ATLANTE SANDRA (IT)
DE ROSA MARIA CRISTINA (IT)
PIROLLI DAVIDE (IT)
FARSETTI ANTONELLA (IT)
MALAVOLTA MARCO (IT)
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE RICERCHE (IT)
INRCA (IT)
| US5821267A | 1998-10-13 |
| CLAIMS 1. A compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof: wherein R represents a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group or a 5-membered heteroaryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen atom, for use as a medicament. 2. The compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to claim 1, for use according to claim 1, wherein said 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group or 5-membered heteroaryl group has 1 or 2 heteroatoms, preferably independently selected from N and S. 3. The compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to claim 1 or 2, for use according to claim 1, wherein said 6- membered aryl or heteroaryl group or 5-membered heteroaryl group is substituted with 1 or 2 halogen atoms, more preferably 2 halogen atoms. 4. The compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 3, for use according to claim 1, wherein said 1 or 2 halogen atoms are independently selected from F and Cl, more preferably the 1 or 2 halogen atoms are fluorine atoms, more preferably the halogen atoms are 2 fluorine atoms. 5. The compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 4, for use according to claim 1, wherein R is chosen from the following groups of formula (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (l): , preferably R is the group of formula (a): 6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising, as active ingredient, at least one compound of formula (I) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 7. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6 for use as a medicament. 8. The compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 5, for use according to claim 1, for use as HSP90 inhibitor, more preferably HSP90α inhibitor. 9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, for use according to claim 7, for use as HSP90 inhibitor, more preferably HSP90α inhibitor. 10. The compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 5, for use according to claim 1, for use in selectively killing senescent cells. 11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6 for use according to claim 7, for use in selectively killing senescent cells. 12. The compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 5, for use according to claim 1, for use in delaying ageing in a subject. 13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6 for use according to claim 7, for use in delaying ageing in a subject. 14. The compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 5, for use according to claim 1, for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence- associated disease or disorder. 15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, for use according to claim 7, for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence-associated disease or disorder. 16. The compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 5, for use according to claim 14, or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, for use according to claim 15, wherein said senescence- associated disease or disorder is chosen from a tumour, a metabolic disease, an inflammatory disease or disorder, including an autoimmune disease or disorder, a neurological or neurodegenerative disease or disorder, a pulmonary or respiratory disease or disorder, a proliferative disorder, a renal disorder or disease, a liver disorder or disease, an eye disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, a fibrotic disease or disorder, a viral infection, a dermatological disorder or disease, a geriatric disease or disorder, and side effects associated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. 17. A compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof: wherein R represents a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group or a 5-membered heteroaryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen atom. 18. A method for preparing a compound according to formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, according to any one of claims 1-5, the method comprising the steps of synthesis scheme 3: Synthesis scheme 3 19. Cosmetic use of a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof: wherein R represents a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group or a 5-membered heteroaryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen atom, to prevent, reduce and/or treat the signs of ageing of the skin. 20. Cosmetic use according to claim 19, wherein the compound of formula (I) is the compound of formula (Ia): 21. Cosmetic composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or cosmetically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof of claim 19 or 20, and at least one cosmetically acceptable excipient. 22. Cosmetic use of the cosmetic composition of claim 21 to prevent, reduce and/or treat the signs of ageing of the skin. |
Based on the above groups for R of formulas (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (l), the compounds of formula (I) will be the following compounds of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), (If), (Ig), (Ih), (Ii), (Il), respectively:
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R is the group of formula (a): In this preferred embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is the compound of formula (Ia):
Compound Ia has chemical name (Z)‐N'‐[(2,4‐ difluorobenzenesulfonyl)oxy]‐2‐(2‐methylpropane‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide, it has MayBridge number KM09171 and zinc code ZINC4363697. This compound is identified in the description also with the abbreviation “K4”. Compound Ib has chemical name(Z)‐N'‐{[(2,4‐ difluoropyrimidin‐5‐yl)sulfonyl]oxy}‐2‐(2‐methylpr opane‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide. Compound Ic has chemical name(Z)‐N'‐{[(4,6‐ difluoropyridin‐3‐yl)sulfonyl]oxy}‐2‐(2‐methylprop ane‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide. Compound Id has chemical name(Z)‐N'‐{[(4,6‐ difluoropyridazin‐3‐yl)sulfonyl]oxy}‐2‐(2‐methylpr opane‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide. Compound Ie has chemical name(Z)‐N'‐{[(3,5‐ difluorothiophen‐2‐yl)sulfonyl]oxy}‐2‐(2‐methylpro pane‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide. Compound If has chemical name(Z)‐N'‐{[(2,6‐ difluoropyridin‐3‐yl)sulfonyl]oxy}‐2‐(2‐methylprop ane‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide. Compound Ig has chemical name(Z)‐N'‐{[(3,5‐ difluoropyridin‐2‐yl)sulfonyl]oxy}‐2‐(2‐methylprop ane‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide. Compound Ih has chemical name(Z)‐N'‐{[(2,4‐difluoro‐1,3‐ thiazol‐5‐yl)sulfonyl]oxy}‐2‐(2‐methylpropane‐2 sulfonyl)ethanimidamide. Compound Ii has chemical name(Z)‐N'‐{[(3,5‐ difluoropyrazin‐2‐yl)sulfonyl]oxy}‐2‐(2‐methylprop ane‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide. Compound Il has chemical name(Z)‐N'‐{[(2,5‐difluoro‐1,3‐ thiazol‐4‐yl)sulfonyl]oxy}‐2‐(2‐methylpropane‐2 sulfonyl)ethanimidamide. All the compounds of formula (I) may be in salt form on one of the nitrogen atoms, such as for example chloride, bromide, iodide. The compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof of the invention are Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors, more preferably HSP90α inhibitors. The compounds of the invention in fact are compounds which have in common the same pharmacological activity, that is the inhibition of HSP90α protein, in particular of human HSP90α protein [code in data bank UniProtKB- P07900, HS90A_HUMAN]. In the present description under the term “HSP90α inhibitor” a substance is meant capable of inhibiting selectively the activity of the HSP90α protein. