ARMSTRONG PAUL B (US)
KRUGER AUSTIN G (US)
CN115850677A | 2023-03-28 | |||
US20210163731A1 | 2021-06-03 | |||
US11414544B2 | 2022-08-16 |
DILAURO A. ET AL.: "Reproducible and Scalable Synthesis of End-Cap-Functionalized Depolymerizable Poly(phthalaldehydes", MACROMOLECULES, vol. 46, 2013, pages 2963 - 2968
What is claimed is: 1. A poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer comprising the reaction product of: an intermediate comprising the reaction product of phthaladialdehyde and a polyol; and an end-capping compound comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group. 2. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups. 3. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claim 1-2 wherein the polymer averages at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups. 4. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claims 1-3 wherein the polymer averages at least three ethylenically unsaturated groups. 5. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claim 1 wherein the ethylenically unsaturated group is a (meth)acrylate group. 6. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claims 1-5 wherein the end-capping compound comprises methacryloyl chloride, a methacryloyl isocyanate, an acid anhydride, or a combination thereof. 7. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claims 1-6 wherein reaction product further comprises a second end-capping compound lacking an ethylenically unsaturated. 8. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claims 1-7 wherein the reaction product further comprises a second aldehyde that is different than phthaladialdehyde. 9. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claims 1-4 wherein the polymer comprises at least 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 or more wt.% of polymerized phthaladialdehyde units. 10. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claims 1-9 wherein polymer has a number average molecular weight ranging from 2000 g/mole to 25,000 g/mole. 11. A poly(phthaladialdehyde)polymer having the formula: R3[PPA-L1-R1]n wherein R3 is a residue of a polyol; PPA is poly(phthaladialdehyde); L1 is independently a covalent bond or a linking group: n is at least 2; and R1 is independently an end group such at least two R1 groups are ethylenically unsaturated groups. 12. A poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer having the formula: R3-[PPA/A2-L1-R1]n wherein R3 is a residue of a polyol; PPA/A2 is a copolymer of phthaladialdehyde and a second different aldehyde (i.e. A2); L1 is independently a covalent bond or a linking group: n is at least 1; and R1 is independently an end group such one or more R1 groups are ethylenically unsaturated groups. 13. The poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claims 11-12 further characterized by claims 2-10. 14. A composition comprises the poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claims 1-13 wherein the ethylenically unsaturated groups are cured. 15. A polymerizable composition comprising the poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer of claims 1-13 and at least one other ethylenically unsaturated component. 16. A composition comprises the polymerizable composition of claim 15 wherein the ethylenically unsaturated groups are cured. 17. The composition of claims 14 or 16 wherein the composition has one or more of the following properties as determined by thermal gravimetric analysis: an onset temperature of degradation in a range from 140°C to 200°C; a mass loss of at least 50% at 200°C; or a mass loss of at least 90% at a temperature in the range of 200°C to 250°C. 18. A method of making poly(phthaladialdehyde) polymer comprising: anionic polymerizing phthaldialdehyde with a polyol to provide an intermediate having the formula reacting the oxygen anion with an end-capping compound comprising an electrophilic group and an ethylenically unsaturated group. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the method further comprises a second aldehyde and the intermediate comprises a copolymer of phthaldialdehyde and the second aldehyde. 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the method is further characterized by claims 1-12. |
wherein TBS is tert-butyldimethylsiloxy and TBDPSO is tert-butyldiphenylsiloxy. If the end-capping reagent generates acid biproduct, which occurs when acid chlorides are used, the reaction mixture must be neutralized to prevent premature degradation of the product polymer. After reaction with the end-capping compound, the reaction mixture can be combined with saturated NaHCO 3 (excess) and the biphasic mixture transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic phase can be washed with saturated NaHCO 3 and DI water before being dried under reduced pressure. Thus, in some embodiments, high yields are obtained without purification. Alternatively, the poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer can precipitated by adding the reaction mixture to a solution of cold methanol. If desired the precipitated polymer can be washed with a solid phase washing vessel by adding solvent and bubbling N2 through the solution at a vigorous rate. The washing steps may (e.g. sequentially include MeOH, MeOH, and hexanes. The resulting polymer can be dried under reduced pressure (4.5 mmHg) overnight. The poly(phthalaldehydes) polymer typically comprises at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 wt.% or greater of polymerized phthalaldehyde units. In some embodiments, the wt.% of polymerized polyol units is no greater than 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 wt.