disclosure, which may be performed in real-time during run-time and/or in an off-line or asynchronous manner with respect to run-time operations.

[0275] Other Considerations

[0276] When implemented in software, any of the applications, modules, etc. described herein may be stored, e.g., as a set of computer-executable instructions, in any one or more tangible, non-transitory computer readable memories such as on a magnetic disk, a laser disk, solid state memory device, molecular- memory storage device, or other storage medium, in a RAM or ROM of a computer or processor, etc. Additionally, the sets of computer-executable instructions may be executable by one or more processors of the system. Further, although the example systems disclosed herein are disclosed as including, among other components, software and/or firmware executed on hardware, it should be noted that such systems are merely illustrative and should not be considered as limiting. For example, it is contemplated that any or all of these hardware, software, and firmware components could be embodied exclusively in hardware, exclusively in software, or in any combination of hardware and software. Accordingly, while the example systems described herein are described as being implemented in software executed on a processor of one or more computer devices, persons of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the examples provided are not the only way to implement such systems.

[0277] Thus, while the present application has been described with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and not to be limiting, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that changes, additions or deletions may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the application.

[0278] The particular features, structures, and/or characteristics of any specific embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner and/or in any suitable combination with one and/or more other embodiments, including the use of selected features with or without corresponding use of other features. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular application, situation and/or material to the essential scope or spirit of the present application. It is to be understood that other variations and/or modifications of the embodiments of the present application described and/or illustrated herein are possible in light of the teachings herein and should be considered part of the spirit or scope of the present application. Certain aspects of the application are described herein as example aspects below.

[0279] 1. A system for authorizing entities to resources in a process control or automation system includes an authorization database storing indications of a respective set of role permissions for each role of a plurality of roles of the process control or automation system; and an authorization service of the process control or automation system. The authorization service comprises a set of computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable media that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the system to, based on a request of an entity to access a resource of the process control or automation system, determine a role of the requesting entity and access the authorization database to determine a set of role permissions for the role of the requesting entity. Access of the requesting entity to the resource is granted when the set of role permissions and a set of resource access permissions for the resource are in accordance, and access of the requesting entity to the resource is denied when the set of role permissions and the set of resource access permissions are not in accordance.

[0280] 2. The system of the preceding aspect, wherein the requesting entity is one of: a human user, a physical or virtual device associated with the process control or automation system, a service provided by the process control or automation system, a service provided by a third-party, an application provided by the process control or automation system, an application provided by the third-party, a physical component of the process control or automation system, a virtual or logical component of the process control or automation system, or a micro- encapsulated execution environment (MEEE).

[0281] 3. The system of the preceding aspect, wherein at least one of: the physical or virtual device is a field device, a process control device, or a safety instrumentation device; or at least one of: the service provided by the process control or automation system, the service provided by the third-party, the application provided by the process control or automation system, the application provided by the third-party, or the virtual or logical component of the process control or automation system is implemented using a respective MEEE. [0282] 4. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the authorization service compares the set of role permissions corresponding to the requesting entity and the set of resource access permissions corresponding to the resource, and grants or denies the access of the requesting entity to the resource based on the comparison.

[0283] 5. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the resource or a client service via which the resource is accessed compares the set of role permissions corresponding to the requesting entity and the set of resource access permissions corresponding to the resource, and grants or denies the access of the requesting entity to the resource based on the comparison.

[0284] 6. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the set of resource access permissions for the resource indicate at least one of: a subset, of the plurality of roles, that are the only roles permitted to access the resource, or a scope of access to the resource.

[0285] 7. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein at least some roles of the plurality of roles are respectively limited to accessing the resource based on a respective one or more scopes of access, the respective one or more scopes of access including at least one of: a piece of equipment, a unit, a physical location, a time of day, a time interval, or another restriction.

[0286] 8. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein: the authorization service has read-only permissions for the authorization database; an entity administration service has read and write permissions for the authorization database; and the entity administration service is invoked by agents of the process control or automation system to define at least one of: a mapping of the resource to the only roles permitted to access the resource, and respective scopes of access, to the resource, of at least some roles of the plurality of roles.

[0287] 9. The system of the preceding aspect, wherein at least one of: the entity administration service is invoked via a respective application programming interface (API); or the entity administration service is implemented via a respective micro-encapsulated execution environment (MEEE).