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is thought that these compounds may be involved in degradation pathways of tumor suppressors or anti-apoptotic molecules in senescent cells. Prodrug derivatives of the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof for use as a medicament also fall within the scope of the present invention. A prodrug is here defined as a compound that, after administration, is metabolized into the pharmacologically active compound of the invention. In another aspect, the present invention refers to a pharmaceutical composition comprising, as active ingredient, at least one compound of formula (I), as above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is in a form chosen from an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, a suspension, an emulsion (e.g. a microemulsion), a solid, a gel and an aerosol. In an embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition is solid, more preferably in the form of a tablet, a capsule, a powder, or any combination thereof. The pharmaceutical composition can be a lyophilized product. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, a suspension, an emulsion, or any combination thereof, preferably a non-aqueous solution or an emulsion. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition includes a nanodelivery system, preferably chosen from liposomes, silica nanoparticles, proteolipid nanoparticles. A nanodelivery system is a delivery system of an active ingredient to its target whereby the active ingredient is associated to a nanoparticle, for example by encapsulation, coating, or chemical bonding. The preparation of such nanodelivery systems can be carried out according to methods known in the field. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is for administration via a route chosen from intraperitoneal, intravenous, intramuscular, transdermal, intradermal, infusion (for example bolus infusion), subcutaneous, oral, enteral, rectal, intranasal, by inhalation, buccal, sublingual, topically, intraocular, vaginal, intracranial injection, and any combination thereof, more preferably chosen from intraperitoneal, intravenous, intramuscular, transdermal, intradermal, infusion, and combinations thereof, even more preferably intraperitoneal. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is a vehicle chosen from oil and lipid emulsion. Preferably, the oil is pharmaceutical grade seed oil, more preferably corn oil or olive oil. Preferably, the lipid emulsion is an injectable lipid emulsion, more preferably at a concentration of 10 to 30% (v/v) of the lipid phase in the emulsion. Preferably the lipid emulsion comprises at least an oil, more preferably chosen from soy oil, corn oil and olive oil, and at least a phospholipid, more preferably an egg yolk phopholipid, even more preferably lecithin. An example of such injectable lipid emulsion is “Intralipid 20%”, produced by Sigma-Aldrich (US). The pharmaceutical composition may also comprise one or more excipients chosen from preservatives, stabilisers, dyes, buffers, antioxidants, surfactants and suspending agents. The pharmaceutical composition may also comprise one or more additional active ingredients. Preferably, said one or more additional active ingredient is chosen from an active ingredient used in the prevention and/or treatment of any of the senescence- associated diseases or disorders listed below, a geroprotective drug and combinations thereof. Preferably, said geroprotective drug is a senolitic drug, even more preferably chosen from dasatinib, quercetin, navitoclax, fisetin, and combinations thereof. It can in fact be useful to associate a compound of the present invention with one or more further compounds having geroprotective or senolitic activity. This expedient allows for example the targeting of more than one type of receptor, that is, another receptor, other than HSP90 or HSP90α, and/or allows to prevent and/or treat more than one senescent cell-related disease or disorder. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a non-aqueous solution or an emulsion, for intraperitoneal injection, and comprises the at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, more preferably the compound of formula (Ia) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, at a concentration from 5 to 25 mg/ml, more preferably from 7 to 15 mg/ml. The present invention also refers to the pharmaceutical composition comprising, as active ingredient, at least one compound of formula (I), as above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, for use as a medicament. The routes of administration described above for the composition apply to the compounds of the invention. It has been observed that the admnistration of compound (Ia) enables the crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a preferred embodiment, the compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition, is for administration to a subject in need thereof in a therapy having the duration of six days or less, more preferably from one to four days, even more preferably from one to three days, most preferably about two days. Preferably, the days of administration are consecutive. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the compound of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition is for administration to a subject in need thereof in a therapy having the duration of at least one week, more preferably from one to six weeks, even more preferably from two to four weeks, most preferably about three weeks. Preferably, in the therapy, in this latter embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is for administration to a subject in need thereof for one to five, more preferably two to four, even more preferably three to four days per week. The days of administration per week in this latter embodiment can be consecutive or intermittent. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is administered three to four times a week, every other day. That is to say, each day of administration should be followed and preceded by a day without administration. Preferably, the therapy as described above according to either preferred embodiment is repeated, more preferably after a period of one to twelve months, even more preferably two to nine months, even more preferably three to six months, most preferably three to four months, from the end of the previous therapy. In a preferred embodiment, the therapy as described above is repeated after about three months. The therapy can be further repeated for an indefinite number of times, as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the subject in need thereof is a human being, preferably a human being of an age of at least 20 years, more preferably at least 40 years, even more preferably at least 50 years, even more preferably at least 60 years. The subject in need thereof can also be a non-human animal, more preferably an animal of a class chosen from mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds, more preferably mammals. Preferably, the mammals are chosen among those of the genus Felis, Canis, Oryctolagus, Bos, Ovis, Sus, Equus and Mus. Preferably, the mammals are chosen from domestic mammals and experimental mammals. The domestic mammals are preferably chosen from the species Felis catus (cat), Canis lupus familiaris (dog), Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit), Bos taurus (cattle, such as cows and bulls), Ovis aries (sheep), Sus domesticus (swine, such as pig), Equus ferus (horse) and Equus africanus (donkey). The experimental mammals are preferably Mus musculus. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof for use as HSP90 inhibitor, more preferably HSP90α inhibitor. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use as HSP90 inhibitor, more preferably HSP90α inhibitor. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof for use in selectively killing senescent cells. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in selectively killing senescent cells. The compounds of the present invention are in fact senolytic agents. “Senescence” or “senescent cells” as used herein refer to a state wherein cells have acquired one or more markers for senescence in response to some cellular stress. Such marker can include for example permanent withdrawal from the cell cycle, altered methylation, expression of markers for DNA damage, protein and lipid modifications, expression of senescence-associated markers such as beta-galactosidase(SA-β-gal), p16INK41, p53, p21, PAI-1, CD36, Dihomo-15d-PGJ2, DPP4, NKG2D ligands or any one or more SASP factors (e.g. IL-6, MMP3). A senolytic agent (in the case of the present invention, a compound) is an agent that selectively (preferentially, or to a greater degree) destroys, kills, removes or facilitates selective destruction of senescent cells. In other words, the senolytic agent kills or destroys a senescent cell in a significant manner (biologically, clinically and statistically) compared to its ability to do the same on a non-senescent cell. Characterizing a compound as a senolytic agent can be accomplished using one or more cell-based assays described herein or in the art. Those of skill in the art will readily appreciate that characterizing a compound as a senolytic agent can be accomplished by comparing the activity of a test agent with appropriate negative and/or positive controls. A senolytic agent reduces (i.e. decreases) percent survival of a plurality of senescent cells (i.e., in some manner reduces the quantity of viable senescent cells in the cell -based assay) compared with one or more negative controls. The source of senescent cells for use in assays may be a primary cell culture, or culture-adapted cell line, including but not limited to, genetically engineered cell lines that may contain chromosomally integrated or episomal recombinant nucleic acid sequences, immortalized or immortalizable cell lines, somatic cell hybrid cell lines, differentiated or differentiable cell lines, transformed cell lines, and the like. Senescent cells can be detected by techniques and procedures known in the art, for example by way of histochemical or immunohistochemical techniques that detect the senescent marker SA-beta galactosidase (Itahana et al. (2007) Methods to Detect Biomarkers of Cellular Senescence. In: Tollefsbol T.O. (eds) Biological Aging. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 371. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745- 361-5_3). Other ways of detecting senescent cells include the detection of other cell-associated molecules, such as p16INK41, p21, PAI-1, CD36, Dihomo- 15d-PGJ2, DPP4, NKG2D ligands or any one or more cytokines, chemokines, and proteases known among the SASP factors (e.g. IL-6, MMP3), etc. Moreover, senescent cells can be detected by morphology (as viewed by microscopy, for example). Preferably, detection is carried out by detection of the senescent marker SA-beta galactosidase. The effectiveness of the compounds and compositions of the present invention can be determined by a person skilled in the medical and clinical arts. One or any combination of diagnostic methods, including physical examination, assessment and monitoring of clinical symptoms, and performance of analytical tests and methods may be used for monitoring the health status of the subject. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof for use in delaying ageing in a subject. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in delaying ageing in a subject. “Delaying ageing in a subject” means herein to slow down or halt the occurrence of one or more of the following phenomena: decline of the immune system, muscle atrophy, decrease in muscle strength, decrease in skin elasticity, delay in wound healing, retinal atrophy, reduced lens transparency, reduced hearing, reduced vision, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, hair graying, cognitive impairment. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence-associated disease or disorder. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence-associated disease or disorder. A senescence-associated disease or disorder is a disease or disorder associated with an excessive accumulation of senescent cells in the body tissues (such as for example those of the liver, kidney, heart, or pancreas) or a disease or disorder whose progression is associated with an excessive accumulation of senescent cells in the body tissues. It can also be called a senescent cell- associated disease or disorder. Preferably, the senescence-associated disease or disorder is chosen from a tumour, a metabolic disease, an inflammatory disease or disorder, including an autoimmune disease or disorder, a neurological or neurodegenerative disease or disorder, a pulmonary or respiratory disease or disorder, a proliferative disorder, a renal disorder or disease, a liver disorder or disease, an eye disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, a fibrotic disease or disorder, a viral infection, a dermatological disorder or disease, a geriatric disease or disorder, and side effects associated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Preferably, the senescence-associated disease or disorder of the present invention is associated to senescent cells that are sensitive to the activity of HSP90, more preferably HSP90α. It follows that the compounds of the invention, being HSP90 inhibitors, are effective towards the senescent cells of said senescence-associated diseases or disorders. Preferably the tumour is a malignant tumour and is chosen from a solid tumour and a liquid tumour, more preferably a solid tumour. The word “cancer” is also used herein to refer to a malignant tumour. The solid tumour is preferably chosen from lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and metastatic melanoma. The liquid tumour (also referred to as blood cancer) is preferably chosen from hematologic malignancies occurring in one or more chosen from blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes. More preferably, the liquid tumour is chosen from leukaemia, lymphomas and myelomas. Preferably, the metabolic disease is chosen from diabetes, diabetic ulcer, diabetic pancreas, diabetic fat, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Preferably, the diabetes is Type II diabetes. Preferably, the inflammatory (including autoimmune) disease or disorder is chosen from osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, chronic arthritis, oral mucositis, inflammatory bowel disease, kyphosis, herniated intervertebral disc, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune bullous skin diseases (such as for example epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), bullous pemphigoid (HP), and dermatitis herpetiformos (DH)). Preferably, osteoporosis is chosen from post-menopausal osteoporosis and senile osteoporosis. Preferably, the neurological or neurodegenerative disease or disorder is chosen from Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, dementia with Lewy bodies, ataxia telangiectasia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), macular degeneration, and motor neuron dysfunction. Preferably, the pulmonary or respiratory disease or disorder is chosen from pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, bronchiectasis, and age-related loss of pulmonary function. Preferably, the proliferative disorder is a lymphoproliferative disorder. Preferably, the renal disorder or disease is chosen from chronic kidney disease, kidney failure and glomerulonephritis. Preferably, the liver disorder or disease is chronic liver cirrhosis. Preferably, the eye disease or disorder is chosen from macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts, presbyopia, and vision loss. Preferably, the cardiovascular disease or disorder is chosen from atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, myocardial infarction, endocarditis, aortic aneurysm, angina, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular diseases, ischemic cardiopathy, and valvular diseases without ischemia. Preferably, the fibrotic disease or disorder is chosen from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, liver fibrosis, pancreatic fibrosis, and renal fibrosis. Preferably, the viral infection is chosen from Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, Chikungunya virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Sendai virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, senescence inducing viral infections, and SARS. Preferably, the viral infection is SARS, more preferably Covid-19 syndrome. Preferably, the dermatological disorder or disease is chosen from age related dermatological disorder or disease, chronic wounds, eczema, psoriasis, hyperpigmentation, nevi, rashes, autoimmune bullous skin diseases (such as for example epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), bullous pemphigoid (HP), and dermatitis herpetiformos (DH)). Preferably, the geriatric disease or disorder is frailty syndrome or sarcopenia. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the senescence-associated disease or disorder is chosen from metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, Type II diabetes, frailty syndrome, sarcopenia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cataract, glaucoma, post-menopausal osteoporosis, senile osteoporosis, chronic arthritis, heart failure, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, side effects of chemotherapy, senescence inducing viral infections, chronic liver cirrhosis, chronic wounds, age-related dermatological disease or disorder, ALS (amyothrophic lateral sclerosis). The above listed diseases and disorders are in fact known to be associated to an accumulation of senescent cells in the affected tissues. The following Table 1 shows the effect of such accumulation in each listed disease, and a bibliographic reference. Table 1. Effect of accumulation in known senescence- associated diseases or disorders
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Aging Cell. 2020 Feb;19(2):e13089. doi: 10.1111/acel.13089. 11) Farr JN, Rowsey JL, Eckhardt BA, Thicke BS, Fraser DG, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Monroe DG, Khosla S. Independent Roles of Estrogen Deficiency and Cellular Senescence in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis: Evidence in Young Adult Mice and Older Humans. J Bone Miner Res. 2019 Aug;34(8):1407-1418. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3729. 12) Xu M, Bradley EW, Weivoda MM, Hwang SM, Pirtskhalava T, Decklever T, Curran GL, Ogrodnik M, Jurk D, Johnson KO, Lowe V, Tchkonia T, Westendorf JJ, Kirkland JL. Transplanted Senescent Cells Induce an Osteoarthritis-Like Condition in Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Jun 1;72(6):780-785. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw154. 13) Yan C, Xu Z, Huang W. Cellular Senescence Affects Cardiac Regeneration and Repair in Ischemic Heart Disease. Aging Dis. 2021 Apr 1;12(2):552-569. doi: 10.14336/AD.2020.0811. 14) Latorre E, Pilling LC, Lee BP, Bandinelli S, Melzer D, Ferrucci L, Harries LW. The VEGFA156b isoform is dysregulated in senescent endothelial cells and may be associated with prevalent and incident coronary heart disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 2018 Feb 2;132(3):313- 325. doi: 10.1042/CS20171556. 15) Childs BG, Baker DJ, Wijshake T, Conover CA, Campisi J, van Deursen JM. Senescent intimal foam cells are deleterious at all stages of atherosclerosis. Science. 2016 Oct 28;354(6311):472-477. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf6659. 16) Guo Y, Ayers JL, Carter KT, Wang T, Maden SK, Edmond D, Newcomb P P, Li C, Ulrich C, Yu M, Grady WM. Senescence-associated tissue microenvironment promotes colon cancer formation through the secretory factor GDF15. Aging Cell. 2019 Dec;18(6):e13013. doi: 10.1111/acel.13013. 17) Di GH, Liu Y, Lu Y, Liu J, Wu C, Duan HF. IL-6 secreted from senescent mesenchymal stem cells promotes proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 24;9(11):e113572. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113572. 18) Fiard G, Stavrinides V, Chambers ES, Heavey S, Freeman A, Ball R, Akbar AN, Emberton M. Cellular senescence as a possible link between prostate diseases of the ageing male. Nat Rev Urol. 2021 Oct;18(10):597-610. doi: 10.1038/s41585-021-00496-8. 19) Domen A, Deben C, De Pauw I, Hermans C, Lambrechts H, Verswyvel J, Siozopoulou V, Pauwels P, Demaria M, van de Wiel M, Janssens A, Hendriks JMH, Van Schil P, Vermorken JB, Vandamme T, Prenen H, Peeters M, Lardon F, Wouters A. Prognostic implications of cellular senescence in resected non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2022 Aug;11(8):1526-1539. doi: 10.21037/tlcr-22-192. 20) Kang TW, Yevsa T, Woller N, Hoenicke L, Wuestefeld T, Dauch D, Hohmeyer A, Gereke M, Rudalska R, Potapova A, Iken M, Vucur M, Weiss S, Heikenwalder M, Khan S, Gil J, Bruder D, Manns M, Schirmacher P, Tacke F, Ott M, Luedde T, Longerich T, Kubicka S, Zender L. Senescence surveillance of pre-malignant hepatocytes limits liver cancer development. Nature. 2011 Nov 9;479(7374):547-51. doi: 10.1038/nature10599. 21) Demaria M, O'Leary MN, Chang J, Shao L, Liu S, Alimirah F, Koenig K, Le C, Mitin N, Deal AM, Alston S, Academia EC, Kilmarx S, Valdovinos A, Wang B, de Bruin A, Kennedy BK, Melov S, Zhou D, Sharpless NE, Muss H, Campisi J. Cellular Senescence Promotes Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy and Cancer Relapse. Cancer Discov. 2017 Feb;7(2):165-176. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0241. 22) Malavolta M, Giacconi R, Brunetti D, Provinciali M, Maggi F. Exploring the Relevance of Senotherapeutics for the Current SARS-CoV-2 Emergency and Similar Future Global Health Threats. Cells. 2020 Apr 8;9(4):909. doi: 10.3390/cells9040909. 23) Wiemann SU, Satyanarayana A, Tsahuridu M, Tillmann HL, Zender L, Klempnauer J, Flemming P, Franco S, Blasco MA, Manns MP, Rudolph KL. Hepatocyte telomere shortening and senescence are general markers of human liver cirrhosis. FASEB J. 2002 Jul;16(9):935-42. doi: 10.1096/fj.01-0977com. 24) Wilkinson HN, Hardman MJ. Senescence in Wound Repair: Emerging Strategies to Target Chronic Healing Wounds. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Aug 11;8:773. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00773. 25) Fitsiou E, Pulido T, Campisi J, Alimirah F, Demaria M. Cellular Senescence and the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype as Drivers of Skin Photoaging. J Invest Dermatol. 