% of the poly(phthalaldehydes) polymer. In some embodiments, the wt.% of polymerized polyol units is no greater than 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 wt.% of the poly(phthalaldehydes) polymer. The molecular weight (Mn) of the poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer can generally range from about 2,000 g/mole to 100,000 g/mole. The polydispersity typically ranges from about 1.1 to 2 or 3. For poly(phthalaldehyde) polymers that are utilized as crosslinkers, lower molecular weights are typically preferred. Thus, in some embodiments, the poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer has a molecular weight less than 25,000; 20,000; 15,000; 10,000 or 5,000 g/mole. In some embodiments, the molecular weight is at least 2,000; 4,000, or 5,000 g/mole. The molecular weight (Mn) can be determined by 1 H-NMR, osmometry or Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), as described in the forthcoming examples. A polymerizable composition can be formed by combining the ethylenically unsaturated poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer with at least one other ethylenically unsaturated components, such as other (meth)acrylate monomers. The (meth)acrylate monomer may be a mono(meth)acrylate or multi(meth)acrylate having two or more (meth)acrylate groups. In some embodiments, the (meth)acrylate monomer comprises a cyclic group, such as a cycloaliphatic group. Monomers with cyclic group are typically high glass transition temperature (Tg) monomers. In some embodiments, a homopolymer of the other ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) has a Tg of at least 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 or 175°C. In some embodiments, the Tg of the other ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) is no greater than about 200°C. One representative (meth)acrylate monomer is tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, reported to have a Tg of 186°C, as measured according to Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. The ethylenically unsaturated poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer can be combined with other ethylenically unsaturated components at a weight ratio of 1:10 to 10:1. In some embodiments, the ethylenically unsaturated poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer is present in an amount equal to or greater than the amount of other ethylenically unsaturated components. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of ethylenically unsaturated poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer to other ethylenically unsaturated components is at least 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, or 3:1. Typically a free-radical initiator (e.g. photoinitiator) is added to the polymerizable composition. The ethylenically unsaturated poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer alone or polymerizable composition comprising the ethylenically unsaturated poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer in combination with other ethylenically unsaturated components can be cured by exposure to actinic (e.g. ultraviolet) radiation. Suitable ethylenically unsaturated components include monofunctional (meth)acrylates such as 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate or tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate and difunctional acrylates include 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, or tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate, butanoic acid, triacrylates such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate or ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tetraacrylates such as ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, or higher functional acrylates such as dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate. The cured poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer can have an onset degradation temperature of about 140°C as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as further described in the forthcoming examples. When a sufficient amount of poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer is combined with other ethylenically unsaturated components, the cured polymerizable composition comprising such can also have an onset degradation temperature in the same range as the cured poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer. Comonomers can raise onset temperature to a temperature up to 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 or 200°C. The cured poly(phthalaldehyde) polymer or cured polymerizable composition comprising such can have a mass loss of at least 50% at a temperature ranging from 150°C to 200°C, as determined by TGA. In some embodiments, the mass loss is 90% or greater at a temperature less than 250°C. In some embodiments, the mass loss of the cured polymerizable composition at a temperature less than 250°C. is limited by the presence of the other ethylenically unsaturated component. For example, if the polymerizable composition comprises 25 wt.% of a cured ethylenically unsaturated monomer that does not depolymerize at a temperature less than 250°C, the mass loss at 250°C of the cured polymerizable composition is about 75%. The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. EXAMPLES Unless otherwise noted or apparent from the context, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc. in the Examples and the rest of the specification are by weight. Table 1, below, lists materials used in the examples and their sources. Table 1. Table of materials, abbreviations, and sources.