[0288] 10. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein:

[0289] the authorization database further stores indications of a respective set of roles for each entity of a plurality of entities of the process control or automation system; [0290] the requesting entity is included in the plurality of entities;

[0291] the plurality of entities includes two or more of: a human user, a physical or virtual device associated with the process control or automation system, a service provided by the process control or automation system, a service provided by a third-party, an application provided by the process control or automation system, an application provided by the third-party, a physical component of the process control or automation system, a virtual or logical component of the process control or automation system, or a micro-encapsulated execution environment (MEEE); and

[0292] the access of the authorization database is further to determine the respective set of roles of the requesting entity, the respective set of roles of the requesting entity including the role of the requesting entity.

[0293] 11. The system of the preceding aspect, wherein: the authorization service has readonly permissions for the authorization database; an entity administration service has read and write permissions for the authorization database; and the entity administration service is invoked by agents of the process control or automation system via a respective application programming interface (API) to at least one of: define at least one role included in the plurality of roles; define a mapping of the each role to the respective set of role permissions; define a mapping of the each entity to a respective set of roles of the plurality of roles; or define respective scopes of access of one or more roles to one or more resources.

[0294] 12. The system of the preceding aspect, wherein the entity administration service is invoked via a respective application programming interface (API) and is implemented via a respective micro-encapsulated execution environment (MEEE).

[0295] 13. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, further comprising a session established, by a client service, between the requesting entity and a second service corresponding to the resource and via which the resource is accessed; and wherein the request of the requesting entity to access the resource is received by the client service, and the authorization service is invoked within the session subsequent to the receipt of the request of the requesting entity.

[0296] 14. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein at least one of: at least one of the client service, the authorization service, or the second service corresponding to the resource is accessed or invoked via a respective application programming interface (API); or at least one of the client service, the authorization service, or the second service corresponding to the resource is implemented via a respective micro-encapsulated execution environment (MEEE).

[0297] 15. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein: the client service is accessed by the requesting entity via the respective API of the client service; the second service corresponding to the resource is accessed by the requesting entity within the session via the respective API of the second service; the authorization service is invoked within the session via the respective API of the authorization service; and the authorization service, the client service, and the second service are implemented via respective micro-encapsulated execution environments (MEEEs).

[0298] 16. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein within the session: the authorization service provides an indication of the set of role permissions for the role of the requesting entity; and the access of the requesting entity to the resource is granted or denied based on a comparison of the set of role permissions corresponding to the requesting entity and the set of resource access permissions corresponding to the resource.

[0299] 17. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, further comprising an authentication service that authenticates identities of entities to the process control or automation system; and wherein upon the requesting entity initially accessing the client service via a respective application programming interface (API): the client service invokes the authentication service to authenticate an identity of the requesting entity; and subsequent to a successful authentication of the requestor by the authentication service, the client service establishes the session between the requesting entity and the second service.

[0300] 18. The system of the preceding aspect, wherein:

[0301] the requesting entity is one of: a human user, a physical or virtual device associated with the process control or automation system, a service provided by the process control or automation system, a service provided by a third-party, an application provided by the process control or automation system, an application provided by the third-party, a physical component of the process control or automation system, a virtual or logical component of the process control or automation system, or a micro-encapsulated execution environment (MEEE); and [0302] at least one of: the authentication service is invoked via a respective application programming interface (API), or the authentication service is implemented via a respective MEEE.

[0303] 19. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein: upon the successful authentication of the identity of the requesting entity, the authentication service generates a token corresponding to the requesting entity and the client service; and the access of the requesting entity to the resource is granted or denied further based on a validity of the token within the session.

[0304] 20. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, further comprising a token validation service to determine the validity of the token, and at least one of: the token validation service is invoked via a respective application programming interface (API); or the token validation service is implemented via a respective micro-encapsulated execution environment (MEEE).

[0305] 21. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, further comprising a multi-tenant identity provider, and wherein: the authentication service authenticates identities of devices, services, applications, and at least a first portion of a plurality of users of the process control or automation system based on a first tenant of the multi-tenant identity provider; and the authentication service authenticates identifies of a least a second portion of the plurality of users of the process control or automation system based on a second tenant of the multi-tenant identity provider.

[0306] 22. Any one of the preceding aspects in combination with any other one of the preceding aspects.