2021 Apr;141(4S):1119-1126. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.031. 26) Das, M.M., Svendsen, C.N. Astrocytes show reduced support of motor neurons with aging that is accelerated in a rodent model of ALS. Neurobiol. Aging 2015, 36, 1130–1139. Preferably, the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence-associated disease or disorder has the effect of selectively killing senescent cells. Preferably, the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence-associated disease or disorder has the effect of delaying ageing in a subject. Preferably, the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence-associated disease or disorder comprises the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, as above, or of the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, as above, to a subject in need thereof. "Therapeutically effective amount", as used herein, refers to the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease or disorder, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease or disorder. The "therapeutically effective amount" will vary depending on the compound, the disease or disorder and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated. In a preferred embodiment, the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence-associated disease or disorder comprises said administration to a subject in need thereof in a therapy having the duration of six days or less, more preferably from one to four days, even more preferably from one to three days, most preferably about two days. Preferably, the days of administration are consecutive. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence-associated disease or disorder comprises said administration to a subject in need thereof in a therapy having the duration of at least one week, more preferably from one to six weeks, even more preferably from two to four weeks, most preferably about three weeks. Preferably, in this latter embodiment, said administration is carried out for one to five, more preferably two to four, even more preferably three to four days per week. The days of administration per week in this latter embodiment can be consecutive or intermittent. Preferably, the admnistration is carried out three to four times a week, every other day. That is to say, each day of administration should be followed and preceded by a day without administration. Preferably, the therapy as described above according to either preferred embodiment is repeated, more preferably after a period of one to twelve months, even more preferably two to nine months, even more preferably three to six months, most preferably three to four months, from the end of the previous therapy. In a preferred embodiment, the therapy as described above is repeated after about three months. The therapy can be further repeated for an indefinite number of times, as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the subject in need thereof is a human being, preferably a human being of an age of at least 20 years, more preferably at least 40 years, even more preferably at least 50 years, even more preferably at least 60 years. The subject in need thereof may also be a non-human animal, more preferably an animal of a class chosen from mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds, more preferably mammals. Preferably, the mammals are chosen among those of the genus Felis, Canis, Oryctolagus, Bos, Ovis, Sus, Equus and Mus. Preferably, the mammals are chosen from domestic mammals and experimental mammals. The domestic mammals are preferably chosen from the species Felis catus (cat), Canis lupus familiaris (dog), Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit), Bos taurus (cattle, such as cows and bulls), Ovis aries (sheep), Sus domesticus (swine, such as pig), Equus ferus (horse) and Equus africanus (donkey).The experimental mammals are preferably Mus musculus Preferably, the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence-associated disease or disorder comprises the administration of an effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates or thereof, as above, or of the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, as above, to a subject in need thereof, in association with one or more additional active ingredient, as described above. The at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, as above, or pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, as above, can be administered consecutively, simultaneously, or sequentially with the one or more other active ingredients. The compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof of the invention can be prepared according to methods known in the field and described in the literature. Use may also be made of variants which are known in the field. All the compounds of formula (I) can be prepared, for example, through the synthetic methodology shown in Synthesis Scheme 1, below.
Synthesis Scheme 1 In synthesis scheme 1, DBU is 1,8- diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undec-7-ene; THF is tetrahydrofuran; AcOH is acetic acid. Compounds 1 and 2 can be purchased (CAS numbers 75-66-1 and 590-17-0, respectively), for example from Sigma- Aldrich (US (www.sigmaaldrich.com). Compound 6 can also be purchased, for example by CAS number 13918-92-8 (see paragraphs below with reference to Synthesis Scheme 2), for example from Sigma-Aldrich (US) (www.sigmaaldrich.com). The compound of formula (Ia), herein also abbreviated to “K4”, can be prepared as shown in Synthesis Scheme 2, below.
Synthesis Scheme 2 In Synthesis Scheme 2, DBU is 1,8- diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undec-7-ene; THF is tetrahydrofuran; AcOH is acetic acid. Compounds 1, 2 and 6 of Synthesis Scheme 2 can be purchased (CAS numbers 75-66-1, 590-17-0 and 13918-92- 8, respectively), for example from Sigma-Aldrich (US) (www.sigmaaldrich.com). More in particular, reaction of t-butylthiol (1) (CAS numbers 75-66-1) with bromoacetonitrile (2) (CAS number 590-17-0) gives cyanomethyl t-butyl sulfide (3) whose oxidation with hydrogen peroxide provides the corresponding sulphone (4). Treatment of (4) with hydroxylamine yields amidoxime (5) that, upon treatment with 2,4-difluorobenzenesulphonyl chloride (6) (CAS number 13918-92-8) gives the compound of formula (Ia)(K4). For the synthesis of this compound the following references are included: P. B. Gonzalez et al. J. Org Chem. 2010, 75, 3920; A. A. Santilli et al. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1979, 16, 1197; J. A. Hyatt J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 3953. The compound of formula (Ia) can be purchased from MolPort (MolPort, SIA, Riga, Latvia), for example online from the website www.molport.com using identification code MolPort-002-908-696. In another aspect, the present invention refers to a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, as above. In another alternative aspect, the present invention refers to a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, as above, excluding the compound of formula (Ia) and optionally also pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof. Preferably, in both aspects, the 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group or 5-membered heteroaryl group has 1 or 2 heteroatoms, preferably independently selected from N and S. Preferably, in both aspects, the 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group or 5-membered heteroaryl group is substituted with 1 or 2 halogen atoms, more preferably 2 halogen atoms. Preferably, in both aspects, the two halogen atoms are non-adjacent