EXAMPLES Reagent Drying Diethylene glycol was stirred over CaH 2 for 12 hours prior to degassing with three freeze-pump- thaw cycles and vacuum distillation. o-PA was purified by recrystallization from dry, degassed DCM/hexanes by layering a DCM solution (~50 g in 50 mL) with hexanes (~200 mL). Both methacryloyl chloride and IEM were vacuum distilled immediately prior to use. All other chemicals were used as received. Test Methods Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) The GPC equipment consisted of a 1260 Infinity LC (comprised of quaternary pump, autosampler, column compartment and diode array detector) from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, California, United States of America) operated at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The GPC column set was comprised of a PLgel MIXED-A (300 mm length x 7.5 mm internal diameter) plus a PLgel MIXED-B (300 mm length x 7.5 mm internal diameter,) both from Agilent Technologies. The detection consisted of a DAWN HELEOS II 18 angle Light Scattering detector, a VISCOSTAR viscometer and an OPTILAB T-rEX differential refractive index detector, all 3 from Wyatt Technology Corporation (Santa Barbara, California, United States). Data were collected and analyzed using software ASTRA version 6 from Wyatt Technology Corporation. The column compartment, viscometer and differential refractive index detector were set to 40°C. The solvent and eluent (or mobile phase) consisted of tetrahydrofuran (stabilized with 250 parts per million of butylated hydroxytoluene) OMNISOLV grade modified with 5% v/v triethylamine (both from EMD Millipore Corporation, Burlington, Massachusetts). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) A portion of the polymer sample was analyzed as a solution of unknown concentration (generally approximately 12 mg/mL) in CDCl 3 . NMR spectra were acquired on a Bruker AVANCE 600 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with an inverse cryoprobe. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) The samples were analyzed using a TGA5500 (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE). The sample chamber was purged with nitrogen gas and the samples were heated at a rate of 10 °C/min to 140 °C, then at 2 °C/min to 200 °C, then at 10 °C/min to 300 °C. EXAMPLE 1 Anionic polymerization of PPA-methacrylate from a difunctional initiator (diethylene glycol), o- PA, and methacryloyl chloride. o-PA (10.0 g, 74.6 mmol), diethylene glycol (153 µL, 161 mg, 3.23 mmol -OH) and DCM (190 mL) were combined in a 500 mL Schlenk flask equipped with stirbar. P1 base (1.0 mL, 3.27 mmol) was diluted with 4 mL DCM and loaded into a syringe. The reaction flask was sealed with a rubber septum and attached to a Schlenk line before being cooled to -90°C using a N 2 /methanol bath while under positive Ar atmosphere. Once cooled, P1 base was added via syringe and the polymerization allowed to proceed at -90°C for 30 minutes. The polymerization was then terminated by adding methacryloyl chloride (3 mL, excess) and the reaction was allowed to stir at - 90°C for 1 hour before being allowed to slowly warm to room temperature over the course of 4 hours. Once at room temperature, saturated NaHCO 3 was added (100 mL, excess) and the biphasic mixture transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic phase was washed with saturated NaHCO 3 (2 x 100 mL) and DI water (1 x 100 mL) before being dried under reduced pressure. The pale- yellow solid was then redissolved in minimal THF (~25 mL) and precipitated from methanol (250 mL). An off-white solid was collected by filtration and reprecipitated from THF/methanol.8.64 g (86% isolated yield) were obtained after filtration and drying. End group analysis by NMR indicated a M n of ~5200 g/mol. The polymer was analyzed by TGA. The onset of degradation (range) was at 140 °C and the mass loss at 250°C was 94.3%. EXAMPLE 2 Anionic polymerization of PPA-methacrylate from a difunctional initiator (diethylene glycol), o- PA, and 