substituents on the ring of the aryl or heteroaryl group. Preferably, in both aspects, the 1 or 2 halogen atoms are independently selected from F and Cl, more preferably the one or two halogen atoms are fluorine atoms, even more preferably the halogen atoms are 2 fluorine atoms. Preferably, in both aspects, the 5-membered heteroaryl group is selected from thienyl and thiazolyl. Preferably, in both aspects, the 6-membered heteroaryl group is selected from pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl. Preferably, in both aspects, R is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thienyl and thiazolyl, each substituted with 1 or 2 halogen atoms, preferably independently chosen from F and Cl. More preferably, each R is substituted with 1 or 2 fluorine atoms. Preferably, in both aspects, R is chosen from the groups of formula (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (l), as above. Prodrug derivatives of the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof as above, optionally excluding compound (Ia) and optionally also pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, also fall within the scope of the present invention. In another aspect, the present invention refers to a kit comprising one or more of the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, as above, optionally with the exclusion of compound (Ia) and optionally also pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition, comprising, as active ingredient, at least one compound of formula (I), as above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient as above, and one or more additional active ingredient, as above. In another aspect, the present invention refers to a kit, as above, for use as a medicament, preferably for use as HSP90 inhibitor, more preferably HSP90α inhibitor; for use in selectively killing senescent cells; for use in delaying ageing in a subject; or for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a senescence- associated disease or disorder. In another aspect, the present invention refers to a method for preparing a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, as above, the method comprising the steps of Synthesis Scheme 3: Synthesis Scheme 3 Preferably, the method comprises the steps of synthesis shown in Synthesis Scheme 1, above, even more preferably the steps of synthesis shown in Synthesis Scheme 2, above. In another aspect, the present invention refers to a method for selectively killing senescent cells that comprises administering a therapeutically-effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, as above, or of the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, as above,to a subject in need thereof. In another aspect, the present invention refers to a method for delaying ageing in a subject that comprises administering a therapeutically-effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, as above, or of the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, as above, to a subject in need thereof. In another aspect, the present invention refers to a method for treating and/or preventing a senescence- associated disease or disorder that comprises the step of administering a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, as above, or of the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, as above to a subject in need thereof. As mentioned above, current investigations concerning the anticancer properties of HSP90 inhibitory compounds, directed towards a specific target, such as Alvespimycin (17-DMAG) or Ganetespib, have not provided satisfactory results. The high cytotoxicity of the compounds is one of the main reasons for their failure to obtain regulatory approval. The Applicant has now surprisingly found that the compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof according to the invention are capable of exerting a senolytic effect, i.e. of selectively killing senescent cells, and of doing so with low or no cytotoxicity phenomena. Such compounds thus represent an optimal solution in the prevention and/or treatment of senescent cell-associated diseases such as those described above. As can be seen from the Examples below, in fact, a selected number of compounds was tested for senolytic activity and toxicity. The in vitro test that was used for this purpose is based on the comparison of the observed effect of different candidate compounds on a model based on primary human fetal lung cells IMR90 in serial passages (up to P21), designed to mimic cell ageing. The growth curves shown in Figure 2A show that a compound according to the invention (Ia, or “K4”) acts selectively and significantly, in the cells, at passages between P19 and P21, without showing particular cytotoxic effects when compared to cells at early passages (P15-P17), as confirmed in the tests summarised in Figure 2B and Figure 3. Compounds (Ib) to (Il) are derivatives of K4, which have shown to have comparable binding affinity to HSP90α compared to K4. As it is envisaged that the compounds of the invention could be administered in a therapy that is short-term, and possibly intermittent, any toxic impact of the compounds would be further lowered. Moreover, as the compounds of the present invention exhibit an inflammation-reducing effect, it is also envisaged that the administration of the compounds of the present invention to a subject under polytherapy (i.e. a subject who is taking more than one drug on a regular basis) for example for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions, would have the effect of enabling a reduction of the dosages of one or more of the other drugs taken by the subject. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the cosmetic use of a compound of formula (I), as above, or cosmetically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, to prevent, reduce and/or treat the signs of ageing of the skin. Herein, the term “cosmetic” is to be interpreted as “non- therapeutic”. Preferably, the 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group or 5-membered heteroaryl group has 1 or 2 heteroatoms, preferably independently selected from N and S. Preferably, the 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl group or 5-membered heteroaryl group is substituted with 1 or 2 halogen atoms, more preferably 2 halogen atoms. Preferably, the two halogen atoms are non-adjacent substituents on the ring of the aryl or heteroaryl group. Preferably, the 1 or 2 halogen atoms are independently selected from F and Cl, more preferably the one or two halogen atoms are fluorine atoms, even more preferably the halogen atoms are 2 fluorine atoms. Preferably, the 5-membered heteroaryl group is selected from thienyl and thiazolyl. Preferably, the 6-membered heteroaryl group is selected from pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl. Preferably, R is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thienyl and thiazolyl, each substituted with 1 or 2 halogen atoms, preferably independently chosen from F and Cl. More preferably, each R is substituted with 1 or 2 fluorine atoms. Preferably, R is chosen from the groups of formula (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (l), as above, more preferably (a). Preferably, the compound of formula (I) is the compound of formula (Ia). In another aspect, the present invention refers to a cosmetic composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I), as above, or cosmetically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, and at least one cosmetically acceptable excipient. In another aspect, the present invention refers to the cosmetic use of the cosmetic composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I), as above, or cosmetically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, and at least one cosmetically acceptable excipient to prevent, reduce and/or treat the signs of ageing of the skin. Preferably, the signs of ageing of the skin are chosen from loss of elasticity, wrinkling, loss of shine, thinning of the skin, age spots, sagging, stretch marks, broken blood vessels, dryness, and combinations thereof, more preferably loss of elasticity, wrinkling and age spots, most preferably wrinkling. The skin can be the skin of the face or the skin of the body or parts of the body. Preferably, the compounds of formula (I), as above, or cosmetically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, or the cosmetic composition, as above, are for topical administration. Examples of cosmetic excipients which can be used are polymers of carboxyvinyl type, polyethyleneglycols, propyleneglycol, waxes, fatty substances, esters and triglycerides of fatty acids, stearic derivatives such as glycerol stearate, alcohols such as, for example, stearyl alcohols, cetostearyl alcohols, cetyl alcohol, polyol, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, vegetable oils such as sweet almond oil, mineral oils such as vaseline oil, glycerine, lanolin derivatives, wetting agents, thickeners, stablizers, emulsifiers, preservatives, perfumes, colorants or other excipients known and currently used, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments the compositions of the invention can comprise excipients commonly used in the formulation of cosmetic preparations such as preservatives, bactericidal agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, emulsifiers, buffers, humectants, coloring agents and other excipients commonly used in cosmetic preparation techniques, in amounts in line with those provided for common cosmetic formulations. The cosmetic composition can be in a solid, semi-solid or liquid form. Suitable formulations in solid form include creams, gels, liniments, pastes, ointments, preferably creams. Suitable formulations in liquid form include solutions, suspensions, lotions, gels (such as a hydrogels or lipogels) serums, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, preferably a gel. In the case of formulations in a fluid or semi-fluid form, the compounds of formula (I) can be diluted in a liquid form carrier, for example water. Preferably, the compounds of formula (I), as above, or cosmetically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, or the cosmetic composition, are to be applied once or twice a day on an area of skin requiring prevention, reduction and/or treatment of the signs of ageing. In another aspect, the present invention refers to a cosmetic method for the prevention, reduction and/or treatment of the signs of ageing of the skin comprising the step of applying a cosmetically active amount of at least one compound of formula (I), as above, or cosmetically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, or the cosmetic composition, as above, on an area of skin requiring prevention, reduction and/or treatment of the signs of ageing. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the compounds of the invention exert their anti- ageing action through their immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory and anti-oxidative action. Brief description of the drawings Figure 1 shows: (A) The images showing early- passage cells (P15, left) and advanced-passage cells (P19, right), on which the β-galactosidase assay was performed, according to the supplier protocol (Senescence β-Galactosidase Staining Kit, #9860S, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., MA, USA). (B) The graph representing the mean quantification of the colorimetric signal of β-galactosidase product, comparing experiments on P15-P17 cells and P19-P21 cells (representative of senescent cells). Microscopy images were obtained using a Leica DMi1 microscope (Leica Microsystems, IL, USA), at magnification 5X and analyzed by ImageJ software, normalized to the number of cells, n = 6. The error bars represent the standard error, ** p <0.005. The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Figure 2 shows: (A) The graph representing the average of the number of cells surviving treatment with 13 compounds, including K4, on the two groups of cell populations P15-P17 and P19-P21, at 1 µM concentration, counted manually by burker chamber, n = 3; and (B) The graph representing the average of the fold changes of the signal emitted by the DAPI, quantified by spectrophotometer, vs. solvent. K4 was compared with the two known inhibitors at a concentration of 0,5 µM, n = 3. The error bars represent the standard error, the data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Sidak post-hoc test. DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) is the control. Figure 3 is a graph representing the HSP90α activity inhibition curves of K4, compared with the compound 17- DMAG, n=3. Data are reported as residual activity in response to increasing dose of the inhibitor. The data has been analyzed using GraphPad Prism 7 Software which allowed to extrapolate the sigmoidal curve. Detailed description of the invention The invention is further described by way of the following non-limiting examples. Materials and methods Cell culture and replicative senescence. Fetal pulmonary fibroblasts, IMR90, were provided by the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Culture (ECACC) and grown in a complete medium consisting of Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomycin (antibiotic), 1% L-glutamine. Cells with passages from P15 to P21 were used; cells were considered incrementally senescent from passage P19 to passage P21. As can be seen in Figure 1, at P19, the cells were bigger and the beta-galactosidase activity is higher. Figure 1B shows that the ratio of the intensity of the beta-gal (“signal”) to the number of cells, increases with the number of passages of the cells. β-galactosidase assay (Itahana et al. (2007) Methods to Detect Biomarkers of Cellular Senescence. In: Tollefsbol T.O. (eds) Biological Aging. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 371. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-361-5_3). The cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde 2% and incubated with the substrate, X-gal, in a solution at pH 6, at 37°C, overnight (16 h). The images were acquired using an optical microscope (Leica) with 5X magnification. The images were analyzed using the ImageJ software, quantifying the colorimetric signal emitted by each cell. The mean signal intensity was then normalized for the total number of cells. Survival curves of the compounds. To perform survival curves, cells with passages from P15 to P21 were tested at increasing concentrations of 0,5 μM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 25 μM over 24 and 48 h to evaluate the compounds' efficacy and cytotoxicity compared to the solvent (DMSO). The cells were then counted manually, in triplicate, using disposable burker chambers. For the DAPI staining (4',6-diamidin-2-phenylindol) assay, each compound was tested at increasing concentrations 0,1 μM, 0,5 μM, 1 μM, 10 μM, for 48 h, the reference compounds 17-DMAG and Ganetespib were also used as control of the experiment (Fuhrmann-Stroissnigg et al. Identification of HSP90 inhibitors as a novel class of senolytics. Nat Commun. 