2-isocyanato-ethoxymethacrylate (IEM). o-PA (10.0 g, 74.6 mmol), diethylene glycol (153 µL, 161 mg, 3.23 mmol -OH) and DCM (190 mL) were combined in a 500 mL Schlenk flask equipped with stirbar. P1 base (1.0 mL, 3.27 mmol) was diluted with 4 mL DCM and loaded into a syringe. The reaction flask was sealed with a rubber septum and attached to a Schlenk line before being cooled to -90°C using a N 2 /methanol bath while under positive Ar atmosphere. Once cooled, P1 base was added via syringe and the polymerization allowed to proceed at -90°C for 30 minutes. The polymerization was then terminated by adding IEM (3 mL diluted in 5 mL DCM, excess) and the reaction was allowed to stir at -90°C for 1 hour before being allowed to slowly warm to room temperature over the course of 4 hours. Once at room temperature, saturated NaHCO 3 was added (100 mL, excess) and the biphasic mixture transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic phase was washed with saturated NaHCO 3 (2 x 100 mL) and DI water (1 x 100 mL) before being dried under reduced pressure. The pale-yellow solid was then redissolved in minimal THF (~25 mL) and precipitated from methanol (250 mL). An off-white solid was collected by filtration and reprecipitated from THF/methanol. 7.84 g (77% isolated yield) were obtained after filtration and drying. End group analysis by NMR indicated a M n of ~8000 g/mol. EXAMPLE 3 Anionic polymerization of PPA-methacrylate from a difunctional initiator (diethylene glycol), o- PA, and methacrylic anhydride. o-PA (10.0 g, 74.6 mmol), diethylene glycol (95 µL, 106 mg, 2.0 mmol -OH) and DCM (190 mL) were combined in a 500 mL Schlenk flask equipped with stirbar. P1 base (0.62 mL, 2.0 mmol) was diluted with 4 mL DCM and loaded into a syringe. The reaction flask was sealed with a rubber septum and attached to a Schlenk line before being cooled to -90°C using a N 2 /methanol bath while under positive Ar atmosphere. Once cooled, P1 base was added via syringe and the polymerization allowed to proceed at -90°C for 30 minutes. The polymerization was then terminated by adding methacrylic anhydride (3 mL diluted in 5 mL DCM, excess) and the reaction was allowed to stir at -90°C for 1 hour before being allowed to slowly warm to room temperature over the course of 4 hours. Once at room temperature, saturated NaHCO 3 was added (100 mL, excess) and the biphasic mixture transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic phase was washed with saturated NaHCO 3 (2 x 100 mL) and DI water (1 x 100 mL) before being dried under reduced pressure. The pale-yellow solid was then redissolved in minimal THF (~25 mL) and precipitated from methanol (250 mL). An off-white solid was collected by filtration and reprecipitated from THF/methanol. NMR analysis of the obtained solid showed a 20% yield. End group analysis by NMR indicated a M n of ~7400 g/mol EXAMPLE 4 Anionic polymerization of PPA-methacrylate from a difunctional initiator (diethylene glycol), o- PA, ethyl glyoxylate, and 2-isocyanato-ethoxymethacrylate (IEM). In a glovebox to a dry 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 2.5 g ortho- phthaldialdehyde (18.6 mmol, 25 equivalents), 1.9 g ethyl glyoxylate (18.6 mmol, 25 equivalents), and 124 g dichloromethane before sealing with a septum, removing from the glovebox, and cooling in a dry ice acetone bath for 1 hour before initiating the reaction. A gastight syringe was charged with 79.1 mg diethylene glycol (746 micromole (μmol), 1 equivalent) in the glovebox before removing and adding to the reactant solution. A second gastight syringe was charged with 477 mg P1-base (1.53 mmol, 2.05 equivalents) before removing from the glovebox and adding rapidly to the reactant solution and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 hours at -78ºC. A third gastight syringe was charged with 1.50 g IEM (9.67 mmol, 13 equivalents) in a glovebox before removing and rapidly adding to the reactant solution. The reactant solution was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature by gradual removal from the dry ice acetone bath over the course of 2 hours before concentrating to a viscous resinous yellow oil via rotovap. The crude reactant solution was taken up in 25 mL commercially pure dichloromethane and precipitated into 200 mL methanol. The yellow milky suspension was allowed to stand overnight after which the supernatant had mostly clarified and the polymer had congealed to a viscous yellow oil at the bottom of the flask. The supernatant was decanted and the precipitation process repeated once more before decanting and drying the polymer under an air sparge for 3 days using a 40ºC water bath to give 2.97 g of poly(pthalaldehyde)-co-poly(ethyl glyoxylate)-α,ω-urethane acrylate as a viscous yellow oil in 63% yield. Analysis of the molecular weight by GPC indicated an M n of 5.1 kDa and an M w of 6.1 kDa. EXAMPLE 5 Anionic polymerization of PPA-methacrylate from a trifunctional initiator (glycerol), o-PA, and 2- isocyanato-ethoxymethacrylate (IEM). In a glovebox to a dry 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added 5 g o-PA (37.3 mmol, 75 equivalents) and 124 g dichloromethane before sealing with a septum, removing from the glovebox, and cooling in a dry ice acetone bath under positive nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour before initiating. In a glovebox a gastight syringe was charged with 45.8 mg glycerol (497 μmol, 1 equivalent) before removing from the glovebox and adding to the reactant solution. In a glovebox a second gastight syringe was charged with 474 mg P1 base (16.3 mmol, 3.05 equivalents) before removing from the glovebox and adding rapidly to the reactant solution and the reaction was allowed to proceed at -78ºC for 2 hours. In a glovebox a third gastight syringe was charged with 1.50 g IEM (9.67 mmol, 13 equivalents) which was rapidly added to the reactant solution. The reactant solution was allowed to warm to room temperature over the course of 2 hours by gradually removing from the dry ice acetone bath. The reactant solution was then concentrated via rotovap to give a pale yellow resinous foamy viscoelastic solid which was dissolved in 25 mL commercially pure dichloromethane and precipitated into 200 mL commercially pure methanol before collecting the precipitate by filtration and the precipitation process was repeated once more to give 5.13 g of off-white solid in 97% yield. Analysis of the molecular weight by GPC indicated an M n of 30.0 kDa and an M w of 48.0 kDa. EXAMPLE 5 - Coating composition containing the PPA-methacrylate of Example 1 Glass slide preparation: Glass microscope slides (2.5 cm x 7.5 cm) were cleaned by exposure to oxygen plasma for 10 minutes. A solution was prepared by mixing acrylate silane oligomer (Shin Etsu KR-513, 400 mg), absolute ethanol (18.52 g), water (1.0 g), and acetic acid (80 mg). The glass slides were immersed in this solution for 30 minutes, then rinsed with excess absolute ethanol. The slides were then placed in an oven held at 70 °C for 30 minutes. Coating preparation: PPA-methacrylate of Example 1, SR833 S, and TPO were each dissolved in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) at 10% by weight. In a vial was mixed 0.75 g of PPA-methacrylate solution, 0.25 g of SR833 S solution, and 20 mg of TPO solution. This mixture solution (1.0 mL) was drop coated on a glass slide, and the solvent was evaporated by placing the slide in an oven held at 70 °C for 10 minutes. The coating was cured with a high intensity UV lamp using a benchtop conveyor system available from Heraeus, Inc. The system was purged with nitrogen gas, and the coatings were cured using a D bulb at 100% power while running the conveyor belt at 30 feet per minute. The coatings were passed through the system three times. A sample of the cured coating was scraped off the glass slide using a razor blade and analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The onset of degradation was at 140°C, and the mass loss at 200°C was 68.8%.