2017 8:422 doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00314-z). Following treatment, the cells were seeded in 96mw. The adherent cells were then fixed with 70% ethanol, incubated for 30 min with a 3 μM DAPI solution; the fluorimetric signal was measured using a multiplate reader (Victor Nivo-Perkin Elmer) set to 350/460 nm (Ligasová A, Koberna K. Quantification of fixed adherent cells using a strong enhancer of the fluorescence of DNA dyes. Sci Rep. 2019 Jun 18;9(1):8701). doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45217-9. PMID: 31213648; PMCID: PMC6581942.). HSP90 inhibition activity assay. HSP90-directed inhibitory activity was assessed employing fluorescence polarization measuring competitive binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled geldanamycin (FITC- geldanamycin) to recombinant HSP90α as a function of test compound concentration using the commercially available HSP90 N-Terminal Domain Assay Kit (BPS Bioscience, Catalog #50293, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, the compounds were diluted at different concentrations between 1 pM to 10 μM and incubated for 2 h with the enzyme and substrate at RT while stirring. The fluorescence intensity was measured with a multiplate reader (Victor Nivo-Perkin Elmer) set at 485/530 nm. Data have been represented as the percentage of residual enzyme activity relative to the solvent (DMSO). Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 7 Software which allowed to extrapolate the sigmoidal curve and calculate the IC50. Statistical analysis. The results were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 7 statistical software to generate graphs showing the mean values of at least three independent experiments ± standard error (SE); for each analysis, a specific comment has been added. The following tests determined significance between experimental groups: non-parametric Mann Whitney and two-way ANOVA, followed by Sidak post-hoc tests to compare the various conditions; The p-value indicates statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p <; 0.005. EXAMPLE 1 Characterisation of the biological properties of (Z)‐N'‐ [(2,4‐difluorobenzenesulfonyl)oxy]‐2‐(2‐methylpropan e‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide (K4). 13 compounds including K4, with different structures, were assayed using an in vitro senescence model, that was developed utilizing serial passages of primary human fetal lung cells IMR90. In this context, the first signs of senescence were found between the nineteenth and twenty-first passage. Senescence was detected using the “Senescence β-Galactosidase Staining Kit” (#9860S, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., MA, USA). Briefly, cells at different passages were fixed and incubated with the β- Galactosidase substrate at 37°C, overnight in a dry incubator. Then the 13 compounds were tested for their potential senolytic activity on cells between passages 19 and 21, considering cells around passage 15 as control reference (Figure 2A). The 13 compounds were purchased from MolPort (MolPort, SIA, Riga, Latvia). In particular, K4 was purchased online from the website www.molport.com using identification code MolPort-002-908-696. K4 has the following structure: Of the 13 compounds examined, K4 ((Z)-N'-[(2,4- difluorobenzenesulfonyl)oxy]-2-(2-methylpropane-2- sulfonyl)ethanimidamide) revealed a marked senolytic capacity, reducing the senescent population by about 50% in the first 48 hours of exposure to the compound (see Figure 2A). More in detail, growth curves were initially performed, testing each compound in a concentration range from 0.5 to 25 µM for 48 h. Figure 2A shows the differences in cells treated at different passages at 1 µM concentration, respectively. In particular, K4 appeared to act selectively and significantly, in cells at passages between P19 and P21, without showing particular cytotoxic effects when compared to cells at early passages (P15-P17). The reduced cytotoxic effect of K4 is shown by the fact that the younger cells (P15-P17) are not killed by the compounds. The compounds instead selectively kill only senescent cells (P19-P21). To confirm data obtained by traditional cell counting by a single operator, a quantification method based on UV- visible spectrophotometry was also implemented, exploiting the ability of the DAPI to mark cell nuclei. The cells that survived the action of senolytics were fixed and incubated with the fluorescent indicator. The specific signal was measured using the microplate multimode reader, Victor NIVO (PerkinElmer Tech. GmbH, Germany). Figure 2B shows the effect of the two selected compounds, at 0.5 µM, quantified using this technique and compared with known senolytics such as 17-DMAG and Ganetespib, which in the cellular model IMR90 seem to have cytotoxic effects already at low concentrations and also in early passages. The compounds were tested in a concentration range between 0.1 and 10 µM for 48 h, appreciating a significant effect starting from the concentration of 0.5 µM. At higher concentrations (> 10 µM), the variability increases and the differences between the two cell populations. For K4, the in vitro affinity to the target protein HSP90α was evaluated using a geldanamycin-competitive binding fluorimetric assay (HSP90α N-Terminal Domain Assay Kit, #50293, BPS Bioscience, Inc., CA, USA). K4 was incubated in a concentration range between 1 pM and 10 µM for 2 h, with a FITC-labeled geldanamycin and the recombinant Hsp90α enzyme to produce a change in fluorescent polarization, measured by the microplate multimode reader, Victor NIVO (PerkinElmer Tech. GmbH, Germany). The resulting data allowed the calculation of the compound IC50s, both in the nanomolar order (K4=155 nM); 17-DMAG was used as the reference molecule (IC50=11nM). IC50 or 50 inhibiting concentration is the concentration of a compound required to inhibit by 50% the target activity under examination with respect to the values measured in the absence of inhibitor. IC50 is a parameter used to evaluate the effectiveness of a substance in inhibiting the target and it is one of the methods commonly used in the pharmacological research to measure the power of an antagonist. A test was carried out to compare the binding affinities for HSP90α of the compounds of formula (Ia) to (Il) according to the invention. Table 2 below summarises the results. Table 2 – Binding affinities for HSP90α of the compounds of formula (Ia) to (Il) Binding affinities for HSP90 for all compounds of formula (I) were calculated by the program Glide (Schrödinger, Inc.) EXAMPLE 2 Synthesis of the compound (Z)‐N'‐[(2,4‐ difluorobenzenesulfonyl)oxy]‐2‐(2‐methylpropane‐2‐ sulfonyl)ethanimidamide (K4) The synthesis took place according to the following scheme: DBU is 1,8-diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undec-7-ene; THF is tetrahydrofuran; AcOH is acetic acid. Compounds 1, 2 and 6 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (US)(www.sigmaaldrich.com)(CAS numbers 75-66-1, 590-17- 0 and 13918-92-8, respectively). The reaction of t-butylthiol (1) (CAS numbers 75-66-1) with bromoacetonitrile (2) (CAS number 590-17-0) gives cyanomethyl t-butyl sulfide (3) whose oxidation with hydrogen peroxide provides the corresponding sulphone (4). Treatment of (4) with hydroxylamine yields amidoxime (5) that, upon treatment with 2,4- difluorobenzenesulphonyl chloride 6 (CAS number 13918- 92-8) gives the compound K4. For the synthesis of this compound the following references are included: P. B. Gonzalez et al. J. Org Chem. 2010, 75, 3920; A. A. Santilli et al. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1979, 16, 1197; J. A. Hyatt